Adaptation of plant functional group composition to management changes in calcareous grassland

It is the aim of plant functional research to generate general rules of species assembly and species reactions based on plant functional traits. Here we determined plant functional groups that are important with regard to land use types (grazing, mowing, mulching, burning, abandonment) and looked for mechanisms leading to changes in species composition after management changes in calcareous grasslands.To filter out the set of traits which best described the variation in plant composition along the studied land use gradient and to identify functional groups we chose an iterative three-table ordination method. We included traits related to persistence as well as traits describing the germination niche of a plant. To gain insight into underlying mechanisms which led to differing importance of these plant functional groups at different management regimes we investigated shifts in dominance of the identified functional groups at eight management regimes using long-term vegetation data of a site which was grazed before the onset of different management regimes in 1974. Ongoing unidirectional changes in cover of the four determined functional groups at most of the treatments indicated that even after almost 30 years new equilibria of functional group composition were still not reached.The study showed that other management treatments but grazing and mowing led to changes in functional group composition, which were mainly driven by increasing dominance of a highly competitive species group.     

Impact of site and management on the diversity of central European mesic grassland

The main objective was to quantify the relative impact of current management types on plant species-richness and composition of mesic grasslands with regard to other important determinants such as topography, soil chemical parameters and grassland age. The grasslands were (i) differentiated into management types and vegetation types, (ii) these types were tested for differences in site conditions and species-richness, and (iii) the relative impact of management, site conditions, grassland age and regional scale geomorphology on floristic composition was quantified. TWINSPAN classification of the vegetation separated nutrient-poor from nutrient-rich sites. Results of ANCOVA revealed that vegetation types indicating high nutrient levels showed significantly higher contents of plant available phosphorous and younger grassland age. In partial CCA analyses, the geomorphology accounted for almost one third of explained variance. The current management had a relatively low explanatory value. Soil chemical variables and topography, in contrast, explained together almost twice as much variation in floristic composition.     

Long-term dynamics of biomass production, soil chemical properties and plant species composition of alluvial grassland after the cessation of fertilizer application in the Czech Republic

The resilience, the ability of an ecosystem to recover after termination of perturbation, of highly productive Alopecurus grassland was investigated after the cessation of the following long-term fertilizer treatments applied under a two- or three-cut management regime: unfertilized control, PK, N₁₀₀PK, N₂₀₀PK, N₃₀₀PK and N₄₀₀PK. Annual application rates of pure nutrients per hectare were 0–400 kg for N, 40 kg for P and 100 kg for K. The dynamics of biomass production were measured for 16 years and the effect of former fertilizer treatments on soil chemical properties, biomass chemical properties, plant species composition and species richness were investigated 16 years after the last application of fertilizers. It was concluded that 16 years was not long enough to achieve resilience in plant-available soil P and K concentrations, N/P ratios in the plant biomass or plant species composition, but that it was long enough to achieve resilience in species richness. In the case of biomass production the effect of former fertilizer treatments was apparent in 10 of the 16 seasons investigated, indicating that resilience in biomass production must be evaluated using data from more than 1 vegetation season. The results of the study stress the necessity for long-term research because of high year-to-year variability in biomass production as well as long-term after-effects of fertilizer treatments in alluvial grassland.     

