污水处理厂N2O的释放特征和减排途径研究

温室气体N2O含量的增加对气候变化产生显著影响,针对污水处理行业N2O减排控制的发展趋势与需求,以典型污水生物处理工艺为对象,对N2O产生机理、释放特征和核算、影响因素进行了综述和分析.研究表明,污水处理厂N2O的释放主要来自生物脱氮过程的硝化阶段和反硝化阶段,不同污水处理厂的N2O释放因子和释放特征不同.DO、温度和C/N是影响N2O释放的主要因素,最后从污水处理厂工艺运行和水质调控角度提出了具有可操作性的N2O减排途径与方法.     

硝化类型对污水脱氮过程中N2O产生量的影响

采用好氧-缺氧SBR系统,研究实际生活污水脱氮过程中N2O的产生与释放情况,重点考察硝化类型对脱氮过程中N2O产生量的影响.结果表明,实际生活污水脱氮过程中N2O主要产生于硝化阶段,而反硝化阶段有利于降低N2O产生量.硝化类型对脱氮过程中N2O产生量有显著影响.全程硝化和短程硝化过程中N2O-N产生量分别为1.87,0.90mg/L,短程硝化过程中N2O产生量远低于全程硝化过程中N2O产生量.在DO浓度不受限制的情况下,应用实时过程控制,实现短程硝化反硝化,可降低污水脱氮过程中N2O产生量.     

污水生物脱氮革新工艺中强温室气体N_2O的产生及微观机理

N2O是一种强温室气体,而污水处理已被报道是导致N2O产生的潜在人为源之一,且主要发生在生物脱氮的硝化和反硝化过程.本文立足于当前的污水脱氮热点工艺,如短程硝化反硝化、同步硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化除磷,介绍了这些新工艺的反应机理,描述了它们在非稳态运行过程N2O的释放特征以及溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)、NO 2-、自由氨(Free Ammonia,FA)、自由亚硝酸(Free Nitrous Acid,FNA)和进水COD/N等关键因子的影响作用,并进一步从微生物学和生物化学角度剖析了各工艺脱氮过程产生N2O的可能原因.在全球积极应对气候变暖趋势的大背景下,探明污水脱氮工艺N2O的释放本质,提出有效的减排控制方法,对于防止环境污染问题由水环境转移到大气环境具有重要意义.     

控制污水生物处理过程中N_2O的释放

文章通过对国内外污水生物脱氮过程中氧化亚氮(N2O)产生途径最新研究成果的总结,着重讨论了污水生物处理过程中N2O释放的控制措施。在硝化过程中,N2O由氨氧化菌(AOB)的中间产物羟胺(NH2OH)和硝酰基(NOH)的分解以及AOB还原亚硝酸盐的过程产生;反硝化过程中,N2O还原酶(N2OR)的活性受到抑制,使得N2O不能被及时被还原而导致N2O积累。基于上述N2O产生途径提出了控制N2O释放量的控制措施:控制曝气量避免好氧硝化过程中DO浓度过低和缺氧反硝化过程中存在DO;通过延长污泥龄、增大内回流比和分段进水等措施控制硝化和反硝化过程中的亚硝酸盐浓度:缩短初沉池停留时间或投加外碳源,并选取甲醇或乙醇等易降解有机物作为碳源。今后可通过深入研究N2O产生机理和优化污水处理厂N2O释放量的准确检测,充分认识污水处理厂中N2O的产生环节,进一步指导污水厂N2O的释放控制。     

生活污水短程生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生与控制方法

 为降低和控制实际污水处理厂中N2O产生量,通过长期试验和间歇试验对SBR法实际生活污水全程及短程脱氮过程中N2O的主要产生源和影响因素进行了研究.结果表明:生活污水短程硝化反硝化过程中有N2O产生,并且N2O主要产生于短程硝化过程中,即氨氧化过程中,而反硝化作用没有N2O产生,且能够将氨氧化结束时,活性污泥中累积的溶解性N2O进一步还原为N2.短程硝化过程中,N2O产生量随进水氨氮浓度的升高而显著增加.DO浓度对N2O的产生与释放有重要的影响,DO浓度高于2mg/L和低于0.5mg/L N2O产生量均较低.DO低于0.5mg/L时,一方面,降低了曝气作用对N2O的吹脱,延长了N2O在活性污泥中的停留时间;另一方面,在活性污泥絮体内部形成缺氧区,促进了同步硝化反硝化,在硝化作用的同时,加强了反硝化作用对N2O的还原作用,利于N2O的减量控制.     

