生命周期环境影响类型分类体系研究

环境影响类型是生命周期影响评价中重要的一个步，其分类国际上目前尚未达成共识文章分析了环境干扰因子与环境影响类型之间的关系，确定了影响类型分类的原则和步骤，通过对ＥＰＡ、ＳＥＴＣＡ方案的比较，提出了３＊３方案，从全球，区域和局地３个层次，波及环境污染，资源消耗和人体职业健康３方面的影响体系框架，并提出了其６项量化表征指标。     

生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用

环境标志说明产品在其整个生命周期中的环境表现满足一定的要求。生命周期评价技术被许多国家作为认证环境标志产品的工具。文章介绍了生命周期评价的定义和框架，以及简式生命周期矩阵在评价环境标志产品中的应用。在分析简式生命周期矩阵不足的基础上，提出了用于评价环境标志产品的改进生命周期矩阵。最后，探讨了生命周期矩阵在其它领域的应用。     

生命周期评价数据库分析与建模

基于关系数据库和面向对象程序设计理论建立了生命周期评价数据库系统。通过综合分析生命周期评价数据，根据生命周期评价数据的数据类型，将数据分为产品评价数据、产品档案数据、基础材料数据和影响评价基础数据，相应的设计了4个数据库。运用关系数据库理论分别对4个数据库建立了物理结构模型。     

生态标志和产品的生命周期评价

获得生态标志，是对产品环境性能的肯定，表明其整个生命周期的环境性能达到了特定的要求，消费者也可直接根据生态标志图案购得自己喜好的环境友好产品，生命周期评价是一中评价产品，工艺或活动从原料采掘到生产、运输、分销、使用，回用，维护，循环和最终处置的整个生命周期阶段相关环境负荷的过程，大多数生态标志标准的确定都采用了生命周期的评价的方法，文章对生态标志的概念、发展状况、标准的确定性和生命周期评价等作了简     

浅谈生命周期分析与评价

解释了生命周期分析与评价的内涵，简要分析生命周期分析与评价的步骤。比较详细地讨论了生命周期分析与评价今后主要研究课题和发展方向。     

不确定数据条件下的生命周期评价及其应用

针对产品生命周期评价中普遍存在着的不确定性数据问题，提出基于概率统计的方法，进行生命周期评价以及重要环境影响清单参数的识别与灵敏度分析。结合水源中央空调系统，建立了统计平均意义下的污染排放清单，运用MonteCarlo模拟获得了以均值219．746和方差9．4243所表征的空调机系统生命周期环境影响的概率分布。进一步通过K—S检验与灵敏度分析，识别出10个具有重要环境影响贡献的清单参数及其中4个对环境影响分布较敏感的参数。以概率分布代替固定数值可以反映产品环境绩效的统计信息，能够有效地用于不确定数据条件下的产品生命周期评价。     

浅谈生命周期分析与评价

解释了生命周期分析与评价的涵涵，简要分析生命周期的分析与评价的步骤，比较详细地讨论了生周期分析与评价今后主要研究课题和发展方向。     

广汉市生活垃圾生命周期评价

简要介绍了生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）的概念以及国际标准化组织１９９７年分布的ＩＳＯ１４０４０环境管理体系“生命周期评价原则与框架”，对城市生活垃圾的不同２方式进行了较为系统的ＬＣＡ评价，结果表明，林烧，简单填埋，卫生填埋及综合处理的环境影响潜力分别为５．１×１０＾－２，３．８×１０＾－２，２．６×１０＾－２，和１．７×１０＾－２，处理成本分别为３９．２元／（人．年），２１．３元／（人．年），２７．８元     

生命周期评价的应用,内涵与挑战

从环境问题与可持续发展出发，指出生命周期评价是在产品层次上实现可持续发展的一种理论评价工具，并探讨了生命周期评价的内涵，论述产品生命周是进行生命周期评价的客观依据，详细探讨应用生命周期评价存在的问题，指出进一步研究生命周期评价的方向。     

生命周期评价应用于温室气体排放的研究进展

致使全球气候变暖的温室气体排放问题已经全面引起了人们的广泛关注。生命周期评价作为一种评价环境负荷的评价工具,用于科学定量地估算产品、服务及工艺流程改造等方面的温室气体排放有其独特的优势。文章介绍了估算温室气体排放简化生命周期的技术框架及生命周期评价方法在第一产业(种植业、畜牧业),第二产业(硬纸板加工、橡胶生产、废塑料燃烧的能源再利用)以及第三产业(交通运输、旅游业)的应用情况,并综述了三个产业中的主要系统边界划分原则以及对温室气体排放影响的主要因素;同时,介绍了我国在节能减排方面利用生命周期评价方法的研究与应用实例。     

SETAC summaries

In the late 1990s, members of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) launched several international working groups with the task to discuss and, if possible, harmonise different aspects of the methodology for life-cycle assessment. The reports from these working groups were published in 2002–2005. Edited summaries of these reports are included below. The summaries are reprinted, with kind permission, from the SETAC publications, Code of life-cycle inventory practice, Life-cycle impact assessment: striving towards best practice, Working environment in life-cycle assessment, Scenarios in life-cycle assessment, Life-cycle assessment of metals: issues and research directions, Life-cycle assessment in building and construction, and Life-cycle management. Copyright: SETAC, Pensacola, Florida, USA.     