Conserving the species-rich meadows of Europe

Owing to changes in agricultural practices throughout Europe, with greater emphasis on intensification, traditionally managed hay meadows have become scarce. Their loss has also meant the loss of species diversity. One of the few areas of Europe where traditional management is still practised is in Northern Spain.The hay meadows of Northern Spain can be defined as semi-natural, species-rich communities that are maintained by one or more factors which are under the direct control of man. The traditional management to which they are subjected has led to a high species diversity. For centuries the meadows have been important to man in supporting cattle during the winter. There is now little need for further increase of production. However, the importance of the need for conservation of species diversity and protection of ecologically sensitive areas is now recognised. Although the biological richness of the hay meadows is well known, few studies have been made of the effects of different traditional management regimes on the diversity and floristic composition of these grasslands.A survey was carried out to examine the effects of traditional management on the floristic composition, diversity and production of these meadows. The area studied is situated in the Valdeón valley, northwestern Spain (Cantabrian Mountains) and consists of a deep valley in which arboreal vegetation is represented by beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests. The survival of semi-natural habitats and traditional forms of management and also the low use of chemical fertilisers compared with Northern Europe are the most important reasons for the richness of these habitats. In this study, cutting for hay once per year, non-irrigation non-manuring and grazing in autumn was correlated with high species diversity. The future conservation of these habitats will depend on the formulation of support to continue with traditional management practices.     

Pasture management under goat grazing on Canary Islands

Tenerife pastures in the Teno plateau are under a goat grazing management system, and the number of goats has increased by 70% in the past 10 years. This plant community was sampled during 4 years (1992, 1993, 1994 and 1999) over a 10-year period, using ten 0.25 m² plots to reveal changes in species composition, soil nutrient content, and biomass nutrient content over time and relate these variables to changes in management and understand aspects of the dynamics of these pastures.The results revealed no changes in biomass nutrient composition over the sampling period; however, biomass protein content was related to changes in species composition. Soil phosphorus content increased in the last sampling year and was related to an average species richness decrease in the plots. Results suggest that the increase in soil phosphorus and the decrease in species richness are related to the increase in goat grazing intensity. At the end of the studied period, species with a higher protein content increased in importance in the species composition. The restoration of pastures degraded by agriculture or overgrazing is required to provide a larger area for grazing and to ensure sustainable management of these protected areas.     

上海江湾机场植物群落多样性研究

以市区内江湾机场失去管理后出现的自然植被为研究对象，通过群落学调查研究，分析了群落的种类组成以及结构特征，阐明了群落的恢复过程和潜力。结果表明，江湾机场的植被可划分为4个外貌类型，16个群落类型。自然植被表现为以草本群落为主、辅以少量木本植物群落为特征的分布格局。非地带性因素主导着植被发生和演替，很难达到上海以亚热带常绿阔叶林为主的地带性植被类型。     

Positive long-term effect of mulching on species and functional trait diversity in a nutrient-poor mountain meadow in Central Europe

Oligotrophic mountain meadows are threatened biodiversity hotspots throughout Europe. The traditional summer hay-making followed by autumn grazing is no longer economic and question is whether alternative managements can maintain both plant species and functional diversity typical of these habitats. In the Bohemian Forest Mts., we applied three treatments (mowing once a year - i.e., cutting and removing the biomass, mulching once a year - cutting and leaving the crushed biomass to decompose in situ, fallowing - no cutting) in order to assess temporal changes in meadow vegetation, plant trait composition and biomass production in a 13-year experiment. We recorded for each species twenty-five traits as to be most informative of plant strategies related to growth, resource acquisition and carbon-water economy. We compared different components of trait composition (community averages that mostly reflect traits of dominant species vs. the Rao index of functional diversity that reflects trait dissimilarity among species) and their impact on biomass production. We show that mulching promotes species and functional diversity by facilitating heliophilous forbs and legumes with more acquisitive strategies in resource use and release, e.g., higher foliar N and P content. This occurs at the expense of tall grasses (with resource-retentive strategies, e.g., high leaf dry matter content) which dominate the mown and fallow plots. The divergence in most quantitative traits indicates that niche complementarity is the dominant assembly process in mulched plots, which can prevent competitive exclusion and enable species coexistence. The divergent development was detected only after 5-6 years. This slow floristic and functional response is caused by acidity of soil and severe mountain climate that preclude rapid responses of vegetation to land-use changes. We conclude that mulching represents a good compromise maintaining both plant species and functional diversity as well as a relatively high biomass production. Mowing without grazing leads to gradual nutrient loss and thus reduces the productivity and diversity in these oligotrophic ecosystems. Fallowing causes gradual loss in diversity by increased grass competition and litter accumulation.     

