Fly ash content and distribution in lake sediments around a large power station: inferences from magnetic susceptibility analysis

The bulk magnetic susceptibility of sediments from artificial and natural lakes around a large coal-fired power station in NE Spain has been measured. Higher magnetic susceptibility values are found in lake sediments located SE of the power station. This distribution of susceptibility values is compatible with environmental and meterological studies of emissions from the power station, which indicate a dominant SE plume direction. Mineralogical studies, by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, show that the highest susceptibility values found in the sediments are caused by magnetic iron spinels in the fly ash that is transferred to the environment by the power station particulate emissions. After the quantitative mineralogical studies of fly ash, two different methods of fly ash content determination in the sediments have been devised, showing very similar results. The low background magnetic susceptibility of the sediments in the study area and the high susceptibility resulting from the input of magnetic fly ash particles allows both delimitation of the polluted area around the power station, and quantification of the fly ash input into the natural sediments.     

In vitro genotoxicity of fly ash leachate in earthworm coelomocytes

Fly ash is the major coal combustion byproduct from thermal power plants. Considering its plant–nourishing constituents, its soil amendment in farmland is one of its promoted disposal methods. A substantial amount of heavy metals present in fly ash, which may leach out due to rainwater or irrigation water, may cause serious problem with long term use, especially to soil organisms. These metals may cause DNA damage through Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. In the present study, single cell gel electrophoresis [(SCGE) i.e., comet assay] was used to detect DNA damage in earthworm (Dichogaster curgensis) coelomocytes, following an in vitro exposure. Significant DNA damage was observed at the lowest concentration of fly ash leachate (6.25%) examined. DNA damage by all the tested concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%) differed significantly (p?<?0.001) from that of the negative control. Hence, long-term application of fly ash might prove harmful for earthworm populations.     

处理污水后陶粒作为栽培基质的试验

以秸秆-粉煤灰陶粒（比表面积为7．925m2·g-1）作为曝气生物滤池（BAF）载体填料,处理城市污水和餐饮废水,其COD、NH3-N和TP去除率分别为90．33％、77．44％、82．41％和86．50％、68．98％、80．30％。对处理污水后陶粒的农用资源化可行性进行评估,考察陶粒不同施用量对小白菜（Brassicachinensis）种子萌发、生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明,处理污水后陶粒的性能指标达到GB8172—87《城镇垃圾农用标准》;陶粒质量分数为20％时小白菜种子发芽率最高,且萌发较快,在5d时达到100％;随陶粒施用量增加,小白菜长势更好,产量大致呈增加趋势,陶粒质量分数为80％时增产率最高,为352．51％。但陶粒施用量越高,栽培基质抗干旱能力越差,陶粒质量分数为20％和40％处理具有较好的土壤保湿效果。     

Environmental impact of leaching of trace elements from fly ash dumps on aquatic ecosystems

Ten sampling points were selected in Kanhan River, situated near the ash dump sites of Koradi Thermal Power Plant, Nagpur. The leaching of trace elements from fly ash dumps was experimentally determined by acid digestion, batch leaching and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure tests. Elemental concentrations in river water, sediment, plankton and five commonly prevailing fish species (Catla catla, Labeo bata, Cyprinus carpio, Cirrhinus reba, Puntius ticto) were determined using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Metal concentrations (Cr, Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cu and Pb) in river water were higher during the pre-monsoon season compared to the post-monsoon season. Zn (30.65?mg/kg) was observed to be the most predominant metal in plankton during the pre-monsoon season while, during the post-monsoon season, Fe (21.19?mg/kg) showed the maximum concentration. Muscles of C. catla had metal concentrations (Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu and Pb) above the permissible limits of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO 1983) during the pre-monsoon season. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was found highest for Cr (37.5) in muscles of C. catla during the pre-monsoon season, while BAF was observed to be maximum in L. bata for Cu (28.09), which may be detrimental for human consumption.     

