稻田环境与除草剂去草胺降解速率的关系

在稻田自然环境中,去草胺乳油和颗粒剂的残留半衰期,在田水中分别为1.65-2.84d和5.78-6.30d,在土壤中分别为2.67-5.33d和4.95-6.30d.经过水稻一个生育期,去草胺在糙米等样品中的最终残留量均降至可检水平以下.土壤微生物对去草胺的降解起着主导性的作用,在灭菌和不灭菌土壤中的残留半衰期分别为433d和18.50-29.40d.去草胶在涂土等四类不同属性的土壤中的渗漏性大小顺序,依次为涂土、小粉土、青紫泥和红壤.     

稻田环境与除草剂去草胺降解速率的关系

在稻田自然环境中,去草胺乳油和颗粒剂的残留半衰期,在田水中分别为1.65—2.84d和5.78—6.30d,在土壤中分别为2.67—5.33d和4.95—6.30d.经过水稻一个生育期,去草胺在糙米等样品中的最终残留量均降至可检水平以下.土壤微生物对去草胺的降解起着主导性的作用,在灭菌和不灭菌土壤中的残留半衰期分别为433d和18.50—29.40d.去草胶在涂土等四类不同属性的土壤中的渗漏性大小顺序,依次为涂土、小粉土、青紫泥和红壤.     

土壤中单一及复合抗生素的降解及微生物响应

基于LC-MS/MS、MicroRESP^TM等技术,对比了磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）和强力霉素（DOX）在单一和共存条件下,在青紫泥和小粉土中的短期降解及土壤微生物代谢特征.结果表明,单一条件下,小粉土中SM2和DOX的3d和7d降解率总体高于青紫泥,SM2和DOX共存条件下可对土壤中二者的短期降解产生一定抑制,这种抑制作用在小粉土中更为明显.抗生素对土壤微生物代谢的影响与其赋存时间及土壤类型有关.在供试浓度10~20mg/kg下,SM2和DOX在单一和复合条件下总体是促进土壤微生物代谢,但影响随赋存时间增加而减弱.青紫泥中,SM2和DOX共存下的土壤微生物代谢多样性高于二者单一存在,且青紫泥中DOX浓度与土壤代谢活性和微生物群落代谢多样性呈显著正相关,而小粉土中无类似的现象,但SM2与DOX复合污染对土壤微生物代谢的影响总体源于DOX的作用.     

DMPP对稻田田面水氮素转化及流失潜能的影响

采用杭嘉湖地区典型的小粉土和青紫泥土壤,进行水稻盆栽试验,研究新型硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)对稻田田面水氮素转化及径流流失潜能的影响.结果表明,小粉土和青紫泥土壤稻田应用添加DMPP抑制剂的尿素,与常规尿素处理相比,田面水中铵态氮的浓度增加24.8%和16.7%,硝态氮浓度降低47.7%和70.9%,亚硝态氮浓度降低90.6%和88.9%,总无机氮浓度下降13.5%与23.1%,能显著减轻农田氮素流失对水环境存在的污染;DMPP可使田面水的电导率下降,降低盐基离子随农田排水或暴雨径流所导致的流失风险,有助于保护河流水体等地表水环境.     

水稻土裂缝的生成对N2O释放的影响

通过土柱试验模拟了3种水稻土从淹水到日渐变干过程中的N2O日变化和时变化规律.相同质地的粉质黏壤土青紫泥和黄斑田有相似的N2O日释放规律,区别于粉质壤土的小粉土.24h内开裂土壤青紫泥和黄斑田的释放高峰分别在14:00和凌晨2:00,未开裂的小粉土释放高峰仅在凌晨2:00.裂缝的产生使N2O释放高峰提前出现.在培养过程中开裂的青紫泥和黄斑田的N2O日排放通量与含水量之间存在显著的指数关系,而未开裂的小粉土则未呈现明显相关关系.在裂缝产生过程中,裂缝的平均体积与N2O日排放通量之间存在极显著的乘幂关系.裂缝的平均面积与N2O日排放通量存在显著的乘幂关系,裂缝的平均深度与N2O日排放通量之间呈显著的线性关系.     

