固相萃取法提取水中酚类化合物的研究

对水中苯酚、氯代酚、甲基酚和硝基酚等酚类化合物的固相萃取过程进行了研究,从不同类型固相萃取柱中选择HLB柱用于水中多种酚类化合物的提取,并对水样酸化、固相萃取上样流量和淋洗流量及洗脱溶剂等萃取条件进行了优化。试验选择二氯甲烷/乙酸乙酯混合溶液（体积比为1∶1）作为固相萃取洗脱溶剂,确定10 mL/min～20 mL/min和1 mL/min～3 mL/min为适用的上样流量和淋洗流量范围,实现了14种不同类型酚类化合物的同步最优萃取,提取效率为69.8%～120%。     

水中多种酚类化合物同步提取方法研究

对水中14种酚类化合物的液液萃取过程进行研究,选取不同萃取溶剂体系、水样pH和盐析条件等多个对萃取效率有决定性影响的参数进行优化。通过上述条件的优化选择,实现了同步对包括低沸点的苯酚、一氯代酚及较难提取的甲基酚和硝基酚等14种不同类型酚类化合物最优的萃取,提取效率达到75.2%~110.3%。     

水体中酚类化合物分析方法的比较研究

通过大量实验,研究建立了水体中9种酚类化合物同时测定的多个监测分析方法,包括液液萃取-气相色谱-氢火焰检测器法、液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱法、液液萃取-衍生化气相色谱-质谱法、固相萃取-液相色谱-紫外检测器法和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法。研究表明各个分析方法均具有较高的灵敏度,方法检出限在0.03~2.5 μg/L之间,能满足相关环境工作的需要。经方法适用性和可操作性比较,推荐选择固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱法用于应急水样的快速测定、固相萃取-液相色谱-紫外检测器法用于地表水等清洁水样的测定、液液萃取-气相色谱-氢火焰检测器法用于工业废水等污染水样的测定。     

红外法测定皮革行业油类物质过程中几个关键技术问题的探讨

红外分光光度法测定皮革行业油类物质时,样品的采集、测试条件的选择、萃取剂的用量、萃取的次数等等对测定结果的准确性有很大的影响,在实际工作中应把握几个关键技术环节,以保证监测结果的准确可靠。     

水中氯代酸性除草剂衍生气相色谱法主要要素探讨

建立了衍生气相色谱-负化学源质谱检测水中氯代酸性除草剂的方法,从四个方面对氯代酸性除草剂衍生气相色谱法中主要要素分析:针对不同需求选择确定萃取模式、萃取溶剂、酸度、浓缩方式等;对不同衍生方式进行比较,分析了辅助条件的必要性;针对衍生产物的不同选择离子源;标准物质的合理使用。     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-LW、MC-LF、MC-YR)的方法。选择甲醇-水(1∶4,V/V)为ASE萃取溶剂,萃取温度和萃取压力分别为80℃和13.1 MPa,固相萃取过程以HLB小柱为萃取柱,采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析。方法在5种微囊藻毒素质量浓度5~100μg/L内线性良好(r0.995),回收率为76.0%~118%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~12.0%,检出限为2~3μg/kg,定量下限为8~12μg/kg。该方法已用于西太湖沉积物的检测,具有较好的方法适用性。     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定饮用水中的百菌清

建立了顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)-气相色谱法(GC-ECD)分析饮用水中百菌清的方法。对HS-SPME的各项参数进行了优化:萃取纤维应选择弱极性的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS,100μm),水样分析前应加入一定量的H2SO4溶液和Na Cl固体,调节pH和离子强度,可显著提高萃取效率。萃取温度70℃,萃取时间30 min,搅拌速度250 r/min,解吸时间3 min。根据优化后的条件,从线性、检出限、回收率、精密度等方面对整个方法进行了验证,结果表明,该方法线性良好,相关系数大于0.999,回收率与精密度均符合要求。取样量为10.0 mL时,检出限为0.09μg/L,可完全满足饮用水分析的需要。     

不同前处理方法对GC-MS法测定水中多种SVOCs效率的影响

通过对比液液萃取法、大孔吸附树脂法、固相萃取膜法、动态活性炭吸附法和固相萃取小柱法的试验效能,最终选择固相萃取小柱法作为测定水中7大类27种SVOCs的前处理方法,并对其进一步优化。试验表明,该方法在10.0μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.003 1μg/L~0.03μg/L,空白加标样的回收率为70.9%~93.8%,RSD≤11.2%。     

