发展中城市地表热环境与下垫面关系研究

快速发展的中小城市具有与发达城市不同的热环境特征,对其研究有助于理解热岛形成的过程阶段。以2009年、2014年的Landsat影像,通过单窗算法反演快速发展的滨城区的地表温度并提取NDVI、NDBI、MNDWI指数,对城市热岛、冷岛效应及其与下垫面关系进行定性、定量分析,结果表明:滨城区夏季热岛效应明显,地表温度建筑用地耕地林地水体,冬季呈现冷岛效应,地表温度耕地林地建筑用地水体;作为下垫面重要表征组分的植被、水体对改善城市热岛效应有积极作用,不透水面增加会加剧热岛效应,且温度影响效果建筑用地植被水体。城市环境中的气候因素、人为因素和下垫面特性都是热岛、冷岛形成的重要原因,随城市发展,热岛增强,冷岛减弱。     

基于植被指数和地表反照率影响的北京城市热岛变化

利用TERRA/MODIS遥感反演的地表温度资料,对2000—2006年北京城市热岛季节变化特征进行了研究,结合同期降水量、植被指数和地表反照率变化,分析了该地夏季城市热岛的年际变化成因. 结果表明:北京多年四季热岛分布主要以城区为中心向周边郊区延伸,其中夏季城市热岛最强,春、秋和冬季较弱,这种热岛强度的季节性差异主要与太阳辐射强度、地表植被覆盖状况和城市人为热释放等的季节性变化密切相关. 北京夏季城市热岛的年际变化特征为:2005和2006年最显著,热岛中心强度分别为10.54和9.61 ℃;2002和2004年城市热岛最弱,热岛中心强度分别为6.54和7.39 ℃. 2000—2006年北京市夏季城市热岛具有明显增强趋势,热岛强度增温率为0.326 ℃/a. 北京夏季降水对城区地表温度影响大于郊区,降水主要通过影响城区地表温度来影响城市热岛变化;夏季地表植被和地表反照率变化对地表温度和城市热岛也均有较大影响. 2000年以来,北京郊区夏季地表植被指数增加率远高于城区,受地表植被和地表反照率变化的影响,郊区降温率明显大于城区,致使城郊温差增大,热岛效应加强.      

武汉市城市热岛与植被覆盖的空间相关性分析

以Landsat ETM遥感影像为研究数据,反演获得武汉市的地表温度,并提取NDVI信息。通过空间邻域分析和局部空间相关性分析方法,研究了武汉市的城市热岛与地表植被覆盖之间的相互关系。结果表明:武汉市地表温度和NDVI呈现明显的空间负相关性。同时,随着空间邻域半径的增加,地表温度和NDVI的空间相关性有增强后减弱的过程,绿色植被对地表温度有效调节半径约为700 m。在空间分布上,汉口、武昌、汉阳三镇核心主城区及黄陂、新洲部分远城区地表温度和NDVI负相关性最为显著,靠近水体的区域正相关性最为显著。     

湿地对福州市热岛效应影响遥感分析

以4期Landsat TM/OLI影像为基础,利用大气校正后的单窗算法对福州市地表温度进行反演并验证.进而利用ArcGIS的空间分析工具和土地利用/覆被类型数据,进行湿地对福州市热岛效应影响分析.结果显示:(1)通过地表温度实测数据对地表温度反演结果进行验证,二者之间R2值为0.9475,满足研究需要;(2)各土地利用/覆被类型中建设用地和道路的温度最高,成为城市热岛的主要热源.建设用地在所有地物中所占比例由1985年的10.6％增大到2015年的23.4％,其城市热岛贡献指数(UHI)由1985年的24％上升到93％;(3)湿地的冷岛效应对周围地物的高温环境具有一定的缓解作用,但是针对不同地物类型其影响范围并不相同;(4)1985—2015年湿地面积不断减少,冷岛效应正在逐渐减弱.湿地对周边地物地表温度的影响距离400 m减小到360 m,影响面积也由352 km2减小到320 km2,影响范围下降的平均速度为0.94 km2??a?1.     

近15年沈阳市夏季热岛效应时空变化特征

为了揭示沈阳市2002-2016年间夏季地表热环境时空变化规律,展示热岛的基本特征,利用MODIS地表温度(LST)产品(MOD11A2)数据和归一化植被指数(NDVI)MOD13A3数据,分析了不同行政区划尺度以及空间像元尺度LST的时空分布及其与NDVI的相关性。结果表明:(1)沈阳市9个行政区中,除康平县外,其他8个行政区地表温度具有增加的趋势;(2)中心城区以建设用地和硬化路面为主,且植被覆盖率低,是城市的主要热源区;(3)从空间像元尺度上看,研究区61%的区域地表温度具有增加的趋势;(4)强热岛区主要分布在中心城区以及新民市、辽中县城区,温度最低区主要分布在研究区内的水域和高植被覆盖区。空间尺度上,地表温度与NDVI主要呈现负相关关系,结合热岛强度和地表温度与NDVI相关性分析,表明水体和植被有助于改善城市热环境状况。     