污水生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生与控制研究进展

N2O是一种重要的温室气体,并且能破坏臭氧层,因而在全球变化研究中受到广泛关注.研究表明,污水生物脱氮过程是N2O的一个重要人为源.为此,对污水生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生与控制进行研究具有重要的意义.文章对污水生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生机理、影响因素和减量化策略进行了论述.N2O通常被认为是不完全硝化作用或不完全反硝化...     

不同污水生物脱氮工艺中N2O释放量及影响因素

微生物的硝化及反硝化过程为污水处理过程中N2O的主要产生源.从微生物学和生物化学反应的角度,阐述了硝化及反硝化过程中N2O的生成机理以及与N2O产生相关的关键酶的基本特性,同时给出了几种典型硝化及反硝化菌的N2O产生与释放情况.通过对实际污水处理厂、不同污水处理工艺,尤其是新工艺过程中N2O释放量及产因的分析,指出污水生物处理过程中N2O的释放量与污水水质、污水处理工艺、工艺的运行工况及微生物的种群结构有关,并对底物浓度、DO浓度、SRT等关键性因素进行了重点论述.在综合分析N2O产生机理及影响因素的基础上,从工艺运行工况及微生物种群优化2个角度,初步提出了控制污水生物处理过程中N2O释放的策略.     

脱氮型生物反应器填埋场中N_2O产生潜势分析

阐述了微生物硝化和反硝化过程中N2O的产生机理以及影响因素,重点介绍底物浓度、O2量、含水率、pH、温度等因素对N2O产生的影响。根据N2O产生机理及影响因素分析,结合脱氮型生物反应器填埋场运行过程中不同影响因素的变化,对脱氮型生物反应器填埋场N2O的产生进行了分析探讨。认为相比于其他生物反应器填埋场,脱氮型生物反应器填埋场可能会增加N2O的产生量,该问题需要进行深入研究。     

以甲醇为碳源生物反硝化过程释放一氧化二氮的试验研究

污水生物反硝化脱氮过程是一氧化二氮(N2O)的重要释放源之一.试验采用序批式反应器以甲醇为碳源(电子供体),硝酸盐(NO3--N)为电子受体驯化反硝化菌,并采用批处理试验研究不同电子受体、不同碳氮(C/N)比和不同初始亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)质量浓度条件下N2O释放情况.在典型周期试验和批处理试验中均能检测到N2O的释放.以NO2--N为电子受体时会释放较多的N2O,而以NO3--N为电子受体时释放的N2O相对较少.不同C/N比通过影响反硝化菌的活性进而影响N2O的释放,反硝化菌的活性和N2O的释放量均随着C/N比的降低而降低.N2O的释放量随着初始NO2--N质量浓度的增加而增加,一定浓度范围内的NO2--N会增强反硝化菌的活性.初始NO2--N质量浓度与N2O的释放量具有较好的指数相关性.     

不同氮浓度冲击对颗粒污泥脱氮过程中N2 O产生量的影响

采用好氧-缺氧SBR污水生物处理系统,考察不同进水NH4+-N浓度冲击对同步硝化反硝化型颗粒污泥脱氮过中N2O的释放规律和脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当进水NH4+-N浓度分别从稳定的30 mg·L-1突然提高到40、60和80 mg·L-1时,氨氮去除率从80.04%降至61.40%、39.65%和31.02%,但氨氮的去除量变化不大,都在25 mg·L-1左右;另外,N2O产生量受进水NH4+-N冲击较小,在4个不同的进水NH4+-N浓度下,典型周期N2O产生量分别为3.019、3.489、3.271和3.490 mg·m-3,而且N2O释放速率都在0.004 5 mg·(m3·min)-1左右.同步硝化反硝化型颗粒污泥系统的好氧阶段和缺氧阶段均有N2O产生.不同的NH4+-N浓度冲击下,同步硝化反硝化型颗粒污泥系统对NH4+-N的去除量没有变化,但由于进水NH4+-N浓度的提高引起系统脱氮率显著下降.     

同步硝化反硝化过程中污染物的去除及温室气体的释放

采用缺氧-好氧SBR反应器,研究了同步硝化反硝化(SND)工艺污水生物脱氮过程中污染物去除效果和温室气体(N2O,CH4和CO2)的释放情况.结果表明,与顺序式硝化反硝化工艺(SQND)的总氮去除率63.78%相比,SND大大地提高了总氮的去除,去除率达90.39%.同时,SND过程刺激了温室气体的释放,其温室气体释放总量为SQND的4.5倍.SND反应器N2O每周期释放量为34.28 mg,且主要集中于曝气阶段.而SQND过程N2O释放量仅为6.89mg,为SND过程的1/5.SND过程和SQND过程,每周期CO2的释放量分别为493.52,320.28mg.两反应器中CH4的释放量都很低,接近于零.     

