Field Study of Wind and Traffic to Test a Street Canyon Pollution Model

In the U.K., local authorities have new duties to review and assess air quality. Dispersion models are important tools in this process. The performance of a street canyon model, AEOLIUS, in calculating carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in urban areas is discussed. A field experiment was conducted in a busy street canyon in Leek, Staffordshire. Wind speed and direction were measured at three heights adjacent to the street. The canyon's CO concentrations and traffic counts were recorded. Predicted concentrations of CO, calculated using AEOLIUS, were compared with the observed values. The concept of a roof-top wind is discussed, as are the consequences of using wind measurements from outside the town. Choice of wind measurement location and height of the anemometer above the canyon had a pronounced effect on calculating the roof-top wind. Two methods of deriving a street level wind speed from a roof-top wind speed gave results that differ by up to a factor of two. AEOLIUS had variable skill at predicting CO concentrations depending on the roof-top wind direction: possible reasons for this variability are explored. A sensitivity study of the model showed that vehicle emissions have the greatest impact on predicted concentrations. Implications for local air quality management are discussed.     

一种评估烟花爆竹燃放对大气PM2.5影响的新方法

基于北京市空气质量自动监测系统2013年2月常规污染物监测数据,提出了定量估算烟花爆竹燃放对大气PM2.5影响的污染物相对比值(PM2.5/CO)法。利用该方法研究表明,2013年北京除夕烟花爆竹燃放使PM2.5单站1小时平均浓度最大增加709μg/m3(石景山古城监测点);全市24小时平均浓度增加88μg/m3,达到159μg/m3,空气质量由良好升级为重度污染。元宵节夜间烟花爆竹燃放使PM2.5单站1小时平均浓度最大增加469μg/m3(海淀万柳监测点),全市24小时平均浓度增加54μg/m3。除夕夜、元宵夜全市平均烟花爆竹PM2.5浓度超过75μg/m3的时间分别为5、7 h,达到峰值后半衰期分别为0.9、1.7 h。城区烟花爆竹PM2.5浓度高于郊区,并可导致下风向郊区的PM2.5浓度显著增加。除夕、元宵节北京市区烟花爆竹排放PM2.5总量分别约为1.91×105kg、1.17×105kg。     

AQI标准下北京市空气质量数值预报系统及其在重大活动保障中的应用

围绕新AQI标准下环境空气重污染预报预警工作的需求,全面优化升级了北京市空气质量数值预报系统。该系统集成了新一代天气模式WRF,并进一步发展污染源处理模型SMOKE,实现了点源、面源、机动车源等排放源高时空分辨率制作,同时紧追空气质量模型(CMAQ、CAMx、NAQPMS)新发展,实现在线源解析模块的业务应用。这一系统不仅在日常业务预报中有效提升了北京市空气重污染过程的预报准确率,还成功应用于2014年APEC会议、2015年纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年阅兵等重大活动空气质量保障工作中,满足了重大活动对空气质量预报预警的特殊需求,为进一步提高城市空气质量预报预警技术的发展做出有益尝试,并积累了丰富的经验。     

环境污染对生态危害经济损失评估模式的研究

定量评估环境污染对生态环境危害的经济损失,是环境科学研究的课题。本文从风险评价和环境经济学角度,提出环境污染对生态环境危害经济损失的评估模式。     

On the Use of MRF/AVN Global Information to Improve the Operational Air Quality Model OPANA

Operational air quality models have become an important tool to assist the decision makers in European Environmental Offices at different levels: cities, regional and state. Because of the important advance on computing capabilities during the last few years the possibility of incorporating the complex research and academic mesoscale air quality models under routine operational basis has become a reality. OPANA model is the operational version of the research model ANA (Atmospheric mesoscale Numerical pollution model for regional and urban Areas). This model is a limited area model (mesoscale beta) and the capability to extend the prediction horizon is limited unless proper boundary conditions are provided during long simulations. In this contribution we show how AVN/MRF (NOAA) vertical numerical meteorological soundings are incorporated to the OPANA system by using JAVA technology. This new feature helps to keep the air quality model into medium power workstations and the performance is improved accordingly. This technology avoids running mesoscale models over larger areas (continental scale) to accordingly increase the forecasting temporal horizon.     

Assessment of New Vehicles Emissions Certification Standards in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City

Light duty gasoline vehicles account for most of CO hydrocarbons and NOx emissions at the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC). In order to ameliorate air pollution from the beginning of 2001, Tier 1 emission standards became mandatory for all new model year sold in the country. Car manufacturers in Mexico do not guarantee the performance of their exhaust emissions systems for a given mileage. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the Tier 1 vehicles will stand the certification values for at least 162000 km with the regular fuel available at the MAMC. Mileage accumulation and deterioration show that certified carbon monoxide emissions will stand for the useful life of the vehicles but in the case of non-methane hydrocarbons will be shorter by 40%, and nitrogen oxides emissions above the standard will be reached at one third of the accumulated kilometers. The effect of gasoline sulfur content, on the current in use Tier 1 vehicles of the MAMC and the impact on the emissions inventory in year 2010 showed that 31000 extra tons of NOx could be added to the inventory caused by the failure of the vehicles to control this pollutant at the useful life of vehicles.     