降水变化对荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

全球气候变化使得降水格局发生显著改变.土壤呼吸作为土壤碳库向大气释放CO₂的重要途径,其对降水变化的响应可能会影响陆地生态系统碳循环进程,并对全球气候变化产生反馈作用,但目前关于土壤呼吸对降水变化的响应没有一致的结论.以黄土高原西部荒漠草原为对象,通过野外降水控制实验减水40%（-40%）、减水20%（-20%）、自然降水、增水20%（20%）和增水40%（40%）,探究降水变化对土壤呼吸动态的影响及其与土壤含水量、土壤温度、地上生物量、土壤有机碳、微生物量碳和碳氮比（有机碳总氮比）等因素的关系.结果表明,在3 a期间不同降水处理下土壤呼吸的日变化呈现较一致的单峰和双峰模式.土壤呼吸随降水量的增加均呈增加趋势,且相较对照,土壤呼吸在降水控制实验第二年（偏湿年份）和第三年（偏干年份）表现出显著差异,表明降水变化对土壤呼吸产生了遗留效应.同时,相比对照,偏湿年土壤呼吸在-40%处理下显著最低,在40%处理下显著最高,土壤呼吸对减水处理的负响应强于对增水处理的正响应;偏干年土壤呼吸在增水处理下显著高于对照,且对增水处理的正响应明显强于减水处理.此外,土壤含水量、地上生物量、土壤有机碳和碳氮比是显著影响土壤呼吸的环境因子,且随降水量的增加而增加;土壤呼吸随土壤含水量、地上生物量、土壤有机碳和碳氮比的增加而增加,随微生物量碳的增加而减少,其中土壤含水量对土壤呼吸的解释率最高,这表明土壤含水量是控制荒漠草原区土壤呼吸的主要环境因子.无论在偏湿或偏干年份,降水变化下,植物生物量输入幅度均低于土壤呼吸输出幅度,表明降水变化可能不利于土壤碳固存,尤其偏干年份降水变化对碳库输出的影响更强.因此,荒漠草原区不同干湿年份降水变化对土壤呼吸的影响可能对生态系统碳循环过程产生不同的影响,进而为区域碳预算评估提供参考.     

潮土细菌及真菌群落对化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆的响应

为了研究化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆对华北麦玉轮作田潮土细菌和真菌群落的影响,在天津市宁河区试验基地开展田间定位施肥试验,采用Illumina高通量测序技术比较了5种施肥模式（单施化肥处理,F;化肥减施处理,FR;化肥减量与秸秆配施处理,FRS;化肥减量与有机肥配施处理,FRO;化肥减量与有机肥和秸秆配施处理,FROS）下土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并结合土壤理化性质分析,探究不同施肥处理下驱动细菌和真菌群落变化的关键土壤环境因子.结果表明,FRO处理显著提高了土壤SOM含量.FROS处理的TP含量显著高于FRS处理,增加了13.33%.FRO和FROS处理AP含量较其它处理显著增加,NH₄⁺-N含量显著高于化肥处理（F和FR）.各施肥处理土壤中优势细菌门类均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）,优势真菌门类均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）.在化肥减量配施有机肥（FRO）的基础上添加秸秆（FROS）显著降低了放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度.FRS和FROS处理均显著降低了芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）的相对丰度.FROS处理显著提高了浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的相对丰度.对于真菌群落而言,有机肥（FRO和FROS）的施入显著提高了子囊菌门（Ascomycota）的相对丰度.与FR处理相比,FROS处理显著降低了被孢菌门（Mortierellomycota）和油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）的相对丰度,且FRS处理同样显著降低了油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）的相对丰度.FROS处理的细菌群落Shannon多样性指数显著高于F和FR处理,分别增加了1.26%和1.25%,Chao1指数较F处理显著增加了4.51%,细菌Shannon多样性指数与AP和NH₄⁺-N含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.与FR处理相比,FRS、FRO和FROS处理显著降低了真菌群落Shannon多样性指数,分别达到29.85%、24.94%和25.73%,真菌Shannon多样性指数与AP含量显著负相关（P<0.05）.细菌群落结构在FROS处理下显著区别于F、FR和FRO处理,土壤SM、TP、pH和AP是导致细菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子;真菌群落结构在FRO和FROS处理下显著区别于F和FR处理,真菌群落结构变化主要受土壤TN、AP和TP的驱动.综上所述,添加有机肥和秸秆改变了土壤理化性质,进而改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落组成,土壤真菌对有机物料的敏感程度高于细菌,细菌和真菌群落结构均受到土壤P的调控,在潮土农业耕作中应引起充分重视.     