三油酸甘油脂-醋酸纤维素复合膜测定水中有机氯农药生物有效性

以异狄氏剂、狄氏剂和p,p'-滴滴涕3种持久性有机氯农药为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,验证了三油酸甘油脂-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAM)富集水中自由溶解态疏水性有机物的假设,研究了水中溶解性有机碳对TECAM富集3种有机氯农药的影响,并与相同暴露条件下日本青鳉鱼的富集结果进行了比较.结果表明,TECAM只富集水中自由溶解形态的疏水性有机物;水中存在的溶解性有机碳会降低3种有机氯农药被TECAM和青鳉富集的可利用性;TECAM和青鳉的富集结果有很好的可比性.因此,TECAM能够用来预测疏水性有机污染物在不同溶解性有机碳含量的水中被鱼体富集的生物有效性.     

放射性核素60Co在土壤中的淋溶和迁移分布

采用模拟土柱法及同位素示踪技术研究了60Co在2种淹水土壤(小粉土、黄红壤)中的淋溶和垂直迁移.结果表明,淋溶后收集到的全部淋溶水中60Co的含量较少,小粉土及黄红壤淋溶水中60Co分别为总活度的5.61%和5.25%;滞留于土壤中的60Co绝大部分分布在土壤表层0~1.0cm范围内,小粉土及黄红壤中分别有69.74%~78.63%和75.77%~86.84%的60Co 滞留于0~1.0cm土层范围内;土壤中60Co 比活度与距土壤表层深度分布呈单项指数规律.     

浙北水稻主产区田间土-水磷素流失潜能

选取嘉善、余姚、德清、余杭 4个具有代表性浙北水稻主产区 ,研究了水田土 水磷素流失潜能及环境意义 .4稻区高水平磷肥投入促进了土壤富磷化 ,土壤Olsen-P积累的同时 ,相应地提高了土壤生物性有效磷、水浸提磷 ,并提高了土壤磷素的流失潜能 .稻区土壤在富磷化过程中 ,存在着土壤磷素的农学意义向环境意义方向演变的趋势 .在非植稻期 ,稻区农田水体 ,包括沟渠水、田表水、排渠水、暗管排水等总磷 (TP)平均超过了易诱发水体富营养化临界值 ,其中溶解磷 (DRP)占总磷 40% ;主要是源于绿肥田表水及部分排渠中的溶解磷对稻区外水体构成了直接危害 .在非植稻期 ,因稻区间农耕措施的差异导致了土壤富磷水平与对应田表水磷素水平不具相关性 ;在植稻期 ,施磷措施促进水田土壤富磷 ,相应地提高了田表水磷素水平 .     

小麦对134Cs吸收的研究

本文介绍小麦对~(134)Cs的吸收试验,结果表明,~(134)Cs在小麦中的比活度,根中最高,麦杆次之,麦粒最低。麸皮中~(137)Cs的比活度高于面粉。土壤对~(134)Cs的吸附能力,以青紫泥最强,红壤次之,小粉土最弱;土壤对~(134)Cs吸附能力的强弱与土壤的质地、PH和有机质含量有关。随着~(134)Cs施入土壤的延迟和施人次数的增加,小麦对~(134)Cs的吸收也增加。~(134)Cs在土壤中迁移很少,90.4％集中在0—3cm的表土层;~(134)Cs在土壤-小麦中的分配比为97.9％:2.1％;小麦对土壤中~(134)Cs的富集系数为1.75。     

95Zr在土壤中的淋溶与垂直迁移

采用土柱法研究了⁹⁵Zr在浙江省有代表性的3种土壤(小粉土、红黄壤和海泥)中的淋溶和垂直迁移及盐度对其行为的影响.结果显示:①淋溶后收集到的全部淋溶水中95Zr的含量较少,250ml、500ml和750ml 3种不同淋溶水量下,小粉土约占原始引入量的5.33%～7.68%,海泥为0.77%～1.32%,红黄壤几乎为0;且随着总的淋溶水量的增加,被淋溶下的⁹⁵Zr的总量变化不明显,表明⁹⁵Zr一旦被土壤吸附,则不易被解吸;②滞留于土壤中的⁹⁵Zr绝大部分分布在土壤表层,小粉土约有45.99%～50.02%的⁹⁵Zr滞留于0～0.4cm土层范围内,红黄壤和海泥则分别为96.02%～97.16%和95.94%～98.01%;③随淋溶水盐度的增加,表层土(0～0.2cm)中⁹⁵Zr的量明显提高,表明水体盐度增加有助于提高土壤对⁹⁵Zr的吸附率     

