Optimal control of distillation column using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II

Many control problems involve simultaneous optimization of multiple performance measures that are often non-commensurable and competing with each other. The presence of multiple objectives in a problem usually gives rise to one set of optimal solutions, largely known as Pareto-optimal solutions. In this paper, the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) has been successfully applied to optimization of dynamic state of simple distillation process. This paper presents the tuning of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers by minimizing of three objective functions (overshoot, response time, and Integral of Absolute Error (IAE)) through NSGA-II. A MATLAB code for real-parameter NSGA-II has been coupled with HYSYS v.3.1 process simulator for simulation and optimization of process. Optimization numerical results show that genetic algorithm is more suitable method for optimal control of distillation columns than traditional methods.     

Aging estimation of reactor pressure vessel in the field using magnetic properties

Many researchers have been interested in the nondestructive measurement methods for estimating components damage in order to assure the safe service of steel structures. It is recognized that the evaluating techniques based on magnetic measurement can offer a great potential because of high susceptibility to the change of several metallurgical factors. Magnetic property such as coercive force was measured. The coercive force at room temperature monotonously increased with the increase of frequency. The correlation between the magnetic properties of used material and that of un-used material was studied. The coercive force gradient at room temperature increased with the increase of aging. Hence the estimating method using magnetic properties allows one to evaluate the extent of material aging for reactor pressure vessel.     

草酸-FeCl3复合淋洗剂对Pb、Zn污染土壤淋洗效果研究

采用草酸-FeCl_3复合淋洗剂对土壤中严重超标的Pb和Zn进行振荡淋洗试验,并研究了淋洗剂浓度、液土比、淋洗时间、淋洗次数等因素对重金属去除效率的影响,采用BCR形态分级法分析淋洗前后重金属形态的变化。结果表明,淋洗剂对土壤中Pb、Zn的去除效果从大到小依次为草酸-FeCl_3复合、FeCl_3、草酸。草酸-FeCl_3复合淋洗剂的最适淋洗条件为草酸浓度0.1 mol/L,FeCl_3浓度0.4 mol/L;淋洗时间8 h;液土比20 m L∶1 g;淋洗1次,Pb去除率达到85.71%,Zn去除率达到78.49%。草酸-FeCl_3复合淋洗剂对土壤中酸溶态、可还原态和可氧化态的Pb和Zn均具有较好的去除效果,有效去除了土壤中生物活性高的Pb和Zn,降低了其环境风险。     

锰负载MCM-41分子筛催化臭氧氧化水中草酸的研究

通过水热法合成介孔分子筛MCM-41,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Mn负载MCM-41分子筛催化剂(Mn/MCM-41).采用小角X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附等温线及透射电镜(TEM)等对催化剂的成分结构进行了表征.结果表明,Mn/MCM-41保持了纯硅MCM-41有序的介孔结构,锰元素以锰氧化物形式存在,比表面达到852m2/g.在草酸初始质量浓度为20 mg/L、O3投加量为100 mg/h、反应60 min、1％负载量、反应温度为35℃时,催化剂的加入显著改善了草酸的去除率,达到92.8％,是单独O3氧化的5.9倍.     

Assessing the self-heating behaviour of Callide coal using a 2-metre column

A 2-m, adiabatic column has been successfully refurbished and recommissioned for coal self-heating research at The University of Queensland. Subbituminous coal from the Callide Coalfields reached thermal runaway in just under 19 days from a starting temperature of 20–22 °C. The coal was loaded as two layers, with an R₇₀ index of 2.73 °C h⁻¹ and 5.90 °C h⁻¹ for the upper layer and lower layer respectively. Initially, a hotspot developed in the upper layer between 120 and 140 cm from the air inlet due to moisture adsorption. After 7 days, self-heating in the lower half of the column began to take over, consistent with the higher R₇₀ index of this coal. The location of the final hotspot was approximately 60 cm from the air inlet. Further tests on Australian coals, with the column, will enable a better understanding of coal self-heating under conditions closely resembling mining, transport and storage of coal. The results from the column will also provide industry with the information needed to manage the coal self-heating hazard.     