Effects of management cessation on grassland butterflies in southern Poland

The effects of natural succession and invasions of indigenous reed Phragmites australis and alien goldenrods Solidago sp. on butterfly communities of wet grassland were investigated in Kraków (southern Poland) after management cessation.The total number of species and individuals, mean number of species per survey and a species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) were highest in fallow lands, old fallow lands and young forests, and the lowest in fallow lands invaded by reed and goldenrod and in mature forests. These results (1) reveal the importance of extensively mown meadows and fallow land for butterflies, (2) indicate that meadow restoration is still possible even several decades after abandonment and (3) show that invasion of reed and non-native goldenrods should be prevented.A few very rare species included in the Habitat Directive (Lycaena dispar, Lycaena helle, Maculinea teleius and Maculinea nausithous) were common on the wet grasslands in Krakow, thus the area should be protected. Moreover, it was shown that the presence and relative abundance of Maculinea butterflies were good indicators of general butterfly species richness and abundance in the investigated wet grasslands.     

Meadow management and occurrence of corncrake Crex crex

The aim of this study was to analyse the occurrence of corncrakes in two Swedish meadow sites managed by mowing and grazing, but also with abandoned meadows. Most corncrakes (58%) on meadows were found in unmanaged areas without subsidies to the farmers (i.e. areas with tall vegetation). Several corncrakes (62%) were found in restored areas, managed for less than 10 of the last 40 years, fewer (38%) in areas under continuous management. Vegetation height was negatively associated with number of years of management the last 40 years, and the continuously managed areas were avoided by corncrakes. Sites where corncrake territories occur regularly should be managed to maintain tall vegetation suitable for the species, which requires increased use of mowing. However, the results from our study also suggest that yearly mowing might result in a vegetation structure that is avoided by corncrakes. To achieve a balance between tall grassy vegetation and prevention of succession to scrub a possible management regime would therefore be mowing at intervals of a few years.     

宁南山区人工林草对土壤真菌群落的影响

以宁南山区天然草地（长芒草（Stipa bungeana Trin））为参照,选取2种典型人工恢复植被：人工草地（苜蓿（Medicago sativa））和人工林地（柠条（Caragana korshinskii Kom））的表层土壤（0-20cm）为研究对象,利用Miseq高通量测序技术分析土壤真菌的多样性、物种组成及其相对丰度变化特征,并采用冗余分析（RDA）的方法研究环境因子对不同植被土壤真菌群落的影响.结果表明：3种植被样地土壤样品共测得真菌27个门,44个纲,70个目,91个科.其中,优势菌门有子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,丰度分别为71.8%和15.2%;优势菌纲主要有：粪壳菌纲（Sordariomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）和盘菌纲（Pezizomycetes）;优势菌属有：赤霉菌属（Gibberella）、肾形虫属（Colpoda）、水球壳属（Hydropisphaera）、叶生壳属（Floricola）、管柄囊霉属（Funneliformis）和Marcelleina.土壤真菌丰富度和多样性在苜蓿地最大,柠条地最小.球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）在天然草地的丰度最高,为4.8%;子囊菌门丰度在苜蓿地里最大,达82.6%,在柠条地最低,为56.8%;担子菌门和分类不明确门（Unclassified）在柠条土壤中丰度最大,分别为：25.3%和7.9%,在苜蓿地中最低,分别为：7.1%和0.8%.盘菌纲在天然草地中的丰度最高,为17.8%,且显著高于柠条地.伞菌纲在（Agaricomycetes）柠条地中的丰度明显高于苜蓿地.Heatmap热图分析表明,尽管苜蓿地中土壤真菌群落与天然草地的相似度更高,但是天然草地中AM真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi）的相对丰度最大,种植苜蓿使土壤致病菌属的相对丰度增加,柠条地的肾形虫属相对丰度最高.人工林草对土壤真菌的群落组成和多样性有较明显的影响.土壤水分（SW）、有机碳（TOC）和全氮（TN）是影响宁南山区林草地土壤真菌群落的主要理化因子.     

