煤飞灰环境标准参考中PAHs的表征

本文采用不同提取方法以及不同溶剂对煤飞灰环境标准参考物质样中ＰＡＨｓ的提取效率进行了考察，采用ＨＰＬＣ，毛细管ＧＣ以及ＧＣ－ＭＳ对飞灰样品中的ＰＡＨｓ进行了分析表生对前两种分析方法的精密度、准确性和所得结果的一致性进行了研究。     

水体沉积物中16种优控PAHs的快速萃取

本研究设计了一种基于有机提取溶剂进行气态萃取水体和沉积物中有机污染物的快速萃取装置,通过开展空白加标、基质加标以及环境样品重复性验证来确定该装置对水体沉积物中16种优控PAHs的前处理效果.结果表明,16种优控PAHs基质加标的回收率为80%—120%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于20%,符合US EPA的要求.重复性验证结果显示萃取湖泊沉积物中16种优控PAHs总量(ΣPAHs)的RSD小于10%,河流沉积物的RSD小于20%.该装置具有处理时间短(2h)、对低环PAHs提取效率高(80%—100%)、可批量化处理等特点.本研究萃取装置在萃取时间和试剂消耗方面均优于索氏提取;而在装置操作简便性和分析成本方面也优于微波辅助萃取、加速溶剂萃取.为不同类别有机污染物的同步前处理应用提供了的可能,从而为研究污染物的"复合污染效应"提供技术支持.     

改进的QuEChERS-高效液相色谱法测定水产品中16种多环芳烃

采用改进的QuEChERS,对水产样品进行提取、净化,用高效液相色谱仪-荧光/紫外检测器串联检测,建立了同时测定水产品中16种多环芳烃的高效液相色谱分析方法.样品经乙腈提取,Florisil+C18小柱净化,Waters PAH色谱柱分离,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,外标法定量.本方法中,16种多环芳烃在各自相应浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数不低于0.999,检出限为0.1—3.6μg·kg-1.采用该方法在鲤鱼、对虾和牡蛎中进行加标回收实验,回收率在75.0%—118.2%范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.6%—13.7%.应用本方法对环渤海湾的水产样品进行了调查分析,发现部分样品中含有PAHs,含量为2.11—147μg·kg-1,为下一步开展相关风险评估工作打下了良好工作基础.     

基于放射性碳分析的多环芳烃源解析:技术进展和准确性评估

化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧是污染物多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)的两大来源.放射性碳(14C)分析近年用于评估这两类源对环境中PAHs的相对贡献.此方法基于化石燃料和生物质的14C含量差异,即化石燃料不含14C,而生物质的14C浓度有一个较稳定值.14C的自然丰度极低(约10-12),因此检测PAHs这样的痕量污染物的14C含量一度极具挑战.1990年代中期,加速器质谱的技术突破使得对环境样品PAHs的14C分析具有实用价值.要准确测出PAHs的14C含量,须先从化学成分复杂的环境样品中分离出高纯度的PAHs.制备气相色谱因其出色的分离能力而成为目前环境样品PAHs14C分析必备的工具.本文意在简介基于14C分析的PAHs源解析的基本原理、技术进展,以及评估该方法获得的PAHs源解析结果的准确性.     

凝胶渗透色谱净化-气相色谱/质谱法同时测定食用油脂中16种多环芳烃

建立了食用油脂中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)净化-气相色谱/质谱(GC-MS)分析方法.样品以环己烷-乙酸乙酯(1∶1,V/V)提取后,经GPC净化,有效地除去了样品中的脂质类物质所带来的基质干扰,净化液进行GC-MS分析,内标法定量.加标水平为1、2、10μg·kg~(-1)时,PAHs的回收率为80.6%—106.7%,相对标准偏差为1.3%—13.4%.16种PAHs的检测限为0.11—1.1μg·kg~(-1),在1.0—50.0μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r0.999).     