吕梁矿区薄层灰岩突水判别研究

吕梁矿区某矿山西组煤层受奥陶系灰岩含水层和太原组灰岩含水层高承压水威胁,工作面回采时发生了底板突水.为了快速、准确判别突水水源类型,分析突水原因并制定合理的治理措施,采用灰色关联度法分析水质关联度,利用弹塑性理论计算了煤层采动后底板最大破坏深度,分析了隔水层厚度及岩性组合的隔水性能.分析结果表明,煤层底板隔水层厚度平均26m,且软岩所占比例达到62.18％,灰色关联度分析突水水源接近太原组灰岩水,底板最大破坏深度26.7m,距离煤壁22.4m,与实际突水点吻合,判断突水水源为太原组灰岩水.     

MATLAB在脱硫反应器设计中的应用

介绍了强大的数值分析软件ＭＡＴＬＡＢ在脱硫反应器设计中的应用。通过计算反应器内部静态电场,比较了线板式、线筒式、线线式反应器中的电场分布,从而可以选择较优的反应器结构。     

Anammox in a UASB reactor treating saline wastewater

The feasibility of an anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) bioreactor to treat ammonium-rich brines was investigated in batch and continuous-flow experiments. The evidence from batch tests indicated that the anammox activity was significantly inhibited under highly saline conditions while the inhibition was reversible. Saline shock loading of 30 g NaCl l⁻¹ caused a 67.5% decrease in specific anammox activity (SAA) compared to reference biomass (not exposed to salt). However, the acclimatized biomass displayed a SAA value just 45.1% lower than that of the reference biomass. When transferred from brine to freshwater, the salt-exposed biomass resumed its activity by 43.1%. Subsequent to appropriate acclimatization, careful manipulation nitrite concentration, nitrogen loading rate (NLR), and other operational parameters for 77 days, the results of continuous-flow experiment revealed that under the salinity of 30 g NaCl l⁻¹ the reactor performed well and the substrate removal capacity (nitrogen removal rate, NRR, of 448 ± 15 mgl⁻¹ d⁻¹) was comparable to the condition of freshwater (NRR of 464 ± 13 mgl⁻¹ d⁻¹). However, the anammox UASB bioreactor was prone to malfunction under transient operating conditions.     

Synthesis of tributyl citrate using acid ionic liquid as catalyst

Synthesis of tributyl citrate (TBC) has been studied by using acid functionalized ionic liquid as catalyst. The results indicated that acidic ionic liquids show good catalytic and reusable performance. Under the optimum conditions, using 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate as catalyst, the conversion of citric acid was 97%. After easily separated from the products the ionic liquid could be reused 13 times without any disposal, and the conversion of citric acid was not less than 93%. Therefore, an environmental friendly approach for the synthesis of tributyl citrate is provided.     

Setting optimal operating conditions for a catalytic reactor for butane oxidation using parametric sensitivity analysis and failure probability indices

Safe operation of a catalytic reactor remains a sensitive issue when highly exothermic reactions are conducted and hazardous side reactions may occur. Derivation of the optimal operating conditions must include economic but also safety criteria, technological constraints, beside controllability and stability aspects. The present work introduces a criterion based on a joint failure probability index related to uncertainty in the runaway boundaries and the random disturbances of the operating parameters. The use of such a safety criterion is even more important when setting the optimal operating policy of the reactor in the vicinity of the runaway boundaries that often correspond to a high productivity. The paper indicates how an economically efficient but more prudent operating policy can be selected, by simultaneously considering the economic and safety objectives. An example is provided for the case of an industrial fixed-bed tubular reactor, of high thermal sensitivity, used for the catalytic oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride in vapour phase. The multi-objective optimization can lead to a prudent trade-off operating solution (corresponding to a failure probability of maximum 3–4%) that limits the reactor productivity. Being based on a local and global sensitivity analysis of the reactor, the proposed rule is generally applicable by minimizing the probability with which control variables violate their safety limits.     

离柳矿区石炭系薄层灰岩渗透系数空间分布研究

基于矿井涌水量计算及水资源评价需要,首先运用注水试验代替抽水试验,求取了太原组灰岩含水层的渗透系数.根据后期同一含水层井下放水试验资料,利用VISUAL MODFLOW建立了水文地质三维非稳定流数值模型,通过分区拟合调参,获得了含水层各分区的渗透系数.通过对渗透系数及其空间分布规律的对比研究,发现渗透系数随含水层埋深增大而逐渐减小.注水试验比放水试验所得渗透系数值小,前者是后者的35.6％-50.8％.     

