介绍一种简易SO_2气体动态熏气装置

<正> 熏气试验是研究大气污染,筛选抗性树种,敏感树种和净化植物的重要手段之一。其方式有三种:静态熏气、动态熏气和开顶式熏气。前者构造简单,操作方便,但浓度不均,氧气、温度、湿度、光照不易控制。而后二者,能控制浓度、温度、湿度、光照、也易掌握。但液态 SO_2又不易解决。我们设想用微量输液器(蠕动泵),来控制 Na_2SO_3溶     

苹果树长期接触低浓度SO2对生长的影响

本文报道用四套开顶式熏气装置对四棵十一年生国光苹果树进行一个生长季低浓度SO_2熏气的试验结果,各罩内SO_2浓度分别为O(CK)、0.10、0.18和0.28 mg/m~3,结果表明,0.10 mg/m的SO_2对试验树的光合作用速率、叶面积、单位叶片重量和当年生枝条生长量无明显影响;0.18 mg/m有轻度影响;0.28mg/m影响显著。     

二氧化硫暴露对谷子幼苗气孔运动、脯氨酸代谢和抗氧化酶系统的影响

二氧化硫(SO_2)是一种有毒的大气污染物,主要经气孔进入植物体内.目前对于SO_2毒性的研究多集中在氧化损伤方面,关于SO_2对植物脯氨酸代谢的影响及相关分子机制的研究还很少.本文以谷子幼苗为材料,研究了不同浓度SO_2气体暴露对叶片气孔运动、脯氨酸代谢和抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果显示,10 mg·m~(-3) SO_2熏气对谷子幼苗的叶片形态、相对含水量、气孔开度、脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性均无明显影响.30 mg·m~(-3) SO_2暴露24～72 h后,叶片出现明显的受损症状,相对含水量降低,叶面气孔开度减小;30 mg·m~(-3) SO_2熏气导致叶中脯氨酸含量显著增加,脯氨酸脱氢酶(PDH)活性明显升高.同时,长时间的SO_2胁迫可诱导SiPDH基因表达上调,而脯氨酸合成相关基因SiP5CS、SiP5CR表达受到明显抑制.此外,谷子幼苗暴露于30 mg·m~(-3) SO_2时,叶中超氧阴离子(O■)产生速率与对照相比显著提高,诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增强,从而将过氧化氢(H_2O_2)含量维持在正常水平.以上结果表明,SO_2对谷子的毒性效应具有浓度依赖性.高浓度SO_2暴露下,谷子能够通过控制气孔开放、调节脯氨酸代谢和抗氧化酶活性等过程来适应SO_2胁迫.     

植物对PM_(2.5)吸收净化能力的污染试验研究

本研究用封闭式熏气箱对5种植物的不同植物数量,以及不同种类配置吸收净化PM_(2.5)的能力进行了污染实验研究。结果表明,植物数量分别为2株时,净化PM_(2.5)能力为龙船花五彩椒发财树;4~6株时,净化PM_(2.5)的能力五彩椒龙船花发财树;8~10株时净化PM_(2.5)能力为:发财树五彩椒龙船花,在10株时,其两小时内最高吸收量分别为:118.43μg/m、113.10μg/m和91.10μg/m,不同数量各植物的吸收能力各有差异。每种植物2株,共6株搭配的净化效果最为显著,熏气箱PM_(2.5)消减量最高达到72.01μg/m;其次是4株发财树与2株五彩椒的搭配,吸收PM_(2.5)量为69.58μg/m。而且在上述3种植物,加上栀子花、花叶万年青植物,5种植物混合搭配,数量达到16株时,其吸收PM_(2.5)的量在2h内可以达到170μg/m,3h内的吸收PM_(2.5)的量可达到205μg/m。因此不同数量的植物,不同植物种类的组合配置对PM_(2.5)净化的能力是不同的,而且整体上表现为植物数量越多,吸收净化PM_(2.5)的量越多。这些为以后选取净化PM_(2.5)的植物和园林绿化及山地公园等建设工程的规划设计等方面提供科学依据和理论参考。     

SO2、NO2及其复合物对青菜体内抗坏血酸含量的影响

探讨了运用田间开顶式熏气装置,在单一及复合熏气条件下,不同浓度SO_2(0.1—0.25ppm)和NO_2(0.05—0.25ppm)对青菜体内抗坏血酸含量的影响。结果表明,青菜体内抗坏血酸含量随SO_2和NO_2复合熏气浓度的增加而减少;当SO_2和NO_2复合熏气浓度之和一定时,分别提高相同比例SO_2、NO_2浓度,SO_2浓度的增加对青菜体內抗坏血酸含量减少率的影响作用大于NO_2;抗坏血酸含昆下降吋叶绿素含量也下降;青菜体内抗坏血酸含量减少率与叶面积伤害率之间呈较好的线性相关。     

