广西沿海红树林湿地的生态保护对策

红树林湿地是湿地系统中非常重要而又较特殊的组成部分。广西沿海红树林湿地拥有丰富多样的动植物资源,然而由于不合理的人类活动及对湿地认识的片面性,湿地范围正不断缩小,生态功能和效益日益衰退,因此科学地开发和保护红树林湿地动植物资源显得尤其紧迫。立足于广西沿海红树林湿地的现状和特点,探讨了存在的主要问题,提出了加大科研支持力度、提高公众保护意识、兼顾保护和利用并重等湿地保护措施,争取实现社会经济与生态环境的协调发展。     

海南东寨港红树林湿地面积变化及其驱动力分析

本文分析了海南省东寨港红树林湿地的面积变化及其驱动力。结合早期地形图和实地调查数据，利用3个时相的TM遥感图片，计算出1959年、1989年、1996年、2002年4个时相的红树林面积分别为3213．8hm^2、1657．8hm^2、2018．8hm^2和1552．6hm^2。在过去的近50年里，有近50％的天然红树林被毁掉，红树林湿地被转换为经济林种植田、水产养殖塘、城镇基础设施建设用地等。自1980年成立红树林自然保护区以来，红树林得到了一定程度的保护，1989年到1996年图像对比上红树林面积增加了361．0hm^2。近年来，旅游业的开发对红树林生态系统存在一定程度的干扰。2002年，红树林面积相对于1996年减少了566．2hm^2。此外，红树林斑块的空间格局和树种的构成发生了变化，红树林群落植物多样性明显减弱。在综合分析基础上，根据生态系统综合管理的思想。提出了建立高水平的管理研究队伍，采用先进的管理技术和手段，综合管理红树林生态系统。     

保护湿地 保护“地球之肾”

湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统,被誉为“地球之肾”,具有维护生态安全、保护生物多样性等功能,是人类社会发展和文明进步的物质和环境基础。随着我国经济社会的发展,湿地保护和开发利用的矛盾日益尖锐,一些地方对保护湿地认识不足,片面追求短期经济效益,甚至在沿海滩涂红树林地挖塘养虾、养鱼,破坏了湿地资源。湿地的价值到底有多大?安徽省的湿地资源状况如何?安徽生物工程学校副校长、水产高级工程师吕友保将就相关问题为大家一一解答。问:《湿地公约》的作用是什么?答:1971年,前苏联、加拿大等国在伊朗拉姆萨尔签订了《关于特别…     

嘉陵江流域旅游经济发展的限制性因素分析

嘉陵江是长江最大的支流,嘉陵江流域是长江上游重要的生态屏障。流域旅游资源丰富,但丰富的旅游资源不为世人所了解,资源本身没能发挥其应有的价值,丰富的旅游资源和流域落后的旅游经济形成强烈反差。嘉陵江流域是中国西部旅游资源极具开发潜力的一个区域,后发优势明显。分析流域旅游业发展的限制性因素,有利于流域旅游资源的开发。从流域区位条件、资源条件、经济基础、旅游市场营销、旅游基础设施和旅游服务等方面分析了制约该流域旅游经济发展的主要因素。     

从资源到资本：林业文化遗产类型、价值及转变——以清水江流域为考察中心

林业文化遗产作为特殊的遗产类型,在生态文明时代展现着突出和普遍的价值,剖析林业文化遗产的内涵及效用,可为林业文化遗产保护和研究提供新的视角和参考。以清水江流域为考察中心,对林业文化遗产的类型和形成、价值内涵、保护利用及增值逻辑进行分析和总结。结果表明：(1)林业文化遗产可归结为物种类、技术类、景观类、记忆类和工具类五大类,这些遗产以认识和利用森林资源为基础,与自然、生态、环境等紧密关联,是一种特殊的资源;(2)林业文化遗产由不同的要素和系统所构成的特性,决定了林业文化遗产具有产品供给、文化服务、社会网络建设以及生态智慧凝结等多重价值;(3)清水江流域在制度化保护、产业链延伸、旅游业发展以及生态理念传承4个方面将林业文化遗产盘活,使其蕴含的潜在价值转化为实在的经济、社会、生态和文化效益;(4)林业文化遗产在以保护为前提的框架下进行发掘和利用,是促进资源转化为资本,进而实现价值增值的理论逻辑。     