海水石油类分析的影响因素

石油类是衡量海水水质的重要指标,海洋石油的首要污染源是原油泄漏,因此海水石油类的具体成分与原油成分基本一致,主要为弱极性的烷烃、环烷烃和芳香烃。在3种国标分析方法中,紫外分光光度法的应用最为广泛。采用该法分析时,建议统一选择HJ油标准作为标准溶液,透光率90%的正己烷作为萃取剂,标准曲线斜率在斜率控制图内的上下辅助限之内;萃取过程中调节水样p H值2,人工萃取时间120 s,萃取后不能立即分析时,在5℃冰箱内保存不超过2周。     

次氯酸钠衍生-气相色谱法测定水中苦味酸

采用次氯酸钠衍生、毛细管柱气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定水中苦味酸,选择正己烷为萃取剂,萃取时间5 min,衍生反应时间40 min。方法在5.00μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.2μg/L,空白加标水样平行测定的RSD为2.2%,加标回收率为89.6%～95.0%。     

离子色谱法测定土壤中草甘膦的提取溶液选择

以辽宁棕壤等10种土壤为样品,探讨了水和pH值=9.00～14.00的氢氧化钠(NaOH)作为提取液对草甘膦分析的影响.结果表明,以水为提取液,仅石灰性紫色土和灰钙土能获得较高的回收率,其他所测土壤尤其是pH值<8.00的土壤其回收率较低,提取效果受土壤理化性质影响明显.以pH值=9.00～14.00的NaOH为提取液...     

土壤中石油类检测前处理方法的改进

以四氯化碳为萃取剂,选择振荡提取和浸泡提取两种前处理方法,采用红外光度法测定土壤中石油类.考察了两种提取方法对土壤样品测定结果的影响,推荐振荡提取时间为9h,振荡频率为150次/min;推荐浸泡提取时间为16 h.     

水体中藻类叶绿素a提取方法的比较

考察超声波法、反复冻融法、热乙醇法对小球藻和微囊藻中叶绿素a的提取效果,并与标准方法作比对。结果表明,4种提取方法中,标准方法对藻类提取效果稍逊,热乙醇法对小球藻的提取效果好,而超声波法和反复冻融法对微囊藻的提取效果好。建议针对不同水体中的优势藻类,标准方法可结合热乙醇法和超声波法,用乙醇替换丙酮作为叶绿素a的提取溶剂,并增加超声波破碎步骤,以提高叶绿素a的提取效率。     

The extraction of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues from a clay soil using sonication and a Soxhlet procedure: a comparative study

A sonication method was compared with Soxhlet extraction for recovering polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from a clay soil that had been contaminated with tar materials for several decades. Using sonication over an 8 h extraction period, maximum extraction of the 16 US EPA priority PAH was obtained with dichloromethane (DCM)-acetone (1 + 1). The same procedure using hexane-acetone (1 + 1) recovered 86% of that obtained using DCM-acetone (1 + 1). PAH recovery was dependent on time of extraction up to a period of 8 h. The sonication procedure showed that individual PAH are extracted at differing rates depending on the number of fused rings in the molecule. Soxhlet extraction [with DCM-acetone (1 + 1)] over an 8 h period recovered 95% of the PAH removed by the sonication procedure using DCM-acetone (1 + 1), indicating that rigorous sonication can achieve PAH recoveries similar to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The lower recovery with the Soxhlet extraction was explained by the observed losses of the volatile PAH components after 1-4 h of extraction. The type of solvent used, the length of time of extraction and extraction method influenced the quantification of PAH in the soil. Therefore, the study has implications for PAH analyses in soils and sediments, and particularly for contaminated site assessments where the data from commercial laboratories are being used. The study emphasizes the importance of establishing (and being consistent in the application of) a vigorous extraction, particularly for commercial laboratories that handle samples of soil in batches (at different times) from a single site investigation or remediation process. The strong binding of PAH to soil, forming aged residues, has significant implications for extraction efficiency. This paper illustrates the problem of the underestimation of PAH using the US EPA method 3550, specifically where a surrogate spike is routinely employed and the efficiency of the extraction procedure for aged residues is unknown. The implications of this study for environmental monitoring, particularly where numerous batches of samples from a single site assessment or remediation program are submitted to commercial laboratories, is that it would be advisable for these laboratories to check their existing method's extraction efficiencies by conducting a time course sonication extraction on their particular soil to determine the optimum extraction time.     

Comparison of pressurized fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction and sonication for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air and diesel exhaust particulate matter

In order to characterize and compare the chemical composition of diesel particulate matter and ambient air samples collected on filters, different extraction procedures were tested and their extraction efficiencies and recoveries determined. This study is an evaluation of extraction methods using the standard 16 EPA PAHs with HPLC fluorescence analysis. Including LC analysis also GC and MS methods for the determination of PAHs can be used. Soxhlet extraction was compared with ultrasonic agitation and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) using three solvents to extract PAHs from diesel exhaust and urban air particulates. The selected PAH compounds of soluble organic fractions were analyzed by HPLC with a multiple wavelength shift fluorescence detector. The EPA standard mixture of 16 PAH compounds was used as a standard to identify and quantify diesel exhaust-derived PAHs. The most effective extraction method of those tested was pressurized fluid extraction using dichloromethane as a solvent.     