不同提取方法测定海洋沉积物中痕量PAHs的比较

<正>海洋沉积物组成比较复杂,PAHs在其中的分布也极不规律.样品的前处理尤其是提取方法的选择便成为准确分析沉积物中痕量PAHs的关键环节.本文以美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)研制的海洋沉积物标准样品——SRM1944为研究对象,比较了目前应用较多的索氏提取、超声波辅助萃取、加速溶剂萃取等三种方法对14种PAHs测定的影响,并用实际沉积物样品进行验证。     

大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中多环芳烃的分析测定与污染特征

采集了北京西三环地区的PM2.5样品,利用超声提取(UE)-固相萃取法(SPE)分离富集得到PM2.5中的多环芳烃(PAHs),对不同的固定相及洗脱液比例进行PAHs回收率比较,得到最优预处理条件.建立了基于HPLC-UV的PM2.5中PAHs分析方法,定量检出17种典型PAHs.对2014年4月12日至2014年5月1日期间PM2.5中PAHs污染特征进行分析,结果显示,PAHs总浓度(∑PAHs)范围为2.6—145.7 ng·m-3,平均浓度为32.2 ng·m-3,不同环数PAHs所占比例顺序为5环2环3环6环4环,呈富5环的特征.PM2.5质量浓度与∑PAHs及苯并[a]芘(Ba P)均呈现出良好的正相关性,R2分别为0.8和0.6.     

大气气溶胶中多环芳烃总量的测定

本文提供了一种测定大气气溶胶中多环芳烃(PAHs)总量的简易方法,包括样品采集、样品预处理、标样制备、真空升华提取和紫外光度法测定等步骤。在PAHs浓度为10μg/ml(n=24)时,方法的回收率为90—100％,变异系数为2.82％。采用本法对天津市采暖期(1984年12月)和非采暖期(1985年4月)大气气溶胶中PAHs的浓度及其相对含量进行了测定。     

环渤海渔港沉积物多环芳烃的污染特征和生态风险评价

2019年5-6月采集了环渤海20个渔港的沉积物样品,采用高效液相色谱紫外成光检测器串联方法对16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行检测,分析了其分布和组成特征,采用比值法和正定矩阵因子模型法(PMF)对PAHs进行定量源解析,采用效应区间中低值法和中值商法评估其生态风险.10种PAHs的检出率达到100％,表明PAHs在沉积...     

利用EIA法快速筛查垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中的二恶英毒性水平

基于CAPE技术公司的兔子复合克隆抗体的二恶英(PCDD/F)酶免疫分析试剂盒,建立了快速检测垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中PCDD/F毒性(TEQ值)的方法.试剂盒的最低检测限为3.3pg·tube-1(即3.3pgTEQ每EIA试管),线性检测范围为10～30pg·tube-1.样品经甲苯索氏抽提后过硅胶柱连接小碳柱净化处理,TCDD/F的回收率大约为50%,与原飞灰PCDD/F分布模式相比净化处理后样品中的TCDD/F含量明显降低.用净化处理后的飞灰溶液作标准溶液,绘制PCDD/F剂量-效应关系曲线,定量分析了2个飞灰样品和2个烟气样品的TEQ浓度,结果表明分析样品的TEQ实测值(HRGC/HRMS分析获得)与预测值(标准曲线计算值)的相对偏差(Rd)均小于15%,说明用该方法定量分析垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中PCDD/F毒性是可行的.     

柳州市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC/MS)检测了柳州市大气颗粒物样品中的PAHs,比较了柳州市各区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃含量的差异以及不同季节对多环芳烃含量的影响,讨论了其分布规律及污染源。     

徐州市区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征

采用高效液相色谱技术（HPLC）对徐州市大气颗粒物中优控的16种多环芳烃（PAHs）进行定量研究。结果表明：萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃的含量相对较低;苯并（g,h,i）苝、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘、苯并（k）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘等高分子量芳烃的含量相对较高;含量最高的单体为荧蒽,占待检的16种PAHs的19%以上。不同环数多环芳烃含量大小顺序为：4环〉5环〉6环〉3环〉2环。可吸入颗粒物（PM10）中苯并（a）芘和∑PAHs在不同功能区的分布特征大体上一致,并呈现一定规律性：交通干线区〉工业区〉风景文化区〉居民区〉新城区。由此可以初步认为徐州市区PM10中的PAHs主要来源于燃煤和汽车尾气。     

Fly ash content and distribution in lake sediments around a large power station: inferences from magnetic susceptibility analysis