Prevention of dioxins de novo formation by ethanolamines

Two inhibitors, triethanolamine (TEA) and monoethanolamine (MEA), were tested for their ability to prevent the de novo formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) on sinter plant fly ash. The amounts of both PCDDs and PCDFs, formed by thermal treatment of the fly ash, decreased when inhibitors were added. Up to 90% reduction of the PCDD/Fs formation was reached when 2 wt % monoethanolamine was mixed with fly ash. The temperatures tested, 325 and 400 °C, did not affect the inhibition activity. However, a longer reaction time, 4 h instead of 2 h, gave higher percentages of PCDD/Fs reduction. The laboratory results show that ethanolamines reduce the dioxins formation on sinter plant fly ash under various conditions of temperature and reaction time. Moreover, factory tests performed in parallel at a sinter plant are in good agreement with the laboratory experiments, thus confirming that the use of ethanolamine inhibitors is an appropriate technique for the prevention of dioxins emissions from sintering processes. Electronic Publication     

EDS analysis of Portland ash cement degradation in an aggressive environment

The behaviour of Portland cement with and without 30% fly ash addition in aggressive solutions was studied. This paper considers the sulphate corrosion of the hardened cement paste. The cement paste test samples were prepared, cured in water for 21 day and then exposed to the influence of aggressive environment (10% (NH₄SO₄ solution). The measurements of several properties were carried out and the results were analyzed.

The image of the surface composition and morphology of the cement paste test samples was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Concentration gradient of sulphate ions in cement paste depth was obtained by energy‐dispersive analysis (EDS).     

Printed in great Britain Cr(VI) and other metallic mutagens in fly ash and welding fumes†

Particulate samples taken from both the indoor (working) and outdoor (community) environments contain a wide range of metallic trace elements most of which are mutagenic in at least one of the short term tests for genotoxicity currently in use. Because of the demonstrated presence of a short lived biologically active species (Cr(VI)), and the uncertainty with which the results of the screening of metallic compounds in short term tests can be interpreted in terms of human risk, great care must be taken to assure the appropriate collection, storage, and chemical and biological assay of such material. The sensitivity of the results for fly ash and welding fumes to variations in these protocols is demonstrated and discussed.     

污水厂污泥制轻质陶粒研究现状及应用前景

作为污水处理厂的副产物,污泥必须进行适当的处理。在介绍了国内外污水厂污泥制轻质陶粒的研究现状的基础上,从陶粒制备工艺、技术可行性、经济效益和环境效益等方面探讨了污水厂污泥制轻质陶粒的应用前景。     

秸秆粉煤灰基颗粒填料激发水化与除磷耦合机理研究

粉煤灰添加水泥、生石灰和秸秆等辅料利用团粒、喷水养护并结合煅烧成孔的方式制备弱碱激发颗粒填料. 颗粒填料在间歇循环流态化完全混合反应器中进行除磷实验,通过比较除磷组和对照组（超纯水）中颗粒填料的抗压强度、结合水含量以及粉煤灰反应程度研究除磷过程对粉煤灰水化进程的影响,反应产物（凝胶态）Al含量、未反应粉煤灰（残余态）Al含量以及磷形态及含量研究粉煤灰玻璃体中Al的激发规律以及激发水化与除磷过程耦合机理. 研究结果表明,粉煤灰激发水化和除磷反应同步进行,难溶磷酸钙的形成有利于Ca(OH)₂溶解释放OH^-,促进粉煤灰玻璃体解构释放活性Al₂O₃和SiO₂等除磷和水化活性物质,所释放的活性物质可以在Ca(OH)₂存在的情况下发生火山灰反应,生成水化硅酸钙和水化铝酸钙等水化产物,进而实现长期有效除磷. 同时活性Al₂O₃可以发挥较大的除磷作用,Al-P含量占填料内总磷含量的比例可达40%左右.     