不同形态氮添加对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响

探究不同氮素形态对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响,以期为制定多年生高寒栽培草地氮添加方案提供科学依据.于2022年6月,在青海省海南藏族自治州共和县巴卡台农牧场以建植4龄的青海草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis Qinghai）+青海中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis Qinghai）混播草地为研究对象,以不施肥为对照（CK）,设置3个不同形态氮素处理,分别为U:尿素（酰胺态氮）、A:硫酸铵（铵态氮）和N:硝酸钙（硝态氮）,各处理的氮素施用量均为67.5 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,对不同处理下土壤养分和微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析.结果表明,外源铵态氮输入显著提高了NH₄ ⁺-N含量、AP含量和EC,酰胺态氮输入显著提高了SOC含量和TN含量,硝态氮输入显著提高了NO₃ ^--N含量、AN含量和TC含量.外源氮输入改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落结构以及优势菌门和属的相对丰度,但对细菌和真菌群落的Alpha多样性没有显著影响.主坐标分析（PCoA）表明,不同形态氮添加对细菌群落的Beta多样性具有显著影响,而对真菌群落影响不显著.冗余分析（RDA）表明,氮添加主要通过土壤铵态氮来改变微生物群落组成和结构.综合而言,在青藏高原多年生栽培草地土壤修复过程中,应优先考虑铵态氮肥.     

铜尾矿库坝面土壤微生物群落动态的驱动因子

随机过程和确定性过程对群落动态的影响机制及重要性是群落生态学研究的中心课题,也是目前群落生态学最具争议的问题.微生物群落在生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中发挥着重要作用,对其结构动态的研究不仅为阐明群落构建机制提供重要的数据支持,而且为预测环境胁迫条件下微生物群落结构的动态提供理论依据.本研究通过Illumina MiSeq测序的方法,分析了中条山十八河尾矿库坝面不同恢复阶段细菌和真菌群落结构特征.结果表明,研究区尾矿坝不同恢复年限土壤理化性质发生梯度变化,植物群落结构呈现一定的演替趋势,植物群落多样性与土壤养分显著相关,而与土壤重金属含量无相关性.不同恢复年限的土壤微生物群落结构具有显著差异,其中优势细菌主要有变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）;优势真菌主要有子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）.微生物群落组成主要受到土壤养分和重金属含量的影响,而植物多样性对微生物群落结构的影响不明显,表明在局域小尺度环境胁迫条件下,土壤环境因子是微生物群落结构动态变化的主要驱动力.     