Degradation of 14C-glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in three agricultural soils

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the most used herbicide worldwide. The degradation of 14C-labeled glyphosate was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in three di erent agricultural soils: a silt clay loam, a clay loam and a sandy loam soil. The kinetic and intensity of glyphosate degradation varied considerably over time within the same soil and among di erent types of soil. Our results demonstrated that the mineralization rate of glyphosate was high at the beginning of incubation and then decreased with time until the end of the experiment. The same kinetic was observed for the water extractable residues. The degradation of glyphosate was rapid in the soil with low adsorption capacity (clay loam soil) with a short half-life of 4 days. However, the persistence of glyphosate in high adsorption capacity soils increased, with half-live of 19 days for silt clay loam soil and 14.5 days for sandy loam soil. HPLC analyses showed that the main metabolite of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was detected after three days of incubation in the extracts of all three soils. Our results suggested that the possibility of contamination of groundwater by glyphosate was high on a long-term period in soils with high adsorption capacity and low degrading activities and/or acid similar to sandy loam soil. This risk might be faster but less sustainable in soil with low adsorption capacity and high degrading activity like the clay loam soil. However, the release of non-extractable residues may increase the risk of contamination of groundwater regardless of the type of soil.     

土壤质地和湿度对SVE技术修复苯污染土壤的影响

土壤蒸汽抽提技术(soil vapor extraction,SVE)是一种安全、经济、高效的土壤治理技术,广泛应用于包气带土壤中挥发性有机污染物的去除.本研究选取有机污染物苯为对象,通过一维土柱通风模拟,分析了土壤质地(壤砂土、粉壤土和黏土)和湿度(0%、10%和20%)对SVE技术修复苯污染土壤的影响.结果表明,由于受到粉壤土有机质和黏土的通透性影响,这两组实验的SVE修复效率(68.3%和43.4%)小于壤砂土实验组(98.5%);此外,20%和10%湿度条件下的壤砂土土柱模拟实验会出现拖尾现象,而且湿度越大,SVE的修复效率越低.     

TX100悬浮的多壁纳米碳管在土壤中运移及其对菲迁移的影响

采用柱淋溶实验研究了TX100悬浮的多壁纳米碳管在土柱中的淋溶行为及其对菲在土壤中迁移的影响,并用胶体运移的一级动力学对流-弥散模型对纳米碳管在土柱中的迁移能力进行了估算.实验结果表明,在砂土和粉砂壤土中分别有83.5%和73.4%的多壁纳米碳管能够穿透土柱,模型估算的最远迁移距离均大于200cm,说明多壁纳米碳管有向...     

Leaching behavior of enrofloxacin in three different soils and the influence of a surfactant on its mobility

The leaching behaviors of enrofloxacin (ENR), a fluoroquinolone group antibiotic, in three different standard soils, namely sandy, loamy sand and sandy loam were investigated according to OECD guideline 312. In addition, the effects of tenside, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) on the mobility of ENR in two different soils were studied. The mobility of ENR in all three standard soils was very similar and was mostly (98%) concentrated on the top 0-5 cm segment of the soils at pH 5.7. The DBS can enhance the mobility of ENR in soils but the impact was in general negligible under the studied conditions.     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

氯唑磷在土壤中的降解性能与移动性研究

在实验室与野外田间状态下，研究了氯唑磷农药在砂土，砂壤土及粘壤土中的降解特性，降解速率依次为：砂壤土〉粘壤土〉矿土；其降解半衰期分别为４７．２、５９．８和６７．３ｄ。     