The bulk magnetic susceptibility of sediments from artificial and natural lakes around a large coal-fired power station in NE Spain has been measured. Higher magnetic susceptibility values are found in lake sediments located SE of the power station. This distribution of susceptibility values is compatible with environmental and meterological studies of emissions from the power station, which indicate a dominant SE plume direction. Mineralogical studies, by means of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, show that the highest susceptibility values found in the sediments are caused by magnetic iron spinels in the fly ash that is transferred to the environment by the power station particulate emissions. After the quantitative mineralogical studies of fly ash, two different methods of fly ash content determination in the sediments have been devised, showing very similar results. The low background magnetic susceptibility of the sediments in the study area and the high susceptibility resulting from the input of magnetic fly ash particles allows both delimitation of the polluted area around the power station, and quantification of the fly ash input into the natural sediments.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in medicinal plants from Syria

The levels of 16 US Environmental Protection Agency polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA PAHs) in 10 medicinal plants in different used parts of plant (leaves and flowers) have been determined. The analytical method consists of sample preparation by ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane followed by silica gel clean-up. Subsequently, the analysis was carried out by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to both ultraviolet and fluorescence detections in series to insure the detection of all 16 EPA PAHs. It was observed that the sum of the 16 PAHs (ΣPAHs) in the investigated medicinal plants ranged from 47 to 890 μg kg^–1 where the highest ΣPAHs was found in Sage plant sample. Light PAHs were dominants in all studied medicinal plants. The sum of eight genotoxic PAHs (ΣPAH8) have shown a better indicator of the degree of contamination with carcinogenic PAHs compared to benzo[a]pyrene in these products.     

粉煤灰资源的农业利用

本文根据粉煤灰农业利用的基础及国内外研究现状，阐述了粉煤灰农业利用现状，包括直接施用于农田、利用粉煤灰生产化肥、贮灰场覆土或不覆土造田和填坑造地等。并对粉煤灰农业利用的前景提出了一些看法。     

Retention characteristics of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions by two types of low lime fly ashes

The technical feasibility of utilization of fly ash as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of metals from water has been studied. For two types of fly ashes, the retention capacities of copper, lead, and zinc metal ions have been studied. Contact time, initial concentration, and pH have been varied and their effect on retention mechanism has been studied. The dominant mechanisms responsible for retention are found to be precipitation due to the presence of calcium hydroxide, and adsorption due to the presence of silica and alumina oxide surfaces in the fly ash. First-order kinetic plots have revealed that the rate constant increases with increase in the initial concentration and pH. Langmuir adsorption isotherms have been plotted to study the maximum adsorption capacities for metal ions considered under different conditions. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of new peaks corresponding to respective metal ions precipitates under alkaline conditions.     

室内空气中多环芳烃污染的测量和特征性研究

本文就室内空气中多环芳烃典型污染源－室内燃煤和室内吸烟排放的多环芳烃组成和含量进行了测定，并同室外大气（对照）中多环芳烃组成含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环烃组成和含量的特征性，结果表明，室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室朵烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征，则与室外煤型和交通型均有显著区别。     

Utilization of fly ash in adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater

The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity reduction of wastewaster after treatment with fly ash. Fly ash is a waste material which is formed as a result of coal burning in power plants, but has the potential to adsorb heavy metal ions. The present study examined the adsorption capacity of fly ash to adsorb Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ from waste water under different conditions of contact time, pH, and temperature. Uptake of metal ions by fly ash generally rose with increasing pH. At lower temperatures the uptake of heavy metal adsorption were enhanced. Significant reduction in Pb²⁺ (79%), Cu²⁺ (53%), and Zn²⁺ (80%) content was found after treatment with fly ash of waste water treatment. Using the microtox test toxicity of the effluent was reduced by 75% due to removal of Pb²⁺ ion by the fly ash. Data indicated that fly ash generated by power plants may be used beneficially to remove metals from waste water.     

气相色谱法估算多环芳烃的辛醇/水分配系数

通过对2－6环多环芳烃（PAHs)气相色谱保留时间（RGC）与HPLC保留值及与辛醇／水分配系数（KOW）对应关系的研究，发现RGC与HPLC保留值主KOW间存在明显的线性相关关系，建立了RGC与KOW间的一元回归方程，并对包括EPA16种优先控制的PAHs在内的33种多环芳烃化合物的KOW值进行估算，估算值的相对误差为0．10％－12．10％，平均值为4．51％。