一株产木聚糖酶的耐冷皮壳正青霉菌鉴定与酶谱分析

从青海冻土中分离得到1株产木聚糖酶的青霉菌QH11,通过菌落特征观察、显微特征观察和18S rDNA同源性序列分析,鉴定该菌为皮壳正青霉,其最适生长温度为20℃.该菌以玉米芯水不溶木聚糖为碳源,于20℃摇瓶培养,d 4木聚糖酶达到高峰,酶活为28.13 U/mL,比酶活为9.73 U/mg,粗酶液的最适温度为47.5℃.SDS-PAGE和酶谱分析表明,该菌可产生3种木聚糖酶,其亚基相埘分子质量(Mr)分别为20.5×103、23.0×103和35.0×103.图6参15     

碱性β—聚糖酶产生菌选育及产酶条件优化

从碱性土样中分离到数十株产碱性β－聚糖酶类的细菌经摇瓶反复筛选后,得到一株碱性β－聚产产量较高的耐碱细菌经初步鉴定,属短小芽孢杆菌,其纤维素酶作用的最适ＰＨ为７．６,最适θ为６０℃,木聚糖酶的作用最适ＰＨＪ为９．０,最适θ为５５℃,该菌的最适生长ＰＨ为８．０,最适产酶θ为２８－３２℃,木聚糖与山梨糖分别是木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的良好诱导物,以麸皮为碳源,产酶的最适浓度为５％,添加尿素和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ     

木质素降解真菌的筛选及产酶特性

通过定性、定量系列实验从土壤中筛选到5株有木质素降解能力的低等真菌，经鉴定属于青霉属、镰刀霉属、曲霉属和木霉属，其中青霉属和镰刀霉属是土壤中木质素转化的主要作用者．降解能力最强的简青霉Penicillium simflitcissimum H5培养13d可降解Kraft木质素40．26％，产酶研究发现，该菌分泌胞外木质素过氧化物酶和漆酶，其中前者主要在培养前期产生，后者在整个培养过程中均有较好的活性．图4表1参14.     

碱性β-聚糖酶产生菌选育及产酶条件优化

从碱性土样中分离到数十株产碱性β聚糖酶类的细菌,经摇瓶反复筛选后,得到一株碱性β聚糖酶产量较高的耐碱性细菌．经初步鉴定,属短小芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｐｕｍｉｌｕｓ）．其纤维素酶作用的最适ｐＨ为７．６,最适θ为６０℃,木聚糖酶的作用最适ｐＨ为９．０,最适θ为５５℃．该菌的最适生长ｐＨ为８．０,最适产酶θ为２８～３２℃．木聚糖与山梨糖分别是木聚糖酶和纤维素酶的良好诱导物．以麸皮为碳源,产酶的最适浓度为５％．添加尿素和（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４为氮源可提高纤维素酶酶活２倍,木聚糖酶酶活１倍．发酵周期为６０ｈ,纤维素酶酶活最高可达１．２１ＩＵｍＬ－１,木聚糖酶酶活可达４３ＩＵｍＬ－１．     

原油高效降解真菌的筛选、鉴定及降解酶活性

原油开采、加工和运输过程中会造成环境污染.为获得原油高效降解真菌,以采集自内蒙古、广西和北京的56株真菌为材料,开展高效降解菌筛选、鉴定及降解酶研究.通过原油耐受性初筛和愈创木酚、α-萘酚、苯胺蓝平板复筛,获得目标菌株JY-11.结合形态与分子鉴定,确定该菌株为硬毛香菇(Lentinus strigosus),其菌丝体...     

农药杀螟硫磷酶促降解的研究

从长期受农药杀螟硫磷污染的土壤中分离到一株高效降解菌株,研究了其最适产酶条件:培养温度为30℃,培养液起始pH为7.0,培养时间为30 h.从该降解菌中提取的粗酶液在pH 7.5和30℃时显示最大的降解活性,其米氏常数Km为2.92×10-4mol/L,最大降解速率为2 422.79 nmolm in-1mg-1.图7参15     

一株产耐热纤维素酶菌株的筛选及酶学性质

采用纤维素刚果红平板法从大田蘑菇种植场建堆的稻草样中分离得到了1株能产具有较好温度耐受性和pH稳定性的纤维素酶的放线菌DY3.综合形态、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,将其初步鉴定为嗜热裂孢菌(Thermobifida fusca).对该菌所产纤维素酶的性质研究表明:最适催化温度为65℃,在70℃保温60 min后仍有75%以上的活力;最适催化pH为7.5,在pH 5.5～10.0之间该酶的稳定性较好,pH 10.0的条件下仍有80%的活力;最适作用底物是羧甲基纤维素钠.研究可为木质纤维素的生物预处理提供一定参考价值.     

