活性焦吸附对反渗透浓水膜蒸馏减排工艺的影响

本研究采用膜蒸馏(MD)技术,对煤化工废水2套处理工艺——(1)"混凝-超滤(UF)-反渗透(RO)工艺"和(2)"混凝-活性焦(AC)吸附-超滤-反渗透工艺"的RO浓水进行浓缩。通过对比分析MD的膜通量、产水水质以及膜污染等指标,重点考察AC吸附预处理对后续MD工艺的影响。结果表明,AC吸附作为前置膜处理工艺,可有效降低污染物在膜表面的沉积,减少膜润湿现象,并提高膜通量。GC-MS分析表明,AC能有效吸附废水中的酮类、醇类、酯类以及杂环类等挥发性有机物,降低MD过程中挥发至产水侧的有机物浓度,从而提高MD产水水质。     

微絮凝-反渗透耦合过程深度处理邻苯二甲酸二辛酯化工废水

高浓度DOP有机化工废水生物毒性强,采用常规处理手段难完全降解,对环境存在较高危害性.采用微絮凝-反渗透耦合过程对DOP化工厂二级生化出水进行深度处理研究,考察了絮凝预处理的最佳条件,比较了BW30和CPA2两种反渗透复合膜对该实际废水的处理性能,并利用电子扫描电镜分析了废水处理过程中膜表面结构的变化.结果表明:絮凝预...     

活性焦吸附对煤化工废水膜处理工艺的影响

煤化工废水经过生化处理后一般难以达到回用标准,须采用有效的深度处理工艺才能实现废水的资源化利用。通过对比研究方式,采用“混凝-超滤-反渗透工艺”及“混凝-活性焦吸附-超滤-反渗透”2种处理工艺,考察了活性焦吸附对后续膜处理工艺的影响。结果表明,活性焦对废水中的芳香族类等主要污染物具有很好的吸附性能,混凝出水经活性焦吸附后进人膜系统可有效减缓膜污染,降低膜通量的衰减程度并提高产水水质,因此,将活性焦吸附用于煤化工废水膜系统的前处理,采用“混凝-活性焦吸附-超滤-反渗透工艺”深度处理煤化工废水是有效可行的。     

微絮凝-超滤-膜系统深度处理印染废水

针对二级处理后达标排放的印染废水,采用微絮凝-超滤-膜系统组合工艺深度处理,研究了超滤对污染物的去除效果以及对后续膜系统运行的影响。结果表明,超滤可以有效地去除废水中的浊度,去除率高达98.5%,对COD、色度和总溶解固体(TDS)也有一定的去除率,分别为17%、10%以下和5%;超滤的运用可以大大延长后续膜系统的化学清洗周期,间接提升膜系统产水总量,产水水质符合印染生产要求,成本仅为1.8元/t,整套工艺具有较好的应用前景。     

印染生化尾水反渗透深度处理工艺膜污染成因分析简

为阐明印染生化尾水反渗透膜处理时膜污染的成因,使用小试装置进行40 h膜污染实验,研究膜污染速率、污染程度以及可逆性,同时应用扫描电子显微镜-EDS能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、总有机碳测定仪等仪器对进水水质、膜表面污染物的形态和组成等进行表征。结果表明,膜表面主要是碳酸钙无机污染和钙与有机物络合污染,无机污染占主导,且可逆性差,有机污染物主要含有—OH和—CC官能团;单一去除废水中有机物污染物（TOC去除率达88%）对膜污染缓解不明显,但钙离子的去除可显著缓解膜污染,膜通量可增加72.6%;同时去除有机物和钙离子,膜通量可增加80.4%。     