气相色谱-质谱法分析污水中溶解态有机物

采用0.45μm玻璃纤维滤膜将污水分离为悬浮态和溶解态有机物质,以二氯甲烷为萃取剂,采用液液萃取-气质联用法对污水中溶解态有机物进行测定,同时还对萃取条件(萃取次数,萃取时间,无机盐加入量)进行优化.结果表明:萃取回收率最高的是每个pH范围各萃取2次、静置5 min,氯化钠加入15g.该方法分析时间短,准确度好(样品平均加标回收率为91.1％ ～ 103％),精密度高(相对标准偏差小于5％),易于操作.     

土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕残留的测定

采用密闭微波提取、超声波提取、索氏提取对土壤和河流沉积物进行前处理,提取液经弗罗里硅土柱净化或浓硫酸净化.通过回收率实验和精密度实验对三种提取方法和两种净化方法进行比较,建立了微波提取土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕,浓硫酸净化,气相色谱一质谱测定的分析方法,方法回收率在84%～110%之间,精密度(RSD)在2.8%～9.9%之间.采用该方法对阜阳市废弃农药厂周围的土壤和河流沉积物中六六六和滴滴涕进行了监测.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定废酸油渣中的16种多环芳烃

建立了废酸油渣中16种多环芳烃超声萃取、Florisil萃取柱净化、气相色谱-质谱测定的方法。笔者对提取方式、提取剂类型和体积、提取时间和次数、净化方式等进行研究,采用无水硫酸钠分散,二氯甲烷作为提取剂超声40 min,提取液经纯水清洗、离心后取适量有机相经过3 g Florisil萃取柱净化,采用气相色谱-质谱选择离子模式(SIM),加入内标进行定量分析。结果表明:二氯甲烷提取效率比正己烷好,丙酮可能引起酸性样品中多环芳烃的降解,丙酮超声萃取时加入无水硫酸钠能在一定程度上防止目标物降解,但萃取效率不可控制,宜采用二氯甲烷作为萃取剂。分散提取能有效减少提取时间,超声清洗仪超声40 min提取效率为86.2%～104%。3g Florisil萃取柱净化比1 g Florisil萃取柱净化和GPC净化效果略好。方法检出限为0.4～1.3 mg/kg,6次空白加标的相对标准偏差为2.3%～15.3%,6个实际样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.2%～27.3%,基体加标回收率为51.3%～126%,连续校准稳定。该方法适用于废酸油渣样品中16种多环芳烃的检测,比直接溶解有效,比加速溶剂萃取、索氏提取、微波萃取和超声探头萃取简单、快捷,能有效减少设备污染和腐蚀,净化方法有效,测定结果准确可靠,是实现大批量样品检测的可行方法。     

An assessment of the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants from contaminated soil

A procedure to assess the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from soil samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the use of simulated in vitro gastrointestinal extraction to remove POPs from soil matrices. The level of recovery, using this approach, is assessed following liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and analysis by gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD). The remaining soil residue is then extracted using pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) followed by GC-MSD analysis to assess the residual fraction. The residual fraction is monitored to determine the unavailable fraction i.e. not available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. The procedure was applied to four soil samples i.e. an aged, spiked soil and three certified reference materials (CRMs) contaminated with POPs. Recoveries of pesticides (lindane, endosulfan I, endrin, DDE, DDD and endosulfan II), phenols (cresol, TCP and PCP), and base neutral compounds (hexachloroethane, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene and hexachlorobenzene) from aged, spiked soil following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 0.8 to 8.3% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 5.5 to 13.5%, irrespective of POP. Recoveries of pesticides (lindane, endosulfan I, endrin, DDE, DDD and endosulfan II) from CRM 805-050 following extraction with gastric fluid were below the limit of detection while following intestinal extraction ranged from 5.3 to 12.8%. Recoveries of phenols (cresol, TCP and PCP) from CRM 401-225 following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 1.6 to 2.0% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 4.1 to 5.4%. Recoveries of base neutral acid analytes (hexachloroethane, acenaphthene, dibenzofuran, fluorene and hexachlorobenzene) from CRM 107-100 following extraction with gastric fluid ranged from 1.4 to 4.0% while following intestinal extraction ranged from 6.6 to 12.7%. It has been found that the majority of POPs present i.e. >75%, would be excreted if consumed and not be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of humans.