秸秆还田配施化肥对稻-油轮作土壤酶活性及微生物群落结构的影响

秸秆还田是农业生态系统提高土壤肥力和维持作物生产力的有效管理措施.为了研究秸秆还田配施化肥对巢湖地区稻-油轮作农田土壤养分含量、酶活性和微生物群落的影响,开展连续4 a （2016~2020年）的田间定位试验,设置无秸秆+无施肥（CK）、常规施肥（F）、秸秆还田+常规施肥（SF）和秸秆还田+常规施肥减20%（SDF）这4个处理,探究不同处理下影响土壤酶活性与细菌、真菌群落发生变化的关键环境因子.结果表明,秸秆还田配施化肥较常规施肥处理能够提高土壤养分含量,SF处理的土壤养分含量最高.与F相比,SF处理的水稻季土壤有机质（OM）和全磷（TP）含量显著提高了7.94%和24.07%（P<0.05）,油菜季碱解氮（AN）含量显著提高了13.62%（P<0.05）.SF较F处理的土壤磷酸酶和脲酶在水稻季显著提高了28.54%和24.13%,在油菜季显著提高了38.97%和30.70%,而SDF处理的4种土壤酶中仅脲酶活性较F处理显著提高,水稻季和油菜季分别提高了20.31%和24.33%（P<0.05）.秸秆还田对水稻季土壤细菌的Chao1和Shannon指数有所增加,油菜季则有所减少,而对真菌群落的Chao1和Shannon指数均增加.对于微生物群落结构而言,SF和SDF较F处理的变形菌门相对丰度在水稻季分别增加了8.22%和7.88%,油菜季分别增加了18.53%和5.68%.与F相比,SF和SDF处理的绿弯菌门相对丰度在水稻季分别增加了12.00%和11.25%,油菜季分别增加了15.02%和8.43%.水稻季SF和SDF处理的担子菌门较F相比相对丰度显著提高了70%和43.42%（P<0.05）,油菜季SF和SDF处理的子囊菌门与F相比显著提高了69.79%和43.72%（P<0.05）.综上,秸秆还田配施化肥可提高土壤养分含量,土壤脲酶和磷酸酶对秸秆还田的响应更为敏感,稻-油轮作农田土壤的细菌群落构成发生改变主要受土壤TP和速效磷（AP）影响,而土壤OM、AN和pH则是引起真菌群落构成变化的主要环境因子,因而秸秆还田有利于提高农田土壤肥力和维护生态系统健康.     

科尔沁沙质草地群落物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系

研究了科尔沁沙地6个典型生境类型的沙质草地群落物种多样性与生产力的变化,分析了植物群落格局、物种多样性、生产力与土壤特性的关系.结果表明,从湿草甸向干草甸、固定沙丘、半固定沙丘、半流动沙丘和流动沙丘退化过程中,群落生产力逐渐下降;群落物种多样性先增加后减小,表现出由湿生化和土壤贫瘠化生境向中生、中旱生生境逐渐增加的趋势;土壤极细沙和粉粒含量逐渐递减,土壤有机碳和全氮含量、电导率逐渐递减.典范对应分析(CCA)表明,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮、有效钾、土壤含水量、酸碱度和盐分含量的变化共同影响植物群落分布格局,其解释总方差为40％,其中土壤养分梯度是沙质草地群落分布格局的主要土壤限制因子. 沙质草地植物群落的生态优势度、物种多样性指数分别与土壤养分梯度和水盐及酸碱因子二元指标之间存在显著的二元线性关系.沙质草地群落物种多样性变化受土壤养分、水盐及酸碱度因子的共同影响.多元回归模型分析表明,土壤养分对生物量的贡献率为86.73%,明显大于水盐及酸碱度对群落生产力的影响.     

Phospholipid fatty acid patterns of microbial communities in paddy soil under different fertilizer treatments

The microbial communities under irrigated rice cropping with different fertilizer treatments, including control （CK）, PK, NK, NP, NPK fertilization, were investigated using phospholipid fatty acid （PLFA） profile method. The results of this study revealed that the fertilizer practice had an impact on the community structure of specific microbial groups. The principal components analysis （PCA） showed that proportion of the actinomycete PLFAs （10Me 18：0 and 10Me 16：0） were the lowest in the PK treatment and the highest in the NPK treatment, which means that soil nitrogen status affected the diversity of actinomycetes, whereas nitrogen cycling was related to the actinomycets. Under CK treatment, the ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria was lower compared with that in fertilizer addition treatments, indicating that fertilizer application stimulated Gram-positive bacterial population in paddy soil. The fatty acid 18：2to6,9, which is considered to be predominantly of fungal origin, was at low level in all the treatments. The ratio of cyl9：0 to 18：1 to7, which has been proposed as an indicator of stress conditions, decreased in PK treatment. Changes of soil microbial community under different fertilizer treatments of paddy soil were detected in this study; however, the causes that lead to changes in the microbial community still needs further study.     

