腐蚀电池-Fenton处理渗滤液溶解性有机物光谱特征

为了研究垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物（DOM）在腐蚀电池-Fenton（CCF）深度处理过程中的去除特性,采用XAD-8和XAD-4树脂将DOM分成5种组分（亲水性有机物HPI、疏水性有机酸HPO-A、过渡亲水性有机酸TPI-A、疏水性中性有机物HPO-N、过渡亲水性中性有机物TPI-N）,并用紫外和荧光光谱对各组分的降解...     

膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液研究综述

传统生物处理工艺对垃圾渗滤液,特别是老龄化垃圾渗滤液处理效果差,而膜生物反应器(MBR)在这方面显现出巨大优势。MBR通过截留微生物保持高生物量浓度,只需较短的水力停留时间,并可承受较大有机负荷率,能有效去除有机物及微污染物,对氨氮的去除率达90%以上。优化条件下,对老龄垃圾渗滤液中COD的去除率达75%以上。虽然MBR性能稳定,但较短的水力停留时间和高浓度的氨氮对反应器有不良影响,并且较大的污泥龄也会降低反应器的性能。然而厌氧MBR和改进型活性炭粉末MBR在垃圾渗滤液的治理中表现出了巨大的潜力。     

垃圾填埋水溶性有机物组成、演化及络合重金属特征

采集不同填埋年限垃圾和渗滤液,提取制备水溶性有机物(DOM),采用紫外光谱、荧光光谱及1H-核磁共振,研究垃圾填埋DOM组成、演化及络合重金属特征.结果表明,填埋初期(5 a)DOM以脂肪族类物质为主,DOM中芳香族物质随填埋进行含量降低,苯环结构上的羰基、羧基和羟基等随填埋进行不断减少;填埋中后期(5 a)DOM以碳水化合物、有机胺等为主,随着填埋年限的延伸DOM中芳香性物质含量上升,苯环上羰基、羧基和羟基等官能团不断增加.填埋产生的渗滤液原液DOM中同时含有脂族类物质、碳水化合物、有机胺等,渗滤液经过厌氧-好氧和MBR处理后,碳水化合物和芳香族化合物含量相对增加,但小分子有机物和烷基链烃物质含量减少,脂肪链支链变短,分支增加.垃圾填埋DOM通过含氮和含氧官能团络合金属Zn从而影响其分布,而对其他金属的分布影响较小.     

垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物对土壤Pb溶出的影响

研究了不同填埋年限（0 a、4～5 a、12 a）的垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物（DOM）对2种污染土壤重金属Pb溶出的影响.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液DOM具有促进土壤Pb溶出的作用.填埋年限不同的垃圾渗滤液DOM对土壤Pb溶出的影响不同,填埋年限短的垃圾渗滤液DOM对土壤Pb溶出率最高.因为填埋年限越长,垃圾渗滤液DOM中高分子组分（相对分子质量>25?000）所占比例越高,而高分子组分相对于低分子组分（相对分子质量<1?000）对土壤Pb溶出能力较弱.红壤中,渗滤液DOM的低分子组分对Pb的平均溶出率高出高分子组分123.8%;潮土中也表现出类似的结果.与无渗滤液DOM的对照相比,垃圾渗滤液DOM的加入明显提高污染土壤Pb的平均溶出率,并且随体系pH的升高,DOM这种促进作用表现得更为明显.     

Fenton工艺处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的特性研究

研究采用Fenton工艺处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水,考察不同因素对Fenton工艺去除垃圾渗滤液中有机物的影响,考察了不同影响因素对Fenton工艺中氧化作用和混凝作用的影响。研究结果表明:腐殖酸的降解是Fenton工艺有效处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的重要原因。H_2O_2浓度对Fenton工艺去除有机物有着最显著的影响。Fenton工艺主要通过氧化作用去除渗滤液中有机物。初始pH值为5.0,氧化时间为120 min,H_2O_2浓度为240 mmol/L,Fe~(2+)浓度为60 mmol/L时,Fenton工艺对垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的去除效果最好,COD去除率可达到85%以上,HA去除率为94.1%。三维荧光图谱分析表明类富里酸和类胡敏酸是垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的主要成分。Fenton反应后胡敏酸和富里酸的含量和缩合度均发生不同程度的下降,从而提高了渗滤液可生化性。     