Modeling of a sequencing batch reactor treating municipal wastewater using multi-layer perceptron and radial basis function artificial neural networks

A sequencing batch reactor was modeled using multi-layer perceptron and radial basis function artificial neural networks (MLPANN and RBFANN). Then, the effects of influent concentration (IC), filling time (FT), reaction time (RT), aeration intensity (AI), SRT and MLVSS concentration were examined on the effluent concentrations of TSS, TP, COD and NH₄⁺-N. The results showed that the optimal removal efficiencies would be obtained at FT of 1 h, RT of 6 h, aeration intensity of 0.88 m³/min and SRT of 30 days. In addition, COD and TSS removal efficiencies decreased and TP and NH₄⁺-N removal efficiencies did not change significantly with increases of influent concentration. The TSS, TP, COD and NH₄⁺-N removal efficiencies were 86%, 79%, 94% and 93%, respectively. The training procedures of all contaminants were highly collaborated for both RBFANN and MLPANN models. The results of training and testing data sets showed an almost perfect match between the experimental and the simulated effluent of TSS, TP, COD and NH₄⁺-N. The results indicated that with low experimental values of input data to train ANNs the MLPANN models compared to RBFANN models are more precise due to their higher coefficient of determination (R²) and lower root mean squared errors (RMSE) values.     

复合混凝剂处理模拟酸性大红染料废水的研究

通过单一混凝剂的筛选与混凝剂间的复合方法,配制了FeSO4-MgSO4Ca(OH)2-PAM复合混凝剂.采用该混凝剂对CODCr值为288.3 mg/L、色度为25 000倍的模拟酸性大红GR染料废水进行试验研究,通过改变各药剂投加次序、搅拌与沉降时间以及投加方式等,确定了取得最佳处理效果时的优化操作条件为FeSO4-MgSO4-Ca(OH)2-PAM配比(质量比)=100∶200∶150∶(0.047～0.093),pH=9.5～10.0.试验结果为CODCr去除率最高可达85.3%,当复合混凝剂投加量为1.5～2.25 g/L时,脱色率最高可达97.5%,其处理效果明显优于单一混凝剂; 当脱色率达90%时,药剂成本为1.12元/T废水,结果表明,该复合方案从成本和处理效果方面考虑均是可行的.     

Innovative design of an LDPE reactor bay against gas explosion using a risk-based approach coupled with high fidelity computer tools

High pressure tubular reactors for the production of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) are, for safety reasons, enclosed in a protective bay open towards the sky. They are becoming longer and larger due to production capacity increases. TECHNIP has historically designed these reactor bays based on Licensor information, which include more or less empirical correlations. Further capacity developments require the design of these concrete enclosures to be challenged. With this in mind, the present study shows the interest of implementing an innovative methodology based upon a risk-based approach to define new design criteria for the enclosure walls. The method, which combines both risk analysis with computational fluid dynamics modelling (3D CFD) and non-linear finite element analysis (NLFEA) tools, allows a clear determination of the design overpressure loads applied on walls and offers an optimisation of the concrete wall thickness. The CFD study also leads to a better understanding of the ventilation and efficiency of safety systems (gas detection, depressurisation) with possibility for improvement of the hazardous area classification rating.     

以锯末为微生物载体的好氧堆肥反应器对人粪便降解特性的研究

以锯末作为好氧堆肥反应器的微生物载体,研究反应器对人类粪便的降解特性.在98 d的堆肥反应试验中,每天定时、定量投加粪便并混合均匀.控制含水率和反应温度,对载体的总固体(TS)、有机质(VS)、灰分(Ash)和水溶性COD、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH4 -N)含量进行了定量分析.研究结果表明,在载体体积为0.16 m3、每日定量投加1 kg粪便(4～5人的日排泄量)的条件下,载体中VS含量逐渐降低;灰分含量不断增加;水溶性COD去除率在前10 d迅速提高.第10天达到83.5%.并一直保持到反应末期;水溶性TN和NH4 -N含量在反应过程中约有50%损失,但其含量在载体中不断增大,最终分别达到12mg/g和6 mg/g.在整个过程中,反应器无臭无味,具有良好的卫生条件.因此,好氧堆肥反应器是一种可行的粪便处理设施,能有效降解有机物和保持肥分;在缺水或供水困难条件下,好氧堆肥反应器是一种良好的卫生和堆肥设备.     