TiO2/粉煤灰的制备及光催化性能研究

以钛酸丁酯为原料,以粉煤灰微珠为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/粉煤灰光催化剂.负载于粉煤灰表面的TiO2平均粒径约为7nm,晶型为锐钛矿型,该催化剂在太阳光下降解初始浓度为10mg·l-1的甲基橙,经6h,甲基橙的降解率可达98.9%,将其应用于实际样品的测定,经3h降解率可达96.1%,显示出优越的光催化降解性能.     

轻质陶粒滤料生态滤床的挂膜与启动研究

以自行设计的反应器作为生态滤床的基础,采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,采用轻质陶粒作为生态滤床的滤料,对其进行挂膜.在整个挂膜过程中,温度控制在中温条件下,进水pH值控制在7左右,水力停留时间为24 h,进水方式为连续进水,并根据需要对曝气量进行调节.在挂膜过程中对进、出水的COD、NH_3-N、TP、Cl~-和pH进行检测,并刮取少量轻质陶粒上的生物膜制成镜检切片后用多媒体显微镜对生物膜的形态进行观察.研究结果表明,在中温条件下采用活性污泥作为接种污泥,以轻质陶粒为滤料的生态滤床在15 d内挂膜成功;且随着进水污染负荷的提高,其去除率也逐渐提高,其中COD的去除率最后稳定在95%左右,NH3-N的去除率稳定在85%左右,TP的去除率在挂膜后期达到了80%以上;Cl~-作为微生物所需的微量元素在微生物生长高峰期为50%,稳定期保持在20%左右;进水pH保持在7左右,出水pH略高于进水,在8左右;从第13 d和第15 d的切片可观察到轮虫这种象征生物膜成熟的微生物的出现,此外还有大量的丝状菌和菌胶团.     

芬顿及光芬顿法降解氟喹诺酮类抗生素研究进展

氟喹诺酮类抗生素的广泛使用导致其在环境中被广泛检出。现有的污水处理工艺无法有效去除废水中的氟喹诺酮类抗生素,而高效的降解方法对于控制氟喹诺酮类抗生素的污染至关重要。芬顿法能够降解大多数难处理有机污染物,同时具有适用范围广、抗干扰能力强、操作简单和污染物降解迅速等优点。本文综述了芬顿和光芬顿反应降解氟喹诺酮类抗生素的最新进展、相关的反应机理和主要工艺条件（如pH值、芬顿试剂剂量和光源等）对降解效率的影响,以及典型氟喹诺酮类抗生素的芬顿及光芬顿降解的产物与降解路径。随着对环境中抗生素污染危害的认识,未来有必要加强对芬顿及光芬顿这类高效、低成本处理技术的研究,为氟喹诺酮类及其它类型抗生素的危害消减提供理论依据与技术支持。     

The factors affecting biochar application in restoring heavy metal-polluted soil and its potential applications

Heavy metal soil contamination is being given more and more attention due to increasing threats of heavy metals to soil quality, ecological function and human health. Biochar application is an effective way to remove toxic metals due to its high efficiency and low price. Electrostatic adsorption is the primary adsorption mechanism. The absorption ability and stability of biochar is the key to its adsorption performance. The extent of the restoration efficiency is dependent on many factors. The biomass, pyrolysis temperature and application rate affect the number of binding sites. The ageing process and soil properties significantly affect the biochar stability. For long-term purposes, biochar derived from woody residues and pyrolysed at high temperatures is the best available material. In addition, the application of alkaline and electronegative biochar to clay-rich, acidic and As- or Cr-contaminated soil should to be treated with caution.     