微生物有机肥对樱桃园土壤细菌群落的影响

采用田间试验,探究微生物有机肥对樱桃园土壤细菌群落的影响.利用高通量测序和实时定量PCR技术,研究不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（CN）和施微生物有机肥（CB）处理土壤细菌数量、多样性和群落结构的变化.结果表明,施微生物有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷含量.结合16S rRNA基因拷贝数和α^-多样性指数结果,发现施微生物有机肥能提高细菌数量,且提高细菌多样性和丰富度.不同施肥处理显著改变了细菌群落结构.门水平上,变形菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、芽单胞菌门、放线菌门为优势类群,共占细菌总量的74.3%~85.1%.目水平上,CB处理中Acidobacteria_Gp4和Gp6相对丰度显著低于CK处理,而Acidobacteria_Gp7较CK处理增加了75.4%.冗余分析结果表明,环境因子解释了细菌群落变化的92.3%,土壤有机质、全氮含量和pH值是造成樱桃园土壤细菌群落结构差异的主要原因.因此,施用微生物有机肥能显著提高土壤养分含量、土壤细菌数量及群落多样性,对于培肥地力极为重要.     

不同类型施肥水平对甘南沙化高寒草甸植物群落特征及生产力的影响

以中度沙化高寒草甸为研究对象,研究了不同类型施肥水平对草地群落物种组成、多样性格局、群落结构及生产力的影响,旨在寻求不同类型施肥的最佳施肥水平。 结果表明:①在各个不同施肥水平处理中(除钾肥3个水平处理外),主要优势物种的重要值之间均有显著差异;②各物种多样性指标在有机肥3个水平处理和氮肥3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加而增大,而在磷肥3个水平处理和氮磷钾肥配施3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加显凸形变化趋势;③植被平均高度和4个功能群地上生物量在有机肥3个水平处理和氮肥3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加而增大,在磷肥3个水平处理和氮磷钾肥配施3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加显凸形变化趋势;④钾肥3个水平处理对物种组成、多样性变化、植被高度及地上生物量均没有极显著影响。 从草地生产力、群落结构的合理性以及群落的稳定性综合考虑,O3、P2、N3和N-P-K2是高寒沙化草甸施肥的最佳水平。     

Effect of dung deposition on small-scale patch structure and seasonal vegetation dynamics in mountain pastures

Cattle activity greatly influences plant species composition and biomass production of grassland ecosystems. Dung deposition by cattle together with grazing and trampling can be considered as one of the important factors driving vegetation dynamics in pastures. The objective of this study was to investigate at 10-cm and 1-month resolution the plant community dynamics induced by dung deposition in two plant communities (a mesotrophic and an oligotrophic grassland) in a pasture of the Swiss Jura Mountains. Vegetation was sampled four or three times during the vegetation period in contiguous 10 cm × 10 cm quadrats from the centre of the dung pat to a distance of 60 cm. A lower grazing intensity near the dung pat was recorded for all observation periods. In the mesotrophic grassland the canopy was higher near the dung pat already one week after dung deposition. Vegetation around dung pats was submitted to two opposite fertilizing and grazing gradients, which induced changes in vegetation texture and structure at fine scale and short term. We observed a positive rank correlation between species turnover and distance to the dung for both communities, suggesting a seasonal stabilizing effect of dung on the plant composition of their direct surroundings (0–10 cm) likely due to cattle avoidance. Since dung pats are dropped every year in different locations, they create in the pasture a shifting mosaic of nutrient availability and grazing intensity inducing at seasonal scale micro-successions in plant communities.