《四川鱼类志》近期出版发行

《四川鱼类志》是多年来对四川鱼类资源调查研究的总结,也是对四川鱼类研究的一部专著。全书约100万字,包括241种和亚种,其中有3个新种和1个新亚种,分别隶属于9目20科107属。在这些种类中,有长江上游珍稀和特有鱼类约100种,模式产地在四川的鱼类有90多种,分布于四川的长江上游特有鱼类约80种,其中有许多种类具有重要的科学研究价值,还有许多种类是重要的经济鱼类,具有开发和养殖前景。该书对分布于四川地区的各种鱼类的研究历史、生态、资源、渔业状况、经济意义、科学研究价值和养殖等进行了较详细的叙述。同时分析了四川的渔业自然地理环境、铒料基础、分类研究历史、鱼类区系和动物地理学等,评价了鱼类资源现状,提出了资源保护和合理开发利用的对策。为了便于读者参考,各分类阶元均编列     

基于AHP法的运城市盐湖区生态环境旅游资源评价与对策研究

基于层次分析法(AHP)构建评价指标体系,然后用方根法确定不同层次各因子的权重并对其进行大小排序,得到的主要结论如下:运城市盐湖区的生态资源具有很高的价值,同时却面临着旅游资源开发条件不足的严峻挑战。该区欣赏游憩价值、文化价值和生态环境条件这三个因子具有绝对优势。交通通讯是限制运城市盐湖区旅游业发展的主要因素。对运城市盐湖区旅游资源进行了定量评价,目的是通过找出影响当地旅游资源的主要因子并分析其影响的正负面性,并提出相应建议和对策。希望能够为运城市盐湖区的旅游业的发展指明方向,进而为其他地区的盐湖旅游业提供发展指导。     

基于RS与GIS的海湾土地覆盖变化及其生态系统服务功能价值影响探究

为研究海湾区域的土地利用/覆盖空间变化特征,探析其变化影响生态服务功能价值的作用,本文以海南八门湾为研究区域,以RS与GIS为技术手段,提取了1988年、1998年和2009年3年的土地利用/覆盖空间格局信息,研究其土地利用变化动态度,并估算了这些变化所产生的生态服务功能价值影响。结果显示,研究时段内八门湾地区养殖水面、水田和果园保持较高的增长速度,而红树林、天然林和旱作耕地则呈现大面积的减少。红树林、河流水面和滩涂湿地是研究区域生态系统服务功能价值的主要影响土地类型,可为海湾地区土地利用管理和生态环境保护决策提供参考和借鉴依据。     

黄山市水生维管植物资源的永续利用

研究了黄山市水生维管植物资源的种类、生境、组成特点、经济价值以及外来入侵物种的概况。结果表明,黄山地区水生维管植物约有32科57属112种（包括种下分类单位）,各科亲缘关系较远,许多科仅有1属的少数种为水生的。就其永续利用提出了建议。     

发展生态旅游是西部旅游业开发的战略选择--以宁夏生态旅游科技园试验示范推广模式研究为例

文章以“宁夏生态旅游科技园”项目为例 ,论述了生态旅游产生的背景 ,阐述了生态旅游的基本概念和实现生态旅游的三种类型战略 ,即 :生态型战略、生态经济型战略、生态文化型战略。揭示了发展生态旅游业是西部旅游业开发的战略选择 ,并提出了发展生态旅游的基本条件     

Green procurement in the Asian public sector and the Hong Kong private sector

Since the 1980s, green purchasing/green procurement has increasingly been recognised as an effective means of addressing and reducing negative environmental impacts related to product production and consumption around the world. This paper reviews the procurement practices and policies of five Asian countries and Hong Kong, in the context of an international overview of green purchasing and practices. The extent of government involvement in green procurement is found to directly determine its overall effectiveness, and up-to-date information resources clearly enhance delivery and performance. A case study in Hong Kong demonstrates how public leadership on green procurement has advanced green procurement in the private sector.     