淮南燃煤电厂汞分配、富集与释放通量

汞是一种环境有害元素,燃煤汞排放业已成为当今中国最主要的汞污染源.有效的汞减排政策的制定需要准确了解煤中汞在煤炭燃烧过程中的分配规律及富集模式.本研究针对淮南燃煤电厂的原煤、飞灰、脱硫石膏和脱硫废水进行分析,研究发现,灰渣中的汞含量最低（9.8—27 ng·g-1）,其相对于原煤汞（约450 ng·g-1）的富集系数一般小于2.1%;飞灰中汞的含量相对较高（121—700 ng·g-1）,其富集系数介于9%—54%;而脱硫石膏中汞的浓度最高（1489—4589 ng·g-1）.通过物料平衡原理,计算出汞在各个燃煤产物中的分配如下：底灰占-1 coal）,计算出该电厂在2003—2010年的汞排放通量为1.8—7.3 t.本研究认为燃烧前原煤汞脱除,以及加大对现有脱硫装置的改造能够有效降低大气汞排放.     

机械活化煤气化细渣资源化利用及残碳燃烧反应动力学探究

随着我国煤气化技术的快速发展,气化渣的产生和排放量逐年增加。煤气化细渣的大量堆存,给当地的环境保护造成了巨大的压力,已经成为限制煤化工产业基地可持续发展急需解决的重大问题。本文针对气化细渣中残碳反应活性低和转化难度大的问题,研究了机械活化法对气化渣残碳反应动力学的影响。采用Coats-Redfern法分析了机械活化对残碳反应活化能的作用规律。结果表明,机械活化8 h,残碳燃烧反应活性显著提高,650 ℃下的活化能由63.2 kJ·mol⁻¹降到28.4 kJ·mol⁻¹。不添加其他化学试剂,1000 ℃烧制高强度轻质陶粒,其堆积密度为0.867 g·cm⁻³,筒压强度为7.67 MPa。相关研究可以为我国气化细渣的资源化利用提供一定的数据和技术基础。     

基于亲水性污泥陶粒开展城市黑臭水体生态修复的应用示范

重建水生植物尤其是沉水植物群落结构,被广泛认为是水体修复治理的有效途径.目前城市河、湖、渠的黑臭水体治理主要采用截污、清淤等方式,生态功能恢复大多围绕生态浮岛开展浮水、挺水植物的种植,加之城市硬化沟渠等封闭的水系统由于硬化的底质无法种植沉水植物,造成了城市黑臭水体生态修复收效甚微.本文以江汉大学清源河作为城市硬化沟渠黑臭水体的典型代表,利用亲水性污泥陶粒作\"新型土壤\"种植苦草(Vallisneria natans(Lour.)H.Hara),构建\"水下森林\"生态系统,实现城市黑臭水体的生态原位修复.种植沉水植物后,沉水植物生物量从241.20 g显著增长至1566.13 g,清源河中水生微型生物的生物多样性显著提升,蓝藻(Cyanobacteria)相对丰度显著降低,总体水质从劣V类提升至近Ⅲ类,且平稳运行两年未返黑臭.该应用示范体系中,亲水性污泥陶粒一方面为苦草提供固着基质,实现了无底泥硬化沟渠中沉水植物的种植和生长,另一方面可为水生微型生物提供栖息地.清源河示范治理工程应用亲水性污泥陶粒开展城市黑臭水体生态修复,不仅将城市生态系统中的污泥烧制成陶粒后回用到淡水生态系统的修复,同时实现污泥的无害化和资源化的循环利用,为城市黑臭水体的修复及生态重构和国家达成\"碳中和\"目标提供了新思路.     

稀土镧改性聚合硫酸铁机理分析及其应用

为进一步提高无机高分子絮凝剂的处理效果并降低处理成本,研究\"一步法\"絮凝剂制备工艺,同时引入稀土镧对絮凝剂进行改性处理,制备固体稀土镧聚合硫酸铁絮凝剂(La-PFS).实验通过响应面优化絮凝性能,研究结果表明.聚合温度为123℃、镧铁摩尔比为1∶105.56、OH-/Fe摩尔比为0.19时,制备产品对高浊度废水除浊效率...