Co—APDC共沉淀—分光光度法测定工业废水中Cr（Ⅲ）

在pH2.5条件下,采用Co—APDC共沉淀把Cr(Ⅵ)从样品中富集与Cr(Ⅲ)完全分离,滤液中的Cr(Ⅲ)用光度法测定。本方法回收率大于85％,重现性好,相对标准偏差小于2％。本法适用于工业废水中Cr(Ⅲ)的测定。     

邻氨基苯甲酸电化学修饰电极及其铅的测定

本文提出用电化学方法制作邻氨基本甲酸修饰玻碳电极,修饰液为50ml水溶液,内含邻氨基苯甲酸0.3g,36％甲醛0.3g,NaOH 0.3g;扫描的电位范围为-0.1—+1.3V(vs.SCE);扫速100mV/s和扫描时间5min.研究了铅在该电极上的阳极溶出伏安特性,铅在该电极上的氧化还原过程是不可逆反应.电极对铅的测定灵敏度比未修饰玻碳电极大大提高,重现性也好,测定12次的相对标准偏差为1.8％,电极可用于水中痕量铅的测定,最佳的测定条件是:底液为0.05mol/L KCl(pH=2—8),富集电位-0.9V(vs.SCE),富集时间2min.常见离子不干扰铅的测定.铅(Ⅱ)浓度为1—3ng/ml时,测定回收率为96—102％,定量测定的下限是0.2ng/ml.     

APCD—MIBK萃取石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)

本文详细地研究了影响石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)时使用的APCD—MIBK萃取体系的溶液状态参数及其它参数。这些参数包括萃取前水相的pH值,APCD浓度,邻苯二酸氢钾缓冲液浓度、完成萃取所需时间和有机相中螯合物的瞬时稳定性。在此基础上,制定了单独测定Cr(Ⅵ)以及在无需把Cr(Ⅲ)转换为Cr(Ⅵ)情况下一次同时测定[Cr(Ⅲ)+Cr(Ⅵ)的操作程序。用差减法可求得Cr(Ⅲ)的浓度。该方法已用于测定一些天然水和饮用水试样中的Cr(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬。Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)在MIBK相中的检测限(空白标准偏差的3倍)均为0.3ng/ml。本文对该方法的精密度、准确度和干扰因素做了介绍。     

诱导动力学光度法测定废水中微量砷

依据As(Ⅲ)对Cr(Ⅵ)-Fe(phen)_3~(2+)氧化还原反应在酸性条件下的诱导作用,提出了一种测定微量砷的动力学方法.并建立了测定最佳条件:[Cr(Ⅵ)]=3.2×10~(-4)mol/L;[Fe~(2+)]=1.2×10~(-4)mol/L;[phen]/[Fe~(2+)=5.6;pH=1.2;512nm.线性范围为0-3.0μg/ml As(Ⅲ),方法检测限为0.01μg/ml.除S~(2-)外,多数常见离子均有较大允许共存量.用本法测定工业废水中的微量砷,所得结果满意.样品加标回收率为95.8％—103.3％,变异系数RSD<4.64％.     

活性氧化铝分离—分光光度法测定工业废水中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)

在0.001～0.01mol/L NaOH碱度条件下用活性氧化铝分离工业废水中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),吸附的Cr(Ⅲ)用1mol/LH_2SO_4从柱上洗脱,Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)分別用分光光度法测定。本法回收率为98～112％,相对标准偏差小于8％。     

冠醚交联壳聚糖在Cr(Ⅲ、Ⅵ)分析中的应用

研究冠醚交联壳聚糖（DCTS）对铬的吸附行为，建立了DCTS富集分离测定环境水样中痕量铬Cr(Ⅲ、Ⅵ）的新方法。在pH=7.5的溶液中，DCTS对铬的吸附率为100％，富集倍数可达50倍以上，用0.20g/L酒石酸2mL溶液可定量解吸总铬，用0.20g/L柠檬酸溶液2mL可定量解吸Cr(Ⅲ）。本法用于配置的南极水样中超痕量Cr(Ⅲ、Ⅵ）的测定，回收率98％－112％，变异系数1.8%，检出限0.004μg/L。     

测定水中镍的化学发光新方法研究

基于镍(Ⅱ)对α—噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮—H_2O_2—ClO~-化学发光新体系的催化作用,通过条件优化实验,建立了测定镍的化学发光新方法。本法测定镍的检出限为1.0ng/ml,线性响应范围为4.0×10~(-9)g/ml—4.0×10~(-6)g/ml,且选择性较好,操作简便。此方法应用于实际水样中镍含量的测定,取得满意结果,镍的回收率为91.5％—104％。     

ABEI-H2O2-Cr(Ⅲ)体系反相流动注射化学发光法测定水中Cr(Ⅲ)

采用反相流动注射化学发光分析方法对ABEI-H_2O_2-Cr(III)发光体系进行了研究,并用于天然水Cr(III)的测定,获得了满意结果.本法的线性范围为1×10~(-10)g/ml—8×10~(-6)g/ml,检出限为4.5×10~(-11)g/ml,相对标准偏差为1.1％.     

化学发光法测定水体中微量铁

研究了鲁米诺(Luminol)—H_2O_2—OH~-—Fe(Ⅲ)化学发光体系测定铁的最佳条件,在选定条件下测定Fe(Ⅲ)的线性响应浓度为2.0×10~(-10)—1.0×10~(-7)g/ml;方法灵敏度较高,检测下限为6.0×10~(-12)g/ml。对含1ppb和0.1ppbFe(Ⅲ)的水溶液各进行十次重复测定,结果的变异系数分别为3.5%和3.9%。就二十多种常见的阴阳离子进行了干扰实验,表明方法具有较好的选择性。本法用于水样中微量铁的测定,取得了满意的结果.还就氨水和表面活性剂对本发光体系的影响情况进行了试验和讨论。     

用溴酚蓝的催化氧化动力学方法测定水样中的痕量铬

本文研究了在微酸性介质中痕量 Cr(Ⅵ)催化 H_2O_2氧化溴酚盐的新指示反应及动力学条件,建立了动力学光度法测定痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的新方法,本法的检出限为5.8×10~(-8)g/ml.测定范围为4—12μg/25ml.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.