生态保护区域饮用水源地水质金属健康风险评价

选择重庆市生态保护发展区域饮用水源地为研究对象,运用健康风险评价模型对其水质金属进行评价。结果表明:7个饮用水源地中27种金属元素均达到USEPA、WHO和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)限值要求。饮用水源地中致癌健康风险从高到低依次为CrAsCd,均低于USEPA最大可接受风险。非致癌金属的健康风险从高到低依次为SrPbMoFeCuSeAgNiZnMn,非致癌风险水平为9.36×10~(-11)a~(-1)~1.25×10~(-7)a~(-1),远低于USEPA、ICRP等权威机构限值。成人致癌和非致癌健康风险水平均为女男,致癌总风险均大于非致癌总风险2个数量级以上,总健康风险均保持在10-5数量级水平。     

遂宁城乡集中式饮用水水源地钡分布特征及健康风险评价

为考察遂宁市辖区内集中式饮用水水源地污染物钡的分布特征和健康风险水平,通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对研究区域内市级、县级和乡镇级所有在用的56个集中式饮用水水源地钡的浓度进行分析检测,借助空间分析与统计分析的结果,探讨了其空间分布和浓度差异,并利用环境健康风险评价模型,对不同类型水源地钡的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,38个地表水水源地钡的浓度范围为0.065~0.180 mg/L,均值为0.110 mg/L;18个地下水水源地钡的浓度范围为0.027~0.370 mg/L,均值为0.130 mg/L。地表水与地下水水源地间钡的浓度差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),钡的空间分布也存在不同程度的差异性。各水源地中的钡经饮用和皮肤暴露两种途径对成人和儿童所引起的非致癌风险值为1.34×10~(-8)~1.62×10~(-8),远低于推荐的最大可接受风险水平(1.0×10~(-6)),各水源地因污染物钡导致的非致癌风险极低。     

长江口南通地区饮用水源地健康风险评价

对长江口南通地区饮用水源地中镉、砷、六价铬等有毒有害物质的浓度进行了调查,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对各饮用水源地有毒有害物质所引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果表明,长江口南通地区饮用水源地通过饮水途径基因毒物质中化学致癌物所产生的健康风险的数量级为10^-8~10^-5,其中As 在如海河和新通扬运河所引起的致癌风险最大,高于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP) 推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平;通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险远低于ICRP 推荐的最大可接受风险水平。基因毒物质中砷和六价铬这2种毒物应被列为该地区饮用水源地水和水厂制水过程中优先检测和控制的致癌污染物,应重点关注基因毒物质六价铬和砷对人体所产生的健康风险。     

南方某河流型饮用水源地重金属健康风险评估

对南方某河流型饮用水源地水中重金属含量进行调查研究,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险评价。结果表明,该饮用水源地水中重金属类污染物健康风险值相对较低,其中重金属类致癌污染物的健康风险均值大小顺序为CrAsCd,其值分别为8.19×10-6、2.11×10-6、1.59×10-7a-1,Cr、As的风险值高于瑞典、荷兰、英国推荐的最大可接受水平(1×10-6a-1),而低于国际(ICRP)与美国环保局的健康风险可接受水平(5×10-5a-1和1×10-4a-1),成为该饮用水源地的主要致癌污染因子。重金属类非致癌污染物的健康风险均值大小顺序为CuNiZn,其值分别为1.95×10-10、1.19×10-10、5.73×10-12a-1,均远远低于致癌污染物的健康风险值。     

乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地中邻苯二甲酸酯健康风险评价

采用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)通过饮水途径致人体健康危害风险进行初步评价。结果显示,乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地的2种PAEs[邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二四酸二丁酯(DBP)]浓度全部达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)特定项目标准限值要求,DEHP总检出率达58.3%~100.0%,DBP总检出率达100%,DEHP通过饮水途径引起的致癌和非致癌总风险数量级达10^(-10)~10^(-8),DBP通过饮水途径引起的非致癌风险数量级达10^(-13)~10^(-11)。乌鲁木齐市地下饮用水源地的DEHP浓度全部达到《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)中Ⅰ类标准限值要求,总检出率达66.7%~100.0%,通过饮水途径引起的总风险数量级分布中,城市集中式饮用水源地为10^(-10)~10^(-9),县城(区)饮用水源地为10^(-10)~10^(-8)。地表和地下饮用水源地的致癌和非致癌总风险均低于US EPA和国际癌症机构(ICRP)的最大可接受风险水平,并低于瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署以及英国皇家协会的最大可接受风险水平,处于Ⅰ级,低风险状态。     

