What are we to make of safe behaviour programs?

Safe behaviour programs are currently a popular strategy for improving safety in large organizations. This paper provides a critical look at the assumptions that underlie such programs and identifies some of their limitations.Safe behaviour programs run the risk of assuming that unsafe behaviour is the only cause of accidents worth focusing on. The reality is that unsafe behaviour is often merely the last link in a causal chain and not necessarily the most effective link to focus on, for the purposes of prevention.One major drawback of these programs is that they miss critically important unsafe behaviour, such as attempts by workers to re-start processes that have been temporarily interrupted. Conventional safe behaviour programs aimed at front line workers are also of no use in preventing accidents in which the behaviour of front line workers is not involved.Given that it is the behaviour of management that is most critical in creating a culture of safety in any organization, behavioural safety observations are likely to have their greatest impact if directed upwards, at managers.The paper concludes with an appendix about accident repeater programs that are sometimes introduced along with safe behaviour programs.     

CIMAH — where are we now

This paper, presented at Guildford in April 1988, outlines the UK control strategy for Major Chemical Hazards, in a European context. The current legislative background is described, followed by an indication of potential changes to reflect international initiatives. The paper is a presentation of current CIMAH issues.     

Back injury research: Have we overlooked something?

Most back injury research and the safety programs based on its findings have assumed disc and vertebral failure to be the result of compression and/or shear forces. This paper draws on selected references along with a knowledge of how materials fail under simple and combined stresses to postulate alternative failure mechanisms which, if proven, could lead to improvements in back injury prevention programs.     

施工过程安全数字孪生模型的构建和应用*

为解决施工过程安全信息的虚实交互难题,降低施工过程安全风险,提出施工过程安全数字孪生模型。建立施工过程安全语义本体,分析施工过程安全关键知识要素;定义施工过程安全数字孪生五维模型,明确模型的构成和功能,基于物联网和有限状态机构建施工过程安全监控方法,并以塔吊顶升活动安全监控为例进行应用。研究结果表明:该模型能够实现塔吊顶升施工过程安全的数字化表达、参数化监测和自动化控制。     

高标准严要求确保安全生产

本文在安庆市直森工系统安全生产工作实践的基础上，从五个方面对2002年安全生产工作进行了认真、高度的概括和总结，旨在进一步指导和搞好安全生产，确保一方平安。     

Migrating an incident reporting system to a CCPS process safety metrics model

A major chemical company established a formal incident investigation and reporting system several years ago. The original system focused heavily on worker-related injuries, illnesses, and near-misses and was used primarily to track statistics reportable to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). This Occupational Injury and Illness (OII) approach has been recognized to be an ineffective tool for measuring, predicting, and preventing process safety incidents. The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) recently published guidelines on how to establish safety metrics for the measurement and reduction of process safety incidents. The process safety metrics approach relies upon leading and lagging metrics to improve organization process safety. This paper is a case study of the analysis of one organization’s incident database, which represents approximately five years of data from over a dozen facilities. The aim of this investigation was to extract useful process safety metrics from the incident investigation and reporting system, which would be pertinent to the types of process units and process functions at these facilities. This paper will discuss the approach taken to extract process incident information from an OII-based database and present the difficulties of performing an analysis on such a database. This paper provides guidance on how to migrate an existing OII-based reporting system to a program that includes process safety metrics in accordance with industry best practices.     

基于安全信息的安全执行及其失效机制研究

为了提高系统安全执行的有效性,改善系统的安全状况,开展基于安全信息的安全执行及其失效机制研究。首先,对安全执行的基础问题进行研究,包括其定义及一般过程;其次,从安全信息出发,结合解决问题的一般路径,对安全执行机制进行研究;最后,在上述分析的基础上,研究安全执行失效机制,并构建模型,明确安全执行过程中的重要节点。研究结果表明:基于安全信息能厘清安全执行过程中的细节及重点,对于未来系统中人群的安全执行力的提升能起到积极的指导作用。     

电梯安全钳制动过程分析

安全钳是电梯设备的重要安全装置，是增强电梯安全性的重要组成部分。现行的国标GB7588—2005和欧洲标准EN81中只对电梯制动的平均减速度做了规定。本文应用计算软件辅助计算，对电梯的安全钳制动过程进行定量模拟，以更好对电梯安全钳制动过程有深入的了解，并对更好地认识安全钳的工作过程有重要意义。     

面向网络的过程工业安全与可靠性分析及实现

根据过程工业安全与可靠性的特点,介绍过程工业几种典型的安全分析与评价方法,建立过程工业的系统可靠性模型和基于Bayes方法的可靠性评价方法。通过收集工业现场的信息,进行安全与可靠性的预评估,建立模型与进行分析,预测后果与评估。过程工业的安全与可靠性分析和评价过程需要处理大量的现场数据信息以及完成复杂的计算,利用工业控制网络,基于B/S与C/S相结合的网络体系结构,提出面向网络的过程工业安全与可靠性模型。运用该模型,构建一个应用于过程工业的安全与可靠性分析与评价系统,描述系统实现的主要功能,该系统的实现是过程工业在安全与可靠性领域开展数字化维护的实际应用。     