几种苗木对35SO2的吸收和运转

本工作利用同位素示踪法研究苗木对SO_2吸收和运转的规律,试图为筛选抗性树种提供一些理论依据。 一、材料和方法 (一)选择生长正常的一年生旱柳实生苗、垂柳营养苗、1—2年生洋白蜡、山桃、兰桉、银桦、滇杨植于花盆内,缓苗后用塑料布包裹好盆钵,放入自制熏气箱熏~(35)SO_2 1天,用I_2-KI液吸收剩余气体。取样后进行:(1)     

SO2、HF和SO2+HF的复合熏气对植物叶片的影响

有害气体的复合污染普遍存在于城市和工业区。为了解SO_2 HF复合污染对植物伤害的影响和有害物质含量的变化,我们于1982年对20多种4—6年生的盆栽植物进行SO_2和HF的复合熏气试验。从供试植物叶片看出,两种气体的复合熏气对不同植物有不同的影响。植物受害程度有的表现为增效作用,有的则小于两者相加作用。我们试验结果和Hofatra等人所作的结果相仿。     

二氧化硫对棉花叶片光谱反射特性的影响

在动态熏气箱中对棉株进行SO_2处理(2ppm,8小时).测定叶片光谱反射率和微分光谱.受SO_2伤害的棉叶光谱反射率发生变化:在可见光部分,反射率普遍增加;在近红外部分,反射率降低.整个光谱反射曲线发生蓝移,初步确定几个波段可用于区别污染的与正常的棉叶光谱反射特性.     

城市污染环境中适生树种滞尘能力研究

本文介绍了太原市近十年颗粒物污染状况 ,对长期生长在严重空气污染环境中的绿化植物净化大气颗粒物污染的能力进行了调查测试 ,就不同树种叶片滞尘量和单株树木滞尘能力作了分析研究。     

城市污染环境中适生树种滞尘能力研究

本文介绍了太原市近十年颗粒物污染状况，对长期生长在严重空气污染环境中的绿化植净化大气颗粒物污染的能力进行了调查测试，就不同树种叶片滞尘量和单株树木滞尘能力作了分析研究。     

Effects of SO2 on physiology,elemental content and injury development of winter wheat

The effects of sulfur dioxide on buffering capacity, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, mineral composition and leaf injury of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Yecora Rojo) were studied. Plants were exposed to sulfur dioxide (0, 79, 183, and 393 μg m⁻³) in open-top chambers. Exposures were conducted in Riverside, California, during the coolest part of the year when the plants are believed to be more sensitive to sulfur dioxide than during the rest of the year. Physiological measurements, injury rating and collection of leaf material for chemical analysis were carried out after 22 days of exposure. The results of these measurements were compared with yield data from the final harvest which took place after 118 days of exposure. Elevated SO₂ concentrations caused decrease of buffering capacity, increase of total sulfur content and increase of injury of wheat leaves. These changes correlated significantly with reduction of total seed weight and weight of 100 wheat seeds at the final harvest. Stomatal conductance to water vapor, chlorophyll content and two leaf mineral concentrations (calcium, potassium) were not significantly affected by sulphur dioxide exposure. The results of this study indicated that buffering capacity, total sulfur content and injury of leaves could be used as early indicators of SO₂ stress in wheat and its subsequent yield losses.     

城市植物叶片含硫量与大气SO2污染关系及其在污染状况评价中的应用

本文通过对南京市区29个采样点的采样和分析(市区14个点代表一般城市的环境状况、大厂区15个点代表重污染区的环境状况),确认法桐和女贞两种树木叶片含S量与大气中SO₂浓度密切相关。在一般污染状况下,线性回归方程即可很好地用于测算大气SO₂浓度,并评价污染等级;但在较重污染和严重污染的情况下,指数回归方程可以很好地测算大气SO₂浓度,并评价污染等级。     

叶片微观结构变化对其颗粒物滞纳能力的影响

叶片作为植物滞留大气颗粒物最主要的载体,其表面微观结构特征和粗糙度的差异是颗粒物滞纳能力的重要决定因素.叶片微观结构会随着生长(内部因素)以及环境污染强度(外部因素)发生变化,然而现有的粉尘喷洒模拟实验,一般持续时间较短,而微观结构变化响应具有明显的滞后性,其结果无法客观反映由内外因素作用引起的微观结构变化对颗粒物滞纳能力的影响.本研究利用新叶和老叶研究叶片生长,并选择自然状态下不同污染源条件研究污染强度,分析叶片表面微观结构的变化及其对颗粒物滞纳能力的影响.研究得到3种常绿树种(矮紫杉Taxus cuspidata var.、侧柏Platycladus orientalis和油松Pinus tabuliformis)的老叶滞纳TSP、 PM_(10)、 PM_(2.5)和PM_1量均高于新叶,随着叶片的生长其颗粒物滞纳量在增大,且新叶与老叶对不同粒径颗粒物的滞纳量间均存在极显著的差异.生长中叶片粗糙度Rq值的增大是老叶颗粒物滞纳能力增大的主要原因. 5个树种(侧柏、油松、国槐Sophora japonica、毛白杨Populus tomentosa和银杏Ginkgo biloba)TSP和PM_(10)滞纳量为重度污染区高于相对清洁区.而PM_(2.5)和PM_1滞纳量则是油松、银杏和侧柏为重度污染区高于相对清洁区,国槐和毛白杨为相对清洁区高于重度污染区.不同污染强度区域间叶片TSP、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)滞纳量存在着极显著的差异,PM_1滞纳量也存在着差异.主要归因于与相对清洁区相比,重度污染区叶片的气孔指数降低,蜡质层退化,表面纹理和细胞边界更加不规则,绒毛变长,变硬,叶片微观结构的这些变化使得重度污染区叶片粗糙度Rq值高于相对清洁区,且叶片背面的增加较正面更明显.研究结果将为深入揭示叶片颗粒物滞纳能力的驱动因素,以及提出更科学地提升净化颗粒物功能的城市森林管理措施提供数据支持.     