Dehydration of ethanol with different salts in a packed distillation column

This work aimed the evaluation of a saline extractive distillation for the ethanol production. A thermodynamic model was used to predict the influence of the salts in the liquid–vapor equilibrium of the system water–ethanol and inside the packed column. The experiments were done in a distillation unit, with an internal diameter of 5.9 cm and a packing section with 37 cm of height, packed with raschig rings with 0.73 cm of characteristic inner made of glass. All the bottom and top samples were analyzed by refractive index. Two synthetic charges with the same composition of ethanol that are produced in the refinery (0.02 and 0.25 mol.L^-1) were distilled under atmospheric pressure. Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium acetate, calcium nitrate and a mixture of sodium and potassium acetates were added to the synthetic charges and the results were compared to the experiments already done without the presence of the salts, revealing the ethanol enrichment in the top product of the distillation unit, for all the systems analyzed. Another charge from the refinery, known as load of wine without yeast, was evaluated and the results indicated the same behavior, enriching the ethanol with the application of the saline extractive distillation.     

Kinetic and 2D reactor modeling for simulation of the catalytic reduction of NOx in the monolith honeycomb reactor

Emission of NO_x is of primary environmental concern in the oil sands industry. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the best NO_x reduction technologies. The present study discusses the testing of a mechanistic kinetic model for the SCR of NO_x to describe the kinetics of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysis at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 623 K in a monolith honeycomb reactor. The modeling results impart insight into the significance of the diffusion with reaction steps and guidance for optimal monolith design for SCR. The validated expression would predict the conversion performance of the catalysts for different values of temperature inlet and ammonia concentration. A good agreement between experimental and model results has been obtained. A heterogeneous numerical model consisting of coupled mass and momentum balance equations was solved using the finite elements method without neglecting the axial dispersion term. The operating range for the catalyst relies on the NO conversion and emission. The optimum operating range for the best performance of the reactor is discussed.     

限氧EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥性能研究

研究限氧EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥的沉淀性能、产甲烷活性、形态、抗温度和负荷冲击等特性,以分析限氧EGSB反应器长期高效稳定运行的可行性.结果表明,限氧运行使得颗粒污泥的沉速降低,但仍能保持20.07～51.86 m/h的高沉速,保证了限氧EGSB反应器内约42 g/L的高污泥浓度;加入适量氧并没有对甲烷菌产生毒害作用,反而有所提高,提高幅度为11.94%.限氧EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥表面和内部微生物没有出现明显的分区分布,中高进水浓度时没有出现甲烷八叠球菌的明显优势;限氧EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥在经历温度和COD负荷双重冲击后,COD去除率明显降低,出水VFA明显增高,产气量明显降低,甚至出现不产气的情况.COD去除率的恢复很快,仅需20 d;出水VFA和产气也逐渐恢复,但有所滞后;微生物的恢复要慢些,扫描电镜结果表明,有些颗粒污泥表面的微生物细胞仍存在收缩现象.     

聚合氯化铝微波法修饰磁性碳纳米管对水中腐殖酸的去除

用化学共沉淀法制备磁性碳纳米管,然后以聚合氯化铝(PAC)通过微波法修饰得到磁性聚合氯化铝碳纳米管复合材料,并用以去除水中的腐殖酸(HA),对复合材料的组成与结构进行了表征,考察了不同微波制备条件下复合材料去除HA的效果,研究了吸附工艺中HA去除的影响因素,对复合材料同步去除HA和浊度的可行性进行了探讨。能谱、X-射线衍射及红外光谱分析表明,PAC和磁性物质Fe3O4、γ-Fe2O3成功负载于碳纳米管上。PAC修饰显著提高了磁性碳纳米管对HA的去除率。在微波功率600 W及微波时间6 min条件下得到的复合材料去除HA的效果最佳,去除率达99.15%。当HA初始质量浓度小于25 mg/L时,HA去除率较高,但高于25 mg/L后吸附量变化不大而去除率下降;HA去除率随材料投加量增大而增大,但大于0.5 g/L后基本不变;在酸性与中性条件下HA去除率较高,在碱性条件下急剧下降;对于初始质量浓度为20 mg/L的HA溶液,吸附前5 min的HA去除速率很快,90 min时达到吸附平衡,平衡吸附量为39.48 mg/g;温度对去除HA没有影响。控制适当的条件,可同步去除HA和浊度,去除率同步达95%以上。