煤及其燃烧产物中砷的分布特征

首先研究了我国各主要聚煤区煤中砷的分布,煤的砷含量均值高于世界但低于美国,低于或接近我国土壤砷含量,但与地壳克拉克值比较,砷在煤中被明显富集。从各聚煤区情况看,砷的含量和富集因子均有中新生代煤最大,华南二叠纪煤为次,而华北石炭——二叠纪煤最小的特点。煤各级燃烧产物中砷分布研究表明,底灰中亏损,但富集于飞灰特别是细粒飞灰的表面,质量平衡率的计算显示砷大多能截留于飞灰中,呈蒸气状态逸散入大气的有限。      

燃煤火电厂汞排放因子测试设计及案例分析

在火电厂锅炉煤的燃烧中,汞的迁移是个复杂的过程.在炉内高温下,几乎所有的汞以气态形式停留于烟气中,随着烟气温度的降低,汞被再分配到粉煤灰、炉渣和空气中.采用测试和衡算的方法,对火电厂汞排放因子进行测试和分析.结果表明:汞的迁移分配与煤中汞的赋存量、粉煤灰中可燃物碳的含量及烟气温度相关.煤燃烧后,进入粉煤灰中的汞占煤中汞含量的12.7%～31.3%,进入炉渣中的汞占0.9%～12.8%,大部分汞排入大气中,占67.8%～82.2%.      

基于实测的燃煤电厂汞迁移转化规律研究分析

为了研究某典型300 MW燃煤电厂汞迁移转化规律,对入炉煤、炉渣、石灰石、脱硫工艺水、石膏、脱硫废水、灰中的汞进行了取样测试。并采用EPA30B和安大略法实测了不同位置烟气中汞的形态分布情况。通过系统的汞质量平衡核算,得出各样品中汞所占的比例,在此基础上分析得到汞的迁移转化规律。结果表明,汞在煤渣中呈耗散状态,飞灰则具有一定富集汞的能力。袋式除尘器灰(0.016)的富集因子略高于电除尘器灰(0.094)的富集因子,可以看出袋式除尘器捕集颗粒汞的能力更强一些。烟囱排放的烟气是煤中汞的主要迁移方向,烟气经湿法脱硫系统后减少的汞主要富集在脱硫废水中,可以看出由湿法脱硫系统去除的汞大部分是可溶于水的二价汞。     

水泥窑协同处置生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的汞排放特性及管控措施探讨

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化利用主要途径之一是作为生产水泥原料。飞灰中富集了高浓度的汞、镉、铅等重金属。新型水泥窑的工艺特点导致高挥发性的汞无法固化在水泥熟料中,汞主要随烟气外排。当水泥窑处置飞灰规模较大、飞灰中汞含量较高时,如不采取控制措施,会导致水泥窑排放烟气中汞浓度超过标准限值。分别从机理分析、数据统计演算及实际检测结果多方面进行了验证,提出应加强对水泥窑协同处置飞灰过程中汞污染的认识及监督管理,探索有效的汞排放控制途径,确保汞排放达标。     

印染污泥掺煤焚烧过程中重金属分配与归趋特性研究

掺煤焚烧是佛山地区印染污泥处置的一种常用方法。针对佛山金纺集团印染污泥掺煤焚烧处理工程,对污泥、燃煤、炉渣以及飞灰的重金属含量及浸出毒性进行了分析测定,对重金属在炉渣、飞灰中富集分配规律进行了研究。结果表明:金纺集团印染污泥中锌是最主要重金属污染物;经掺煤焚烧以后,炉渣中重金属的残留率顺序为镍铜铬锌,残留率越小,说明该重金属越容易富集到飞灰中。飞灰中重金属的富集率远高于炉渣,飞灰属于危险废弃物。因此印染污泥掺煤焚烧工程运行中,提高尾气除尘效率对避免重金属的二次污染至关重要,同时飞灰应作为危险废物妥善处置。     

淮南深部山西组煤中汞的含量分布及赋存特征研究

以淮南煤田深部山西组煤为研究对象,分别采集研究区张集煤矿和新集二矿二叠系山西组1煤层的煤样品,测试了样品中总汞的含量,分析汞的空间分布特征,采用浮沉实验、逐级化学提取实验以及相关性分析研究了煤中汞的赋存状态,并结合沉积环境探讨了深部山西组煤中汞的富集成因.结果 表明:(1)研究区煤样中汞含量介于0.03～0.93 μg...     