生命周期分析在能源技术比较中的应用

结合国际社会削减温空气体排放的背景，提出了对能源技术应用生命周期分析方法的科学性，阐述了生命周期分析方法的４个组成部分，通过实全城能源技术比较上的应用，并指出了其优缺点。     

A guide for compiling inventories in hybrid life-cycle assessments: some Australian results

Hybrid life-cycle assessment employing input–output analysis has advantages over conventional methods. In the inventory phase of a hybrid assessment, the data collection and the boundary selection can be tailored by using structural path analysis. This technique was applied to recent Australian data in order to determine environmentally important input paths in terms of energy consumption, land disturbance, water use, and emissions of greenhouse gases, NO_x, and SO₂, for all Australian industry sectors. Due to the complexity of inter-industrial transactions, up to third-order paths can be top-ranking. The identification of such paths is considerably more labour-intensive in conventional life-cycle assessments.     

生命周期评价在水泥企业清洁生产审核中的应用

利用生命周期评价工具对企业的生产过程进行全面分析与评价,做好企业清洁生产的审核工作具有重要理论研究价值和现实应用意义。运用生命周期评价方法对重庆小南海水泥厂普通硅酸盐水泥生产过程进行了初步评价,认识了普通硅酸盐水泥生产过程的环境协调性,为普通硅酸盐水泥进一步提高环境性能提供了理论依据。     

Life-cycle assessment of four types of floor covering

Four types of floor covering have been investigated with respect to their environmental impact: linoleum, cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile. The analysis relates to all stages in the life-cycle (from ‘cradle to grave’) and focuses on floor coverings for domestic use. The analysis is performed by means of the method for life-cycle assessment (Dutch approach). Each floor covering is assessed with regard to its environmental impact. This impact can be of various type: depletion of raw materials, cumulative energy requirement, global warming, acidification, tropospheric ozone creation, stratospheric ozone depletion, eutrophication, production of waste and human health. The inventory of environmental interventions (materials, energy requirements, waste and emissions to air, water and soil) was fairly complete. Most interventions relating to the processes that make up the life-cycle of the floor coverings in question could be quantified. A large part of the data is associated with the process energy requirement. In general these data are quite reliable. The results of the impact assessment for linoleum differs considerably from those for other types of floor coverings. Linoleum turns out to be the most environmentally favourable floor covering. It was not possible to differentiate between the environmental impact of cushion vinyl, tufted carpet with a woollen pile and tufted carpet with a polyamide pile.     

Relating manufacturing system configuration to life-cycle environmental performance: discrete-event simulation supplemented with LCA

To meet the increasing need for practical life-cycle thinking in manufacturing, this paper proposes a method that includes the life-cycle perspective in manufacturing decision making. This method combines discrete-event simulation (DES) – commonly used for the conceptual evaluation of manufacturing systems – with life-cycle assessment (LCA). This combination captures the dynamic interrelationships between manufacturing processes in order to analyse systemic responses to configuration changes, something static LCA modelling cannot do. The method evolved when a bearing production line at SKF was being examined to relate manufacturing decision making to environmental consequences. This was done using DES to investigate how parameters normally used to optimize traditional manufacturing system performance influence energy use and material losses in manufacturing systems. The environmental consequences of this material loss and energy use are further calculated using LCA methodology. Results indicate that while the combination of the two methods increases the data collection workload, it uncovers previously hidden environmental consequences of manufacturing decision making and introduces a way to assess an industrial actor’s manufacturing system using relevant LCA scenarios.     

产品生命周期可得性水足迹计算方法

水足迹方法试图量化评价人类活动对水资源可得性的影响,从而为水资源可持续利用提供科学的依据.水足迹的评价方法尚未统一,目前全球应用最为广泛的是WFN（water footprint network,水足迹协作网络）水足迹计算方法.基于LCA（life cycle assessment,生命周期评价）方法的基本框架,围绕水资源可得性的水量、水质和空间分布3个因素,在分析现有水足迹计算公式的基础上,指出了WFN水足迹计算方法的不足.根据国际水足迹标准（ISO 14046）的原则和要求,改进了WFN的水足迹计算公式,提出了产品生命周期WAF（water availability footprint,可得性水足迹）定义和评价方法,其中包括单元过程数据计算、背景过程数据处理和生命周期汇总.通过方法对比和案例研究得到:WAF方法统一了水消耗量与水污染量定义中的水质基准,可以明确区分水污染和水净化两类过程,还可以反映区域水资源稀缺程度的影响;采用WAF方法,在现有LCA数据库和软件的支持下可以更为规范地完成生命周期水足迹建模与计算但目前单元过程数据计算中各种污染物的基准浓度选取有不可避免的主观性,将直接影响到水足迹计算结果及其客观性,有待进一步研究.      

The Automobile Industry & Sustainability

This paper summarises the contributions made to the special issue on The automobile Industry & Sustainability. Taking a life-cycle perspective, the contributions are allocated into the automotive life-cycle phases of design, manufacture (and supply chain management), use, and disposal or ‘end of life vehicle’ management. The contributions are also set into the broader context of research into the global automotive industry, and the economic, social and environmental pressures confronting the industry. In doing so, this introductory paper provides a brief assessment of the ways in which the papers in the special issue have furthered our understanding of the difficulty in achieving a sustainable automotive industry, and some of the measures that might be taken as progress towards that difficult goal.