氨氮在饱水粉砂土和亚砂土层中吸附过程及其模拟

为在土地处理中选择合适保护土层厚度,防止ＮＨ４对地下水污染,通过动态土柱试验,了ＮＨ４在饱和粉砂土层和亚砂土层中的吸附和Ｃａｍｅｒｏｎ平衡＝动态吸附模型模拟了ＮＨ４在土层中的迁移过程,求得了不同土层和不同浓度条件下模型的各参数值,并求解出不同时刻,不同氨氮浓度条件下的沿程ＮＨ４浓度分布曲线。研究表明,在条件下,粉砂土和砂土的从向弥散系数分别为０．１７５和０．００９３ｃｍ＾２／ｍｉｎ;当水中氨氮浓度     

淋洗条件下砂土和粉土水盐运移过程的监测研究

土壤水盐运移过程和运移机制研究是盐渍土研究的核心问题,淋洗条件下土壤水盐运移动态规律是研究盐渍土形成、冲洗、排水、改良的理论基础.通过室内一维垂直入渗试验,采用自主研发的电阻率监测装置研究了砂土和粉土在淋洗过程中的水盐运移的动态变化特征.结果表明,监测装置的实时数据能够监测到两种土壤淋洗过程中电阻率峰值的下移和逐渐消失的过程,在每次淋洗后,砂土经过30 min达到水盐平衡,而粉土需要70 min.砂土每次淋洗脱盐的深度基本保持一致,约为35 cm,经过3次淋洗后土柱脱盐;粉土每次淋洗脱盐深度约为10 cm,经过7次淋洗后土柱脱盐.该监测装置可以针对不同土壤水盐运移的速率而设置其时间和空间分辨率从而实现水盐运移的远程、原位、动态监测,为盐渍化的监测、评估和预警提供了一种有效的手段.     

猪粪溶解性有机物对紫色土中抗生素迁移的影响

以川中丘陵区广泛分布的石灰性紫色土（坡耕地与果园土）为研究对象,通过批量平衡与填装土柱实验研究了猪粪溶解性有机物（DOM）对氟苯尼考（FFC）与诺氟沙星（NOR）在土壤中吸附-解吸和淋溶特性的影响.结果表明：FFC在紫色土中吸附较弱（K_f =0.34L/kg（坡耕地）和0.85L/kg（果园土））且存在解吸负迟滞现象.当它随猪粪DOM（50~200mg C/L）同时进入土壤时,FFC在两种土壤中的吸附都显著增加（P<0.05）,而猪粪DOM（200mg C/L）预先与土壤发生作用的情况对FFC的吸附促进作用则明显减弱,表明两者对土壤吸附点位存在竞争的同时,猪粪DOM主要以共吸附机制促进FFC在土壤中的吸附;NOR吸附性很强（K_f =405.4L/kg（坡耕地）和516.7L/kg（果园土））,猪粪DOM也能促进NOR在坡耕地土壤中的吸附,而对果园土壤的影响不显著.在20mm/h模拟降雨强度下获得的土柱淋溶穿透曲线表明,FFC极易迁移,在坡耕地土柱中与水流示踪剂Br^-几乎同时穿透,其淋溶总量比果园高11.03%~23.39%;NOR未发生穿透,且96.2%~98.6%残留集中分布在0~3cm表层土壤中.与批量平衡实验结果一致,猪粪DOM使FFC穿透时间延迟0.07~0.13孔隙体积,土柱中残留量增加15.21%~25.96%,而对NOR的淋溶没有影响.FTIR与三维荧光光谱分析表明,猪粪DOM主要由酪氨酸和色氨酸组成,在水相中易与FFC形成复合物.综上,对于弱疏水型抗生素,粪源DOM可通过共吸附机制增加抗生素在土壤中的持留,从而减少其淋溶迁移,而对于强吸附性疏水型抗生素则影响不显著.     

Solubility and sorption of petroleum hydrocarbons in water and cosolvent systems

The solubility and sorption of oil by uncontaminated clay loam and silt loam soils were studied from water and cosolvent/water solutions using batch techniques. The data obtained from the dissolution and sorption experiments were used to evaluate the applicability of the cosolvent theory to oil as a complex mixture. Aqueous solubility and soil-water distribution coeffcients (Kd,w, L/kg) were estimated by extrapolating from cosolvent data, with a log-linear cosolvency model, to the volume fraction of cosolve...