大气污染及其防治

X51200600130电厂煤燃烧后元素硒的分布及对环境的贡献/徐文东(中科院地质与地球物理研究所)…∥环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2005,26(2).-64～68环图X-5对电厂煤、除尘器飞灰、渣及不同粒径的烟道飞灰中痕量元素硒进行研究。化学分析表明,硒在渣和除尘器飞灰中亏损而在细飞灰中富集,尤其在>19.0μm的飞灰中明显富集,富集系数达到5.15,造成这种现象的原因一是挥发性元素的挥发-凝结作用,二是燃烧产物在燃烧气流中停留的时间,三与飞灰颗粒形态有关,>19.0μm的飞灰中多孔颗粒可能是造成其富集的原因。逐级化学提取实验表明,煤中硒主要…     

电厂煤燃烧后元素硒的分布及对环境的贡献

对电厂煤、除尘器飞灰、渣及不同粒径的烟道飞灰中痕量元素硒进行研究.化学分析表明,硒在渣和除尘器飞灰中亏损而在细飞灰中富集,尤其在>19.0μm的飞灰中明显富集,富集系数达到5.15,造成这种现象的原因一是挥发性元素的挥发-凝结作用,二是燃烧产物在燃烧气流中停留的时间,三与飞灰颗粒形态有关,>19.0μm的飞灰中多孔颗粒可能是造成其富集的原因.逐级化学提取实验表明,煤中硒主要具有机相关性(69.7%),这也是硒挥发性高的一个主要原因;物质平衡计算显示煤中16.5%的硒随气流直接排放入大气,细飞灰中的硒只占1.1%,且大部分在>19.0μm的飞灰中,影响范围小,渣中硒对周围环境的影响更小,飞灰中的硒具有一定的迁移性,也许可以用来改善缺硒土壤.     

黔西南煤燃烧产物微量元素分布特征及富集规律研究

通过对黔西南高砷煤及燃烧产物(底灰、粗飞灰、细飞灰和烟气)中微量元素含量、水溶性及赋存状态的测定,分析了微量元素在燃煤产物中的分布特征及富集规律,探讨了燃煤过程中微量元素迁移转化机制.结果表明,As和Sb是黔西南高砷煤的主要危害元素,含量分别为(256±195)μg.g-1和(26±21)μg.g-1.根据元素在燃煤产物中富集程度的差异,将其分为4类:Ⅰ底灰富集型(Cr和W);Ⅱ均匀富集型(Cu和Ba);Ⅲ飞灰富集型(Mn和Mo);Ⅳ细飞灰超富集型(As、Cd、Sb和Pb).As的挥发性强于Sb和Pb.As在细飞灰上表现出强烈的富集;而Sb和Pb在原煤和燃烧产物中的分配具有明显的正相关关系(R2=0.990 1,P<0.05).亲石元素容易在底灰沉积或组成飞灰颗粒基质,亲硫元素燃烧后易于吸附在飞灰颗粒表面.而飞灰颗粒粒径越小,比表面积越大,所吸附的微量元素含量越高.     

脱硫废水添加对煤燃烧时汞析出特性的影响

为探究含氯脱硫废水溶液添加对煤燃烧时汞析出特性的影响,分别利用沉降炉和管式炉实验装置进行了3种煤在1200℃下的燃烧实验。实验时通过改变模拟脱硫废水溶液的添加量来控制燃煤中氯的质量分数分别为0.00%、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%。分析煤燃烧后烟气中汞浓度、吸收液、飞灰和煤灰中汞含量的变化情况发现:随着加氯量的增加,烟气中Hg0浓度逐渐降低,Hg2+浓度则逐渐升高,但对Hgt（气态总汞）浓度的提升效果相对较差。当加氯量为0.06%时,煤种B在沉降炉中燃烧后烟气中Hg0浓度下降约2.3 μg/m3,而Hg2+浓度提高约2.6 μg/m3,但Hgt浓度仅提高了0.3 μg/m3。氯的添加也会使飞灰中汞含量增加,煤灰中汞含量降低。通过综合对比分析沉降炉和管式炉实验结果发现:无论是否添加氯,煤在沉降炉中燃烧后烟气中Hg0比例均小于管式炉实验结果。当煤种B加氯量为0.06%时,在沉降炉和管式炉中燃烧后烟气中Hg0含量占比分别为50.6%和67.8%。此外,还发现3种煤粉在管式炉中加氯燃烧后汞的析出率提高趋势均较沉降炉明显。故含氯脱硫废水溶液的添加可以改变煤燃烧时汞的析出特性,且有利于促进烟气中Hg0的氧化,对燃煤烟气脱汞具有重要作用。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.