区域大气环境容量紧缺度分析

采用大气环境容量紧缺度计算模型,以福建省为例,根据福建省各个地区2011—2016年的污染物排放情况,测算福建省内各个地区的SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)环境容量紧缺度指数.结果显示:从时间尺度来看,各地区大气环境容量在个别年份出现波动,但总体上呈下降趋势.从空间尺度来看,总体上呈南高北低、东高西低的趋势.厦门、福州、泉州地区SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)紧缺度比其它地区偏高,厦门地区SO_2、NO_x紧缺程度更为显著.其它地区大气环境容量的紧缺度相对较低,可以适当加大大气环境容量开发利用程度.     

用X射线光电子能谱测定烟尘中硫的化学状态

用x射线光电子能谱(ESCA)测定了家用蜂窝煤炉烟尘及燃煤电厂飞灰上存在的硫的化学状态,鉴别有SO_3、SO_4~-、SO_2和SO_3~-几种不同的硫化合物,讨论了燃烧条件对硫的化学状态的影响。     

维管束植物樟树和马尾松叶组织氮、硫含量指示贵阳地区大气氮、硫沉降的空间变化

同时测定了从贵阳市区到农村3个方向采集的樟树叶、马尾松叶、根际土以及苔藓共计296个样品的氮、硫含量,结合苔藓氮、硫含量估算了相应区域大气氮沉降量和SO_2浓度.结果表明樟树叶氮含量(1.01%~2.37%)和马尾松叶氮含量(0.99%~2.42%)在市区最高,往外明显降低,而在较远农村区域(24 km)又出现回升,反映了农村地区大气输入的氮有所增加;叶硫含量变化范围分别为0.16%~0.43%和0.18%~0.32%,均呈现在市区最高,向外逐渐降低的趋势,在距市区最远处(30~36 km)达到最低值,表明市区的生产生活向大气输入了较高的硫.各区域土壤氮、硫含量均无显著差异,将樟树、松树叶氮、硫含量分别与大气氮沉降量和SO_2浓度(由苔藓氮、硫值计算)进行线性回归分析,发现樟树、松树叶氮含量与大气氮沉降量以及樟树、松树叶硫含量与大气SO_2浓度均呈显著正相关(P0.05).研究表明维管束植物樟树与马尾松叶组织氮、硫含量的变化特征能同时很好地指示贵阳区域大气氮、硫沉降的空间变化.     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.     

Formation of sulfur oxide groups by SO2 and their roles in mercury adsorption on carbon-based materials

The presence of SO₂ display significant effect on the mercury (Hg) adsorption ability of carbon-based sorbent. Yet the adsorption and oxidation of SO₂ on carbon with oxygen group, as well as the roles of different sulfur oxide groups in Hg adsorption have heretofore been unclear. The formation of sulfur oxide groups by SO₂ and their effects on Hg adsorption on carbon was detailed examined by the density functional theory. The results show that SO₂ can be oxidized into SO₃ by oxygen group on carbon surface. Both C-SO₂ and C-SO₃ can improve Hg adsorption on carbon site, while the promotive effect of C-SO₂ is stronger than C-SO₃. Electron density difference analyses reveal that sulfur oxide groups enhance the charge transfer ability of surface unsaturated carbon atom, thereby improving Hg adsorption. The experimental results confirm that surface active groups formed by SO₂ adsorption is more active for Hg adsorption than the groups generated by SO₃.     

Acid deposition critical loads modeling for the simulation of sulfur exceedance and reduction in Guangdong, China

The current acid deposition critical loads in Guangdong, China were calculated using the PROFILE model with a 3 km × 3 km resolution. Calculations were carried out for critical loads of potential acidity, actual acidity, sulfur and nitrogen, with values in extents of 0–3.5, 0–14.0, 0–26.0 and 0–3.5 kmol/(hm2·year), respectively. These values were comparable to previously reported results and reflected the influences of vegetation and soil characteristics on the soil acid buffering capacity. Simulations of S...