南宁市河流型水源地重金属污染调查与健康风险评价

通过对南宁市河流型水源地水体中Pb、Cd、Hg、As浓度调查与健康风险评价研究,结果表明:这4种元素在水体中的质量浓度较低,均达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅱ类标准;经饮水途径引起的健康风险从大到小依次为AsCdPbHg,说明As是南宁市饮用水源中的主要风险因子;4种元素通过饮水途径引起的平均个人年健康致癌风险值为1.48×10-6a-1~13.75×10-6a-1,非致癌风险值为7.05×10-10a-1,均低于美国环保局和国际辐射防护委员会的推荐值。     

石家庄市饮用水源地水质安全风险评估研究

以石家庄市黄壁庄水库和岗南水库及上游河流为研究对象,对1 700余种典型特征污染物开展定量或半定量分析,获得了27 000余个检测数据,共筛选出98种特征污染物,建立了石家庄市饮用水水源地的污染源排放数据库。利用美国环境保护署推荐的环境健康风险评价模型,对筛查出的化学污染物、生物毒性和病原微生物等污染因子进行健康风险评价。结果显示,各采样点污染物的非致癌风险值（HQ）均小于阈值1,不会对暴露人群的身体健康造成明显的非致癌危害。各采样点污染物的致癌风险值（LCR）均在10^-6数量级以下,对人体的致癌风险较弱。     

集中式饮用水源地邻苯二甲酸酯类物质分布特征与健康风险评估

以某地区7个集中式饮用水源地为研究对象,采用固相萃取气相色谱-质谱法(SPE-GC-MS)对水体中16种邻苯二甲酸酯的分布特征和溯源进行了研究,并利用健康风险评估模型对水体PAEs进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯在所有PAEs同系物中含量丰富,而所有样品均无邻苯二甲酸二(2-甲氧基)乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二戊酯的检出;二水厂和亨达水务断面Σ_(16)PAEs浓度最高,四水厂和五水厂断面Σ_(16)PAEs浓度最低;水体12种PAEs共提出3个主成分,揭示了91%的影响因子;层次聚类分析表明:7个采样断面聚为2类,分别代表了内河和长江水体。水体中PAEs的致癌风险值和非致癌风险值均远低于参考值,说明研究水体PAEs不会对居民构成致癌风险或其他明显的健康风险,但需加强该地区PAEs使用的规范与监管,强化末端处理,以规避风险。     

珠江口表层水中多环芳烃的分布特征及健康风险评估

分别于2015年2、5、8、11月在珠江八大入海口采集表层水体样品,应用固相萃取富集法对该区域表层水体中16种USEPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的时空分布特征进行分析,并利用终生致癌风险增量模型(ILCR)对该区域的饮水健康风险进行评价。结果表明:珠江口4个季度所采集的水样中,∑15PAHs的浓度范围为18.0~50.3 ng/L,含量处于中等水平。其中7种强致癌性∑7PAHs的浓度范围为1.53~3.73 ng/L,占∑15PAHs的5.89%~11.1%,∑15PAHs和∑7PAHs在枯水期(2、11月)样品中明显高于丰水期(5、8月)。就组成特征而言,各采样点PAHs以3、4环为主。珠江口表层水中非致癌类PAHs的危害商数值为0.99×10~(-5)~2.73×10~(-5),远低于USEPA规定的阈值(1);致癌类PAHs产生的健康风险为6.50×10~(-8)~2.37×10~(-7),其中Ba P导致的饮水途径健康风险最高,所有点位致癌类PAHs的健康风险均低于USEPA推荐的对致癌物质最大可接受风险水平(10~(-6)),表明珠江口表层水中PAHs尚不具备严重的致癌风险,但是仍然存在潜在的健康风险,需要重点控制和管理。     

山东某沿海城市集中式饮用水水源水质及健康风险评价

基于2017—2020年山东某沿海城市集中式饮用水水源水质监测数据,采用单因子评价法和美国环保局（USEPA）的健康风险模型对该市集中式饮用水水源水质进行综合评价。结果表明,2017—2020年该市集中式饮用水水源地Ⅲ类以上水质比例为98.7%;总健康风险年均值为4.11×10^-6,超过英国皇家协会、瑞典环保局和荷兰环境部的可接受风险水平限值（1×10^-6）,低于USEPA（1×10^-4）和国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）（5×10^-5）的可接受风险水平限值,风险等级为Ⅰ级,处于低风险水平。该市水源地健康风险主要来自致癌物,致癌物健康风险为：砷>镉。2017—2020年该市集中式饮用水水源地水质健康风险分级稳定在Ⅰ级,并呈逐年降低趋势。通过对比分析,水质与健康风险评价结论不尽相同,健康风险评价可作为现阶段水质评价的有益补充,进一步说明水源地的水质状况和健康风险,为生态环境管理及居民生活提供有益参考。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.