基于SEM模型的热环境时空特征及影响因素分析:以西安都市圈为例

城市热环境是评价城市生态环境的重要指标之一,直接关系到居民健康及城市经济可持续发展,但目前研究缺乏自然和人文多维因子对热环境的影响路径分析.基于西安都市圈2020年MODIS MYD11A2地表温度数据,辅以气象、地表因子和人类活动等数据,综合利用ArcGIS空间地统计分析、冗余分析（RDA）和结构方程模型（SEM）,研究城市热环境在不同季节的时空分布特征,揭示城市热环境的主要影响因素并量化其直接和间接效应.结果表明:①西安都市圈的地表温度呈现北高南低,自城市中心向四周递减的空间格局,夏季热环境污染最严重.②冗余分析表明影响热环境的主要因素为:气温、不透水地表、植被和降水.③SEM结果显示,气象、地表和人类活动因子对城市热环境的直接影响显著并占主导地位,气温、不透水面和兴趣点密度对热环境有显著的直接正效应（0.10~0.33）,水体、降水和植被对热环境有显著的直接负效应（-0.29~-0.25）.人类活动对夜晚地表温度的直接影响力高于地表因子和气象因子,提高经济效益有利于缓解城市热环境效应.以上结果可为城市热岛局地气候变化研究和绿色生态宜居城市环境建设提供科学参考.     

城市空间结构对城市热场的影响—— 以济南市夏季为例

建筑是城市空间结构的主要构成要素,其在空间上的立体拓展,不但改变着城市下垫面,也影响着城市空间的能量平衡和空气流动,进而对城市热场的分布产生影响.文章以济南市中心城区为研究区域,基于Landsat 8遥感影像数据,首先使用大气校正法反演城市地表温度,以此表示城市热场,并基于建筑、绿地和水体构建多维城市空间结构指标体系;...     

环境遥感

X87 9503547卫星遥感监测城市扩展与环境变化的研究/戴昌达…〔中科院遥感卫星地面站)//环境遥感/中国地理学会环境遥感分会一1995,10(1)一1~7 环信X一135 阐述应用北京地区自1984年至1992年4景秋季的TM图像,通过高精度几何配准,辐射水准归一化,热图像条纹噪声消除,各种干扰因素的识别、压抑、剔除,目标信息的增强、提取,以及背景影像的生成等图像应用处理,直接获得试区8年间城镇建设用地、绿地、水体,城市热岛等环境要素变化动态,快速制出客观反映城市扩展变化的系列图件。图1参5入8 7 95(、3348遥感技术在环境监测中的应用/刘玉机(国家…     

土地利用变化对京津冀热环境时空演变的影响

选取中国三大城市群之一的京津冀城市群作为研究区,利用Getis-Ord Gi*指数、贡献指数等分析方法,探究了2001～2020年不同土地利用类型对京津冀城市群夏季昼夜区域热环境的影响.结果发现,夏季昼夜相对地表温度空间分布差异较大.白天,西北部和东南部的相对地表温度都较高.夜晚,西北部以冷点为主,而热点主要聚集于东南部.京津冀城市群主要以耕地、林地、草地和建设用地为主.耕地、建设用地主要分布于东南部,林地和草地主要位于西北部.其中,耕地面积最大,约占总体面积的45.5%.然而自2001～2020年,随着城市化的发展,耕地面积降低了5.2%,而建设用地面积增加了2.3%.土地利用在夏季昼夜的相对地表温度变化较大.水体在白天的相对地表温度基本低于0℃,对区域热环境具有明显的降温作用,在夜晚水体的相对地表温度则位于3～4℃,具有明显的增温作用.草地在白天对区域的降温作用不明显,而在夜晚的降温作用明显强于林地.本文通过研究不同土地利用类型对区域热环境的昼夜影响,将有助于理解区域热环境分布特征及影响机制,从而为区域层面的热岛缓解策略制定提供理论依据.     

基于机器学习的城市形态对地表温度影响研究

城市热环境的形成、发展和演变受多种因素影响,其中,城市形态对城市热岛效应具有明显的影响。当前有关城市形态对地表温度的影响研究多是集中于单一因子,而缺乏从系统综合的角度分析城市形态指标与城市热环境之间的联系。文章从建筑形态、生态基础设施和城市路网密度中选取7个城市形态指标,运用线性回归模型和随机森林模型分析了城市形态指标在150 m网格和450 m网格2个不同的观测尺度上对地表温度的作用效果。研究表明：城市形态指标的大小和类型对地表温度的影响随着季节和观测尺度的不同而存在差异。总体来看,城市建筑形态和城市生态基础设施对高密度城市中心区的地表温度变化具有主导作用。建筑密度和建筑归一化指数对地表温度具有显著的正影响,而建筑体积密度则对地表温度有负影响。450 m网格是获得最佳观测结果的网格。研究结果可为城市规划者和管理者进行研究和实施城市热环境缓解措施时提供决策依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.