Marine protected areas and local coastal conservation and management in Hong Kong

This paper focuses on the role of marine parks and reserves in the conservation of Hong Kong's coastal environment. This environment is under serious threat as a result of pollution of marine waters and habitat loss associated with urbanisation, large-scale reclamation projects, and inadequate treatment and disposal of sewage and industrial effluents. The paper discusses whether in a highly urbanised and stressed environment like Hong Kong, which currently lacks a conservation strategy and an overall framework for handling sustainability issues, small marine parks and reserves can be effective in helping to conserve local biodiversity. The paper also suggests that Hong Kong should adopt a broader regional perspective on its coastal conservation and management problems, a perspective that recognises the significance for the territory of the rapid urban and industrial development taking place in neighbouring Guangdong Province. This will require more extensive and focused liaison with Chinese agencies.     

Understanding the Underwater Behaviour of Scuba Divers in Hong Kong

Diving-related activities may constitute a major threat to coral reefs. This study aimed to quantify the impact of diving in Hong Kong on hard corals and understand how socio-economic characteristics and experience level of divers influence diver-inflicted damage. We recorded and analysed the underwater behaviour of 81 recreational divers. On average, a diver was in contact with marine biota 14.7 times with about 40 % of contacts involved corals and 38 % were damaging contacts with corals or other biota in a single dive. The most harm-inflicting groups included inexperienced and camera-carrying divers. Although Hong Kong divers did not make many damaging contacts with corals, there is still an imminent need to determine the scale of damage from diving activities on the marine ecosystem given the rapid development of marine-based tourism and the limited coral-inhabited areas in Hong Kong where the marine environment is already under stress from anthropogenic activities.     

Hong Kong citizens' attitude towards waste recycling and waste minimization measures

In a street survey conducted in Hong Kong, it was found that Hong Kong people generally support waste recycling and minimization measures. The results showed that statistically there are associations between sex, accommodation type, education levels and age on one hand and people's attitude toward some waste recycling and minimization measures on the other. A significant number of the surveyed subjects would feel uneasy during the generation of waste if they knew that the recyclable materials would not be recycled. However, this feeling of uneasiness will lessen considerably if the materials are being recycled. With the feeling of uneasiness being lessened, a deterring factor on consumption was weakened. Thus it is plausible that when recycling is more widely carried out, the actual volume of consumption will increase if the urgency of waste minimization is not widely understood. It was also discovered that in an economically prosperous Hong Kong, people can be more supportive to slightly more expensive green products than in Western countries in recession.     

郊野公园作为城市自然保留地的价值分析

城市自然保留地（urban natural reserved area）是指城市地区范围内具有一定面积的自然或近自然区域,具有保持生物多样性、乡土物种保护和保存复杂基因库等重要的生态功能。郊野公园作为城市自然保留地的重要组成,在生态、游憩、乡土植物、研究教育等方面具有重要的价值。本文分析了郊野公园在这些方面的价值,并介绍了香港的郊野公园建设,最后对郊野公园的建设提出了建议。     

Environmental protection in Hong Kong amidst transition: Is Hong Kong ready to manage its environment by law?

Within the context of political democratization, this article explores environmental protection in Hong Kong since the government lauched a ten-year program to “save the environment” in 1989. Examining environmental management by law from a social-choice perspective, it argues that the government has yet to reach an integrative policy orocess. Hence the preconditions for an integrative set of environmental legislation are absent. Institutionally, without a comprehensive green policy, the current arrangements lack a vision as an integrative force to promote effective coordination among various sectoral environmental coordination among various sectoral environmental programs. The dominant approach of policy and law enforcement through consultation has rendered impossible strict enforcement of environmental rules and regulations as local economic growth enjoys a priority over environmental protection. At a time of environmental awakening, the people of Hong Kong are not yet prepared awakening, the people of Hong Kong are not yet prepared to participate in environmental management in a strict legal manner. The overall observation is that Hong Kong has yet to see more mature political, legal, administrative, and social conditions for managing its environment within a legal framework.     