一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶真菌的特性及产酶条件优化

从四川海螺沟原始森林腐土中分离到一株嗜酸性产纤维素酶的真菌X-13,其主要特点是产纤维素酶的最适pH及其纤维素酶最适反应pH均为2.0.在PDA培养基上培养时菌落呈浅黄色至肉桂色,反面呈黄色至棕褐色,产黄色色素;菌丝体透明有隔膜,分生孢子呈球形或近球形.根据菌株的形态特征以及ITS序列同源性和系统发育分析结果,鉴定该菌株为土曲霉(Aspergillus terreus Thom).该菌最佳产酶培养时间为8～10 d;最适产酶温度为30℃,纤维素酶最适反应温度为50℃;最佳碳源、氮源分别为纤维素粉和硫酸铵.通过响应面法对菌株产纤维素酶条件进行优化,使菌株X-13纤维素酶活从1.39 IU/mL提高到2.94 IU/mL,提高了111.5%.     

甲基营养型芽孢杆菌H0对羽毛产寡肽的降解特征

寡肽具有较高的营养价值和多种生理功能,筛选高产寡肽的羽毛降解菌株,并将其用于羽毛寡肽的生产,对高效利用废弃羽毛资源、提高产品附加值具有重要意义.以寡肽产率为评价指标,从16株羽毛降解菌中分离到一株高产寡肽的羽毛降解菌H0,通过形态观察、生理鉴定和系统发育分析,初步鉴定菌株H0为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus).对其降解羽毛产寡肽特性和羽毛寡肽特征进行初步探究,发现该菌在最佳初始pH(11)和最佳温度(40℃)下发酵72 h,羽毛几乎完全降解,寡肽产率达38.19%(占可溶性总肽的67.53%),同时检测到11.11%的游离氨基酸.液质联用(LC-MS/MS)分析结果表明所产寡肽的分子量(Mr)主要分布在1 300以下,且主要是由5-10个氨基酸组成的短肽,富含支链氨基酸,推测其是羽毛降解液呈现抗氧化活性的主要原因.本研究表明甲基营养型芽孢杆菌H0具有较强的降解羽毛产寡肽能力,可为羽毛寡肽产品的开发提供优质微生物资源和科学依据.     

一株耐冷菌所产降解酶的特性及应用

从我国寒冷地区筛选到一株能产低温降解酶的菌株.细菌学形态及16S rDNA鉴定表明,该菌株属希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella),最适生长温度为5～15℃,属耐冷菌,并暂命名为Shewanella sp.J5.菌株J5分泌的降解酶中蛋白酶和淀粉酶所表现的活力较高,在0℃下分别仍能保持20%和40%的酶活性,最适温度分别为40℃和30℃,最适pH分别为8.0和7.0～10.0,且对热敏感,属于碱性低温酶;金属离子中Mn2+、Fe2+对蛋白酶有明显的促进作用,而淀粉酶对金属依赖性较小;HPSEC结果表明,低温蛋白酶在水解酪蛋白过程中,对相对分子质量10 000的大分子肽水解能力很强.脱氢酶酶活测定结果表明,低温下菌株活性显著高于常温活性污泥,5℃下,添加菌株J5到活性污泥中可使废水COD去除率提高33%.因此,该菌株在低温污水处理上具有一定的应用前景.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Fractionation of trace metals (Mn,Zn, Cu,Pb) in Red Sea sediments,Gulf of Aden,Yemen

A sequential extraction technique was applied to estimate the chemical association of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in five chemical phases (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and residual) in sediments of the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. The results indicated that a higher level of Mn was associated with the residual fraction (natural sources) than the non-residual fraction (anthropogenic sources). Zn fractionations revealed that it was associated more with Fe–Mn oxides and organic fractions than exchangeable and carbonate fractions. Most of the Cu was present in the residual form (60–72%) except for in the main port area (zone III), where it was associated with the organic phase (77% of the total Cu content, the organic matter content was 5%). Similarly, most Pb was bound in the residual fraction (56–71%) except the main port area where ～ 62% of the total Pb was bound in non-residual fractions. It was also found that the Pb concentration in the exchangeable fraction was very high compared with other metals. The risk assessment code for the metals showed a low risk for Zn and Cu, but low to medium risk for Mn. Fractionation of Pb showed medium risk at most of the regions except at the eastern area, which revealed a high risk for the aquatic environment.