不同污水处理工艺N_2O减排方法研究进展

污水处理过程中产生强温室气体N_2O的问题已经受到广泛关注,如何在保证处理效率的同时实现N_2O有效减排成为水处理领域面临的重要问题。综述了传统生物脱氮除磷工艺和同步硝化反硝化、反硝化除磷、厌氧氨氧化等新型污水处理工艺运行过程中N_2O的产生机理、减排方法和减排量,为相关领域的研究人员提供参考。     

Contributions of biofilm and suspended sludge to nitrogen transformation and nitrous oxide emission in hybrid sequencing batch system

Hybrid system combines the nature of suspended growth and attached growth has been widely applied to wastewater treatment. In this research, the contributions to N transformation and N2O emission by biofilm and suspended sludge in the hybrid sequencingbatch reactor for a simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal process were investigated. For the hybrid system, nitrification occurred mostly in the suspended sludge, while the biofilm played the major role in denitrification. The interaction of the biofilm and the suspended sludge in the same reactor resulted in a better overall nitrogen removal performance with simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. However, N2O emission was the main end product of nitrogen removal for the hybrid system; while it was N2 for the biofilm. The relative low N2O emissions from the pure biofilm and the pure suspended sludge corresponded to the relatively high nitrate at the end of the aeration period compared with the hybrid system.     

碳磷比对SND过程污染物去除及N2O释放的影响

以两个平行运行的SBR反应器为研究对象,研究了碳磷比对同步硝化反硝化过程中污染物去除及温室气体N2O释放的影响.结果表明:系统对COD和氨氮的去除率均能达到90%以上,总磷和总氮去除率随碳磷比的降低而提高,这是由于低碳磷比下聚磷菌得到富集,同时部分聚磷菌利用NO3-和NO2-为电子受体吸收磷,从而实现脱氮除磷的同步提高.系统的N2O释放量随碳磷比的降低而降低,低碳磷比下N2O释放量仅为高碳磷比的76%.低碳磷比下N2O释放量的减少主要是由于异养反硝化过程对N2O释放的贡献降低导致的.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

单级序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)多途径生物脱氮研究

利用传统微生物分析技术与PCR、变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）等分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对单级SBBR反应器中的主要生物脱氮途径进行分析.结果表明,亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化途径是主要的脱氮途径,通过该途径去除的NH⁺₄-N占总去除量的65%以上;另外2条途径则分别是亚硝化-反硝化途径以及全程硝化-反硝化途径.所有途径都采取同步和分步2种方式完成,同步方式以曝气阶段的氮素亏损形式予以表现.分步方式则依靠各种脱氮微生物在曝气阶段和厌氧阶段不同的活性程度完成,亚硝酸细菌是曝气阶段的主要活性菌种,完成NH⁺₄-N向NO^-₂-N的转化,而厌氧氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌则在厌氧阶段成为优势菌种,完成完整的生物脱氮过程.     

Determination of respiration, gross nitrification and denitrification in soil profile using BaPS system

A facility of BaPS （Barometric Process Separation） was used to determine soil respiration, gross nitrification and denitrification in a winter wheat field with depths of 0-7, 7--14 and 14-21 cm. N2O production was determined by a gas chromatograph. Crop root mass and relevant soil parameters were measured. Results showed that soil respiration and gross nitrification decreased with the increase of soil depth, while denitrification did not change significantly. In comparison with no-plowing plot, soil respiration increased significantly in plowing plot, especially in the surface soil of 0-7 cm, while gross nitrification and denitrification rates were not affected by plowing. Cropping practice in previous season was found to affect soil gross nitrification in the following wheat-growing season. Higher gross nitrification rate occurred in the filed plot with preceding crop of rice compared with that of maize for all the three depths of 0-7, 7-14 and 14-21 cm. A further investigation indicated that the nitrification for all the cases accounted for about 76% of the total nitrogen transformation processes of nitrification and denitrification and the N2O production correlated with nitrification significantly, suggesting that nitrification is a key process of soil N2O production in the wheat field. In addition, the variations of soil respiration and gross nitrification were exponentially dependent on root mass （p〈0.00l）.