A comparison of waste-reduction practices and new environmental paradigm of rural and urban Chinese citizens

This paper compares the public attitudes of three southern Chinese cities/towns, namely Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Yuanzhou on waste recycling and avoidance, and the New Environmental Paradigm (NEP). The latter describes the concept of treating the resources and the ecosystems on Earth as things having their own rights rather than being subordinate and subservient to humans. These three places are chosen to represent areas in different stages of urbanization in the Guangdong province. As Hong Kong is also a southern Chinese city, where data of similar nature are available, comparison with Hong Kong is also made. It was found that the support for source separation of household waste in the rural and urban areas in mainland China was greater than that found in Hong Kong. Concerning actual practices on waste separation, about 85% of the respondents in the cities and almost all of the rural household surveyed have the habit of saving up and selling the recyclables. It is estimated that about 11-13% of the household waste was diverted in such a way. This is higher than the estimated 8% household waste recovery rate of Hong Kong. The majority of the respondents in the three surveyed cities have recovered household recyclables in the past but with higher family incomes, it was now less common. On the contrary, the lower income group tended to recover greater portion of their waste for selling to the waste depots. These findings have implications on the future waste management policy formulation in China. Regarding the acceptance of the New Environmental Paradigm, it was found that the rural population scored better than the urban population and they tended to agree more frequently with the NEP. However, the rural population perceives a greater potential for industrial and urban development without dampening environmental quality. It was also found that the NEP scores of the mainland Chinese are higher, in general, than their Hong Kong counterparts as measured in early 1990s. Insufficient public support has often been a concern for source separation programmes in all countries despite the obvious waste management benefits of recycling. This study shows that there is overwhelming support for source separation of waste in Mainland China, whether it is in rural or urban communities, and that most people are already undertaking source separation due to the redemption value of the recyclables. Therefore, for policy-makers, the concern should not be on whether the public knows how to separate the waste but rather on how to motivate them to separate waste for the good of society, and how to maintain an effective market for recyclables.     

广东连州地区珍稀濒危植物及其保护

通过对广东连州地区植物资源的考查和研究，发现该地区有珍稀濒危植物31科42唐45种，其中国家一级保护植物4种，国家二级保护植物27种。对它们的种类组成、区系成分、分布特征进行了分析，结果显示这些珍稀濒危植物具有组成多样、亚热带性质明显、起源古老、特有现象突出等特点，分析了这些植物濒危的原因，提出了相应的保护对策。     

Transboundary Pollution between Guangdong Province and Hong Kong: Threats to Water Quality in the Pearl River Estuary and Their Implications for Environmental Policy and Planning

The Pearl River (Zhujiang) is the largest river system in southern China. The river, which is approximately 2200 km long, discharges into the South China Sea through an extensive deltaic area to the west of Hong Kong. Water quality in the river is under threat from a variety of sources associated with industrializationand urbanization in the Pearl River Delta Region (PRDR). Hong Kong's location on the eastern bank of the Pearl River estuary means that the quality of its western marine waters is likely to be increasingly influenced by the Pearl's pollution burden. Little published material exists on pollution in the Pearl River, or the potential impacts of transboundary pollution on marine water quality in Hong Kong. This paper focuses on this issue of transboundary water pollution between the Delta Region and Hong Kong. Specifically, we present the results of a preliminary analysis of water quality data for the Pearl River. The paper demonstrates that the major potential problem affecting the Pearl River is organic pollution, and that the principal sources of pollution affecting the Pearl River estuary, and consequently Hong Kong's western waters, are the Shenzhen River, the upstream Guangzhou section of the Pearl River, and the Dongguan Canal. We estimate that less than 5% of untreated domestic sewage discharges affecting the estuary derive from Hong Kong itself. The paper also discusses the implications of transboundary pollution in the context of environmentalpolicy making in Hong Kong and argues that more extensive and effective co-operation and collaboration between Hong Kong and mainland agencies should be developed to address these concerns.