混凝去除垃圾渗滤液中DOM的实验研究

选取氯化铁(FeCl3.6H2O)为混凝剂,以经0.45μm膜和1nm膜分子切割的垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,通过混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值实验,研究了垃圾渗滤液中DOM的去除情况,并比较了两种不同分子量水平的渗滤液中DOM的混凝去除特点。研究表明,pH值是影响渗滤液DOM去除的主要因素,氯化铁在pH=5、投加量为4g/L的条件下混凝效果最佳。混凝pH值对大分子量渗滤液中DOC去除的影响较大;而两种分子量水平的渗滤液UV254的去除差异不大。     

垃圾渗滤液的膜生物反应器与传统生物工艺述评

采用文献调研法比较评价了膜生物反应器与传统生物工艺对垃圾渗滤液的处理效果。结果表明,渗滤液的水质特征(主要指COD)主要由渗滤液年龄决定,B/C值和渗滤液年龄对COD去除有重要影响。传统生物处理常采用多级组合工艺,渗滤液特性、工艺单元数、水力停留时间和有机负荷率等是影响COD去除的重要参数。近年来,MBR工艺的应用日益广泛,对于B/C值较低的老龄渗滤液,MBR工艺可获得更好的COD去除效果,也有利于废水的膜深度处理。     

光催化降解渗滤液DOM不同组分的相对分子质量变化特征

采用凝胶色谱技术研究了光催化氧化处理过程中垃圾渗滤液DOM 6种组分的分子质量变化规律.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液DOM的相对分子质量大多在104以下,平均在104以上的大分子物质主要是HIB和HIN,仅占渗滤液DOM总量的20%左右.其余组分大多位于(1～10)×103之间,低于500的组分含量很少.说明垃圾渗滤液DOM是以中等相对分子质量的黄腐酸类物质为主,难以生物降解.光催化处理过程中渗滤液DOM的相对分子质量分布范围逐渐变宽,多分散系数D逐渐增大.HOB、HIB、HIA以及HON组分在光催化处理后,相对分子质量显著减小;其中HOB减小最为明显,由初始的(4～25)×103,减小为72 h的(0.4～1)×103之间.而HOA和HIN组分的相对分子质量呈增加趋势,其中HOA增加最为明显,在垃圾原液中分布于(2～20)×103,在72 h光催化处理液中位于(20～50)×103之间.随着处理时间延长,DOM各组分的RID信号均降低,说明其浓度下降.整体上看,渗滤液DOM各组分均发生了明显光催化转化.     

芬顿阴极-电凝聚臭氧气浮工艺处理MBR出水特性

为去除垃圾渗滤液MBR出水有机物,以铝(Al)为阳极,碳聚四氟乙烯(C-PTFE)为阴极构建了芬顿阴极-电凝聚臭氧气浮工艺,通过与常规电絮凝阴极(Al和SS)对比,探明了该工艺对垃圾渗滤液MBR膜出水的去除特性.结果表明:在pH5和臭氧流量为300mL/min时,芬顿阴极体系相比于SS和Al阴极体系对COD的去除率分别...     

活性焦对垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物的吸附及影响因素研究

垃圾渗滤液经预处理后与城市污水混合进行生物处理是较为有效的方法,但垃圾渗滤液中含大量难降解有机物,严重影响了城镇污水处理厂出水COD.因此,需强化垃圾渗滤液预处理过程,使其适用于生物处理.本研究采用活性焦吸附某垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾渗滤液,发现活性焦对垃圾渗滤液中COD、色度、恶臭、TOC、TN等均具有良好的处理效果.通过对吸附性能的影响因素研究发现,活性焦种类、投加量、p H和吸附时间均会影响吸附效果,最佳活性焦投加量为20 g·L~(-1),酸性条件更有利于吸附,渗滤液中COD的去除主要发生在吸附过程的前1 h.活性焦吸附可提高垃圾渗滤液的可生化性,主要吸附垃圾渗滤液中难降解芳香族大分子有机物,其中,对溶解性有机物中疏水性有机酸组分的吸附效果最佳,使其出水适用于生物处理,从而保证污水处理厂COD可以稳定达标排放.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.