残矿回采地压安全预警系统的构建方法与应用研究

为提高矿山的安全生产水平,针对地下矿山复杂环境下残矿回采过程潜在的安全问题,并基于安全系统工程的观点与粗糙集理论的属性约简功能,提出残矿回采地压安全预警系统的构成内容与构建流程,建立地压监测数据的神经网络灰色Verhulst算法组合预测模型和安全评价模型。据此,构建国内某矿山残矿回采中段的地压安全预警系统,该地压安全预警系统为本矿山的残矿回采过程提供了安全保障。残矿回采地压安全预警系统能指导矿山循序渐进的构建符合残采系统工程实际的安全预警系统。     

多因素耦合作用下建筑火灾后加固施工过程风险性评估

为降低火灾后建筑结构加固施工过程中事故的发生率,保障加固施工作业过程的 安全,针对我国建筑火灾后加固施工项目的特点,构建了多因素耦合作用下的基于熵权 -未确知测度理论的建筑火灾后加固施工过程风险性评估模型,并将模型应用于五个工 程实例中,取得了良好的效果。研究结果表明,该模型是熵权理论、未确知测度理论的 的有机结合,为定量研究建筑火灾后加固施工过程安全风险,并有效的控制安全风险, 确保施工安全提供了新的思路。     

航空安全文化运行模式研究

依据安全文化基本原理,对航空安全文化模式进行系统化设计。将安全精神文化、制度文化、行为文化和物态文化4个子系统置于安全文化模式的大系统中,综合分析各子系统之间的互动关系及其对管理模式变革的影响。结合航空安全管理的特点,设计安全文化运行机制的结构框架。通过分析安全文化模式的运行过程和运行功能模块,实现航空安全文化模式的动态管理,使零散的安全文化模式得以系统化。航空安全文化模式的构建为航空运输企业建立了一个程序化、系统化、动态循环的管理过程,并以持续改进的思想指导企业系统地实现其安全目标。     

事物安全演化过程的基本理论研究

安全状态的演化过程是事物发展变化过程的重要组成部分.事物的安全演化过程符合从量变到质变的原理,即服从"安全流变-突变"规律.基于事物"安全流变-突变"规律,建立理论模型,并分析和描述事物的安全演化过程.事物"安全流变-突变"规律的研究为揭示事物的安全本质规律奠定了基础.     

Comparison of inherent safety indices in process concept evaluation

In conceptual design, process routes can be compared and ranked by using inherent safety indices. In this paper, some inherent safety index methods presented in literature are compared and their properties and limitations discussed. As a case study, an inherent safety evaluation of methyl methacrylate process routes is presented. Three index based inherent safety evaluation methods are compared with expert evaluations on methyl methacrylate process routes and their subprocesses. Also the index based inherent safety ranking of process routes is compared with an expert ranking.     

基于过程方法的企业安全评价指标体系构建方法

针对安全评价技术的应用现状,分析现有安全评价体系在构建上的局限性,认为安全评价体系应基于现代安全管理体系的运作方式进行构建;回顾安全管理的发展过程,对代表现代安全管理的两种管理模式的起源及特点进行了分析,认为两种管理模式都应用了质量管理的过程方法;在该基础之上,结合过程方法的特点与企业的实际运作方式,提出基于过程方法的安全管理模型,并运用该模型,对安全评价体系的指标构成进行分析;以危险源识别、管理过程、安全教育与培训和应急准备与响应4个指标为基础,构建了安全评价体系的框架。     

Research on multilevel information loss of the sharing process for safety information

To reveal the mechanism of information loss in the flow of safety information, and to derive an evaluation method for describing this information loss, this paper analyzes the flow of safety information based on research in safety informatics and cognitive psychology. Theoretical analysis shows that the flow of safety information can be divided into four stages: transformation, transmission, perception, and cognition. This paper describes a simplified model of the flow of safety information based on these four stages. Then, the concept of adaptive subjects is introduced, and the sources and losses of safety information are explored. In addition, a model of safety information flow loss is constructed. This model is used to analyze the connection between the information loss at each stage of the sharing process, and then a “ladder hierarchical” model for the loss of safety information is developed. Comprehensive analysis of this ladder hierarchical model of safety information leads to a formal mathematical model of safety information loss. Finally, according to the various development stages of the safety information sharing process, four key factors that affect the multilevel information loss of the safety information sharing process are extracted by the hierarchical method.     

氧化铝企业工艺安全管理分析及探讨

氧化铝企业在上世纪生产工艺和装备发生了很大的变化，安全管理内涵也有了新的突破。首次提出了工艺安全管理的概念，并对工艺安全管理在氧化铝厂的影响做了简要分析，论述了工艺安全管理的特性及实施工艺安全管理的途径。对其他相关企业的安全管理也有一定的指导作用。     

Historical evolution of process safety and major-accident hazards prevention in Spain. Contribution of the pioneer Joaquim Casal

This paper aims at presenting the evolution of process safety in Spain from various points of view. In first place, a study of the accidents occurred in this country in the process industry and in the transportation of chemical substances is presented. After this, the starting point of the process safety research in Spain and its evolution during the years are explained. The importance of this topic has also been reflected in the chemical engineering studies in some Spanish universities. Therefore, the current status of the studies on process safety in Spain is analyzed in this paper. A section has also been devoted to the process safety in the Spanish industry. An analysis of the related legislation and its implementation in the Spanish process industry is also presented in this paper. Finally, the professional career of Prof. Joaquim Casal, the pioneer in Spain in process safety and risk assessment, is summarized.