兰州市空气污染物的变化规律与特征

论述了兰州市 1 993～ 1 996年间 ,室内外空气污染物 ,特别是一些非常规监测指标 ,如 PM1 0 、PM2 .5～ 1 0 和 PM2 .5 的污染规律和分布特征。结果表明兰州市仍以尘污染为主 ,PM1 0 在 TSP中平均占 3 3 %左右 ,而 PM2 .5 占了 PM1 0 的大部分     

2015—2020年全国重污染天变化趋势及时空分布特征分析

2015—2020年,全国重污染发生天数、比例及城市数量整体呈逐年下降趋势。与2015年相比,2020年全国337个地级及以上城市重污染天数减少1 847 d,降幅达55.2%;重污染天数比例下降1.6个百分点;发生过重污染天气的城市数量减少60个。其中,全国细颗粒物重污染天数整体呈下降趋势,沙尘重污染天数随气象条件的差异波动变化,臭氧重污染天数呈波动上升趋势。"十四五"期间,消除重污染天气的主要对象仍是细颗粒物重污染。应将天山北坡城市群、"2+26"城市、汾渭平原及苏皖鲁豫交界地区作为"十四五"期间污染减排的重点关注区域。此外,需遏制"2+26"城市臭氧重污染上升势头。     

新版《环境空气质量标准》热点污染物PM2.5监控策略的思考与建议

随着工业化和城市化进程的加速,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由气溶胶细粒子PM2.5污染造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,中国东部地区灰霾天气迅速增加.灰霾天气的本质是细粒子气溶胶污染,与光化学污染相关联,形成灰霾天气的气溶胶组成非常复杂.近年来由于灰霾天气日趋严重引发的环境效应问题,以及气溶胶辐射强迫引发的气候效应问题,已引起科学界、政府部门和社会公众的广泛关注,成为热门话题.在此背景下,国家出台了新版《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),增设PM2.5浓度限值,对环境监测、环境管理和环境评价提出了新的要求.通过分析中国大气污染背景、国际组织和其他国家的PM2.5标准,及近期热点问题,提出在环境监测、环境管理和环境评价过程中实施新标准,监控PM2.5的策略.     

用活性污染指数法评价微污染水体的环境质量

针对水环境质量的均值污染指数评价方法的缺点,提出了利用活性污染指数法来评价微污染水体环境质量。随后在实例中对此方法进行了运用,并与均值污染指数法进行了比较,效果不错。     

新空气质量标准实施后空气质量自动监测质保审核的建立探讨

根据上海市空气自动监测网络由市级中心站负责子站和区/县级监测站自建子站共同组成和两级管理的结构特点,上海自2006年开始实施对空气自动监测子站的年度质保审核,并在实践中持续改进和完善。以上海为例对新环境空气质量标准实施和AQI实时发布背景下完整的空气质量自动监测QA/QC体系中的质保审核的建立实施及其效果进行讨论。     

Air Quality in Norwich, UK Multi-Scale Modelling to Assess the Significance of City, County and Regional Pollution Sources

Norwich is the eastern most city in the United Kingdom. Despite a population of only 100,000 and very little local industry, studies have shown that the city experiences levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulates and sulphur dioxide exceeding the UK Air Quality Standards. Because of Norwich's situation within a large, predominantly rural area a large non-resident workforce is one factor that contributes to large, often very congested traffic flows. The city's location close to the European mainland also exposes it to polluted airmasses transported from the continent, especially in the case of particulates and ozone. In order to assess the relative contributions of local and regional sources, data from rural and urban monitoring sites are to be used in conjunction with ADMS-Urban and the UK Meteorological Office's NAME model.     

基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二NFDA1英监测技术研究

通过典型空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸(结合气固相分配模拟)和传统大流量大气采样仪的比对试验,探讨了基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二英监测技术的可行性。研究表明,基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的大气固相二英毒性当量浓度和指纹特征与传统大流量大气监测技术的监测结果具有很好的可比性;基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸气固相分配模拟(利用Harner-Bidleman模型)的大气二英毒性当量浓度和指纹特征与传统大流量大气监测技术的监测结果具有很好的可比性。与传统大流量大气监测技术相比,基于空气质量自动监测站PM10滤纸的新型大气二英监测技术可以利用现有的大气自动监测网络和气固相分配模型,具有采样成本低、代表性强和易于普及等优点,适合不同区域尺度大气二英的长期同步监测。