共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
2.
3.
Graham McBride Russell G. Cole Ian Westbrooke Ian Jowett 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(5):2729-2740
Interpreting a P value from a traditional nil hypothesis test as a strength-of-evidence for the existence of an environmentally important difference between two populations of continuous variables (e.g. a chemical concentration) has become commonplace. Yet, there is substantial literature, in many disciplines, that faults this practice. In particular, the hypothesis tested is virtually guaranteed to be false, with the result that P depends far too heavily on the number of samples collected (the ‘sample size’). The end result is a swinging burden-of-proof (permissive at low sample size but precautionary at large sample size). We propose that these tests be reinterpreted as direction detectors (as has been proposed by others, starting from 1960) and that the test’s procedure be performed simultaneously with two types of equivalence tests (one testing that the difference that does exist is contained within an interval of indifference, the other testing that it is beyond that interval—also known as bioequivalence testing). This gives rise to a strength-of-evidence procedure that lends itself to a simple confidence interval interpretation. It is accompanied by a strength-of-evidence matrix that has many desirable features: not only a strong/moderate/dubious/weak categorisation of the results, but also recommendations about the desirability of collecting further data to strengthen findings. 相似文献
4.
Practical and useful vegetation monitoring methods are needed, and data compatibility and validation of remotely sensed data are desirable. Methods have not been adequately tested for heathy woodlands. We tested the feasibility of detecting species composition shifts in remnant woodland in South Australia, comparing historical (1986) plot data with temporal replicates (2010). We compared the uniformity of species composition among spatially scattered versus spatially clustered plots. At two sites, we compared visual and point-intercept estimation of cover and species diversity. Species composition (presence/absence) shifted between 1986 and 2010. Species that significantly shifted in frequency had low cover. Observations of decreasing species were consistent with predictions from temperature response curves (generalised additive models) for climate change over the period. However, long-term trends could not be distinguished from medium-term dynamics or short-term changes in visibility from this dataset. Difficulties were highlighted in assessing compositional change using historical baselines established for a different purpose in terms of spatial sampling and accuracy of replicate plots, differences in standard plot methods and verification of species identifications. Spatially clustered replicate plots were more similar in species composition than spatially scattered plots, improving change detection potential but decreasing area of inference. Visual surveys detected more species than point-intercepts. Visual cover estimates differed little from point-intercepts although underestimating cover in some instances relative to intercepts. Point-intercepts provide more precise cover estimates of dominant species but took longer and were difficult in steep, heathy terrain. A decision tree based on costs and benefits is presented assessing monitoring options based on data presented. The appropriate method is a function of available resources, the need for precise cover estimates versus adequate species detection, replication and practical considerations such as access and terrain. 相似文献
5.
近年来的每年夏季 ,太湖某些水域都不同程度的出现大量藻类 ,个别监测点位的藻类密度高达7 6亿个 /L。由于藻类计数方法繁琐 ,藻类暴发期对藻类密度的监测工作显得力不从心。藻类属于低等浮游植物 ,各门藻类均含有叶绿素a ,测定叶绿素a可作为藻类现存量的一个重要指标。因此 ,通常可用叶绿素a来表示藻类含量的高低[1 ,2 ] 。叶绿素a测定方法较藻类计数更为简便、快捷。通过实践 ,对叶绿素a测定方法作一些改进。《环境监测技术规范》(以下简称《规范》)第 4册生物监测 (水环境 )部分关于叶绿素a的测定是将滤过水样的滤膜 ,置于低温冰… 相似文献
6.
Marlies Hrad Martin Piringer Ludek Kamarad Kathrin Baumann-Stanzer Marion Huber-Humer 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(10):6251-6262
Open digestate storage tanks were identified as one of the main methane (CH4) emitters of a biogas plant. The main purpose of this paper is to determine these emission rates using an inverse dispersion technique in conjunction with open-path tunable diode laser spectroscopy (OP-TDLS) concentration measurements for multisource reconstruction. Since the condition number, a measure of “ill-conditioned” matrices, strongly influences the accuracy of source reconstruction, it is used as a diagnostic of error sensitivity. The investigations demonstrate that the condition number for a given source-sensor configuration in the highly disturbed flow field within the plant significantly depends on the meteorological conditions (e.g., wind speed, stratification, wind direction, etc.). The CH4 emissions are retrieved by removing unrepresentative periods with high condition numbers, which indicate uncertainty in recovering the individual sources. In a final step, the CH4 emissions are compared with the maximum biological methane potential (BMP) in the digestate analyzed under laboratory conditions. The retrieved methane emission rates represent an average of 50 % of the maximum BMP of the stored digestate in the winter months, while they comprised an average of 85 % during the measurement campaigns in the summer months. The results indicate that the open tanks have the potential to represent a substantial emission source even during colder periods. 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
10.