不同超滤组合工艺用于印染废水反渗透前的预处理研究

分别采用混凝—超滤(组合工艺Ⅰ)、生物活性炭(BAC)滤池—超滤(组合工艺Ⅱ)、混凝—BAC滤池—超滤(组合工艺Ⅲ)作为反渗透前的预处理工艺,对印染废水二级生化出水进行处理,考察污染物去除效果,并分析超滤膜性能。结果表明,3种超滤组合工艺的出水浊度0.4NTU,淤泥密度指数(SDI)5,均能达到反渗透进水的要求。组合工艺Ⅲ对COD、真色、UV254、浊度的平均去除率分别为52.94%、49.23%、49.95%、99.53%,均高于组合工艺Ⅰ、Ⅱ。组合工艺Ⅲ的出水SDI和比膜通量均优于组合工艺Ⅰ、Ⅱ。通过超滤膜微观结构和阻力分布分析,发现组合工艺Ⅲ中不可逆的膜污染最轻。组合工艺Ⅲ为印染废水反渗透前的最佳预处理工艺。     

膜蒸馏处理糖精钠生产废水

采用直接接触式膜蒸馏(DCMD)工艺处理糖精钠生产废水。分析了经过活性炭吸附预处理前后,膜蒸馏连续循环运行的效果。实验结果表明,未经预处理的废水在膜蒸馏过程中,废水中所含有机物不仅导致膜材料的润湿,引起产水电导率升高及膜孔润湿,促进盐晶体在膜表面附着,使产水通量下降。经吸附预处理后,膜蒸馏过程中产水通量介于10.40～11.24 kg/(m2.h)。吸附预处理能有效减缓产水通量的衰减,提高产水水质。废水经过活性炭预处理后进行膜蒸馏浓缩处理,当浓缩倍数达到5倍时,通量保持在10.55 kg/(m2.h)左右;产水水质稳定,截留率在99.5%以上。研究结果表明,吸附-膜蒸馏工艺可以应用于糖精钠生产废水的回用处理,有明显的应用前景。     

印染生化尾水反渗透深度处理工艺膜污染成因分析

为阐明印染生化尾水反渗透膜处理时膜污染的成因,使用小试装置进行40h膜污染实验,研究膜污染速率、污染程度以及可逆性,同时应用扫描电子显微镜一EDS能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、总有机碳测定仪等仪器对进水水质、膜表面污染物的形态和组成等进行表征。结果表明,膜表面主要是碳酸钙无机污染和钙与有机物络合污染,无机污染占主导,且可逆性差,有机污染物主要含有--OH和～c-c官能团;单一去除废水中有机物污染物（TOC去除率达88％）对膜污染缓解不明显,但钙离子的去除可显著缓解膜污染,膜通量可增加72．6％;同时去除有机物和钙离子,膜通量可增加80．4％。     

膜工艺在电镀废水处理工程中的应用

运用先进的膜分离技术,可以实现电镀废水的深度处理和资源化利用。基于近年内建成运行的3个工程实例,分析和讨论了膜技术在电镀废水处理中的应用及其效果。结果表明:结合常规废水处理工艺与膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺,电镀废水被处理后水质达到排放标准;电镀综合废水经超滤(UF)净化、反渗透(RO)和纳滤(NF)两段脱盐膜的集成工艺处理后,水质达到回用水标准,RO和NF产水水质电导率分别低于约100和1 000μS/cm,COD分别为约5和10 mg/L;镀镍漂洗废水通过RO膜后,镍的浓缩倍数高达25倍以上,实现镍的回收,RO产水水质达到回用标准。投资与运行费用分析表明:工程运行1年多即可收回RO浓缩镍的设备费用。此3项不同工艺处理电镀废水的工程实例,为进一步开展膜技术治理工业废水提供了成功案例。     

制革废水中丙烯酸类鞣剂的膜分离特征

针对3种丙烯酸类鞣剂超滤(UF)、反渗透(RO)分离参数进行了实验研究,探索其在废水深度处理中膜去除的可行性,研究结果表明,3种鞣剂在分离参数:浓度为200 mg/L,超滤的操作压力(P UF)为0.11 MPa,反渗透的操作压力(P RO)为0.4 MPa的条件下UF-RO分离,效果最好。其次,丙烯酸类鞣剂对膜通量影响较大,导致产生的清液较少,所以用UF、RO处理含有这类物质的制革废水时,应尽可能对废水进行预处理。最后,丙烯酸类鞣剂分子中含有极性较强的基团时,粒径分离效果不同。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.