分光光度法测定叶绿素a的比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
比较了《水和废水监测分析方法》(第四版)和ISO 10260:1992(E)中测定叶绿素a的典型方法,结果表明两种方法的测定结果之间既存在显著性差异,又有一定的相关性,从提取方法、提取溶剂和计算公式等方面讨论了原因,指出ISO方法提取效率更高,操作更简便。 相似文献
11.
12.
Nitrogen leaching is a world-wide concern for the quality of ground- and surfacewater. Measures to abate this is still limited by a lack of understanding mechanisms behind all factors describing the leaching process, time lags between countermeasures and improvement in waterquality and spatial distribution of nitrogen leaching. The purpose of this study was to do an initial test of the SOILNDB model system which is built on the existing mechanistic SOIL and SOILN models and an automatic parameterization procedure for use of simplified input data. The test was done by simulating nitrogen leaching from each of the 150 fields in a small catchment during a three-year study period. The simulated mean root-zone nitrogen leaching rate from all the fields in the catchment was compared to measurements of nitrogen flow in the stream draining the catchment and showed good agreement in between-year dynamics. 相似文献
13.
Yue Che Kai Yang Yan Jin Weiqian Zhang Zhaoyi Shang Jun Tai 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(12):10001-10013
The ever-growing industry of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal appeals to the growing need for disposal facilities, and MSW treatment facilities are increasingly an environmental and public health concern. Residents living near MSW management facilities are confronted with various risk perceptions, especially odour. In this study, in an effort to assist responsible decision-makers in better planning and managing such a project, a structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to assess the nearby residents’ concerns and attitudes surrounding the Laogang Landfill in Shanghai. Geographic information system techniques and relevance analysis were employed to conduct the spatial analysis of physical perceptions, especially odour annoyance. The findings of the research indicate that a significant percentage of the responding sample was aware of the negative impacts of landfills on the environment and public health, and residents in close proximity preferred to live farther from the landfill. The results from the spatial analysis demonstrated a definite degree of correlation between odour annoyance and distance to the facility and proved that the benefits of the socially disadvantaged have been neglected. The research findings also direct attention to the important role of public participation, information disclosure, transparency in management, and mutual communication to avoid conflicts and build social trust. 相似文献
14.
一、液相色谱法和高效液相色谱法 HPLC技术近年发展较快,提供了测定PAHs的有力工具。以紫外和荧光作为HPLC的检测器,很适合于PAHs的测定。Y.Kamada等分析大气飘尘颗粒物时,以超声波萃 相似文献
15.
16.
17.
Water quality improvement through macrophytes—a review 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Increasing urbanization, industrialization and over population is leading to the degradation of the environment. The main hazardous contents of the water pollution are heavy metals etc. Water bodies are the main targets for disposing the pollutants directly or indirectly. They are again at the receiving end as the storm water, residential and commercial waste is disposed into it. The prevailing purification technologies used to remove the contaminants are too costly and sometimes non-eco friendly also. Therefore, the research is oriented towards low cost and eco friendly technology for water purification, which will be beneficial for community. The present paper is a comprehensive review of approximately 38 literature sources. The paper discusses the potential of different aquatic plants (macrophytes) in purifying water and wastewater. Experimental work was developed to test the hypothesis that nutrient enrichment enhances metal tolerance of relative macrophyte. 相似文献
18.
利用民勤县气象站1960~2009年的逐月、逐季、逐年的日照时数观测资料,采用气候倾向率分析法对民勤县近50a日照时数的变化特征进行分析,得出民勤县近50a来日照时数的变化特征。结果表明:近50a来民勤县年日照时数总体呈增加趋势,在四季中,春、夏、秋、冬季日照时数均呈增加趋势并以春季和夏季增加幅度最为显著,变化趋势最为明显,对年日照时数的贡献率最大,秋、冬季增加幅度略小。近50a中民勤县年日照时数最多为2006年的3423.5h,最少为1975年的2763h,两者相差达660.5h,说明年日照时数的变化较大。 相似文献
19.
20.
用组织研磨、浸泡提取、热浴超声3种提取方法和丙酮、甲醇、乙醇3种提取溶剂,从实验室纯培养微囊藻中提取叶绿素a,并以高效液相色谱法测定其质量浓度。结果表明,经组织研磨破碎藻细胞后用甲醇提取的效果好于丙酮和乙醇,经浸泡和超声破碎藻细胞后用乙醇的提取效果好于丙酮和甲醇;使用乙醇-热浴超声法在所有的试验组合中获得最佳提取效果,条件为:乙醇温度为50℃-55℃,超声6min-8min后再静置提取5h-6h。 相似文献