黄河水体颗粒物对3种多环芳烃光化学降解的影响

研究了、苯并(a)芘、苯并(ghi)3种多环芳烃在黄河水体中的光化学降解规律,探讨了黄河泥沙和黄土2种颗粒物对多环芳烃光化学降解的影响.结果表明:①当水体不含任何颗粒物时,多环芳烃的光降解符合一级反应动力学规律,且反应动力学常数随污染物初始浓度的降低而增加;3种多环芳烃的光降解速率与分子的吸收光谱相关.②黄土通过对光强的阻碍作用和其中所含腐殖质的光敏化作用影响多环芳烃的光化学降解,这2方面的共同作用导致不同浓度黄土所产生的影响不同.黄土浓度为0.1g/L或5g/L时促进了和苯并(a)芘的光降解;黄土浓度为5g/L时促进了苯并(ghi)的降解.当水体含有黄土时,多环芳烃的光降解符合二级动力学规律.③对多环芳烃光化学降解起主要作用的是黄土中存在的溶解性腐殖质,非溶解性腐殖质的作用不大.④由于黄河泥沙在河水中长期存在,泥沙中的溶解性腐殖质都已溶于水中,泥沙主要通过对光强的阻碍作用影响水体中多环芳烃的光降解,使光降解速率随泥沙浓度的增加呈幂指数降低.     

pH和溶解氧对磺胺二甲嘧啶光解的影响

大量使用抗生素导致磺胺类抗生素在水体中不断检出,其中光化学降解是其消减重要途径。该文在紫外光照条件下,对磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)在纯水中的光降解过程进行研究,分别考察初始浓度、p H值和溶解氧对其光解影响。结果表明,紫外光照360 min,SMZ降解率高达60%以上,SMZ在纯水中的光降解过程符合准一级动力学模式,光解速率常数范围为0.003 78~0.004 50 min,随着初始浓度的增加,SMZ光降解速率先增大后减小。水体p H值显著影响SMZ的光解过程,酸性(p H=3)或者碱性(p H=8~10)条件下SMZ光解较快,近中性(p H=4~7)条件下其光解较慢;表明SMZ以两性离子形式存在时其光降解较快,而分子态SMZ光解速率较慢。水体溶解氧对SMZ光解过程也有一定影响,随着溶解氧的增加,SMZ光解效率有所下降,由此推断在SMZ光降解过程中,直接光解速率大于间接光解速率。     

水中微量消毒副产物的光催化降解

采用光催化氧化工艺考察了饮用水部分消毒副产物的光催化降解效果.结果表明,TiO₂薄膜催化剂在低压汞灯照射下能明显提高致癌致突变有机物的光降解速率,其中卤代烷烃的光催化降解较光降解提高了3～7倍,而烯烃和芳香类物质的光催化降解较光降解也提高了2～3倍.总地来说,不同物质的降解规律为苯乙烯的降解速率最大,邻甲酚其次,烯烃较烷烃的光催化降解速率有明显提高,芳香烯烃较脂肪烯烃的降解速率高,而氯代烷烃的光催化降解效果非常接近.     

酰胺咪嗪光降解效能与机制及其影响因素研究

以氙灯为模拟光源,研究了酰胺咪嗪（carbamazepine,CBZ）在纯水中的光降解效能与机制,并考察了硝酸根离子（NO3-）、碳酸氢根离子（HCO3-）和腐殖酸（HA）对其光降解速率的影响.结果表明,纯水中CBZ的光降解符合假一级反应动力学;在光强为1 200 mW.cm-2、CBZ初始浓度为200μg·L-1时,CBZ的光降解速率常数为0.028 7 min-1,半衰期为24.15min;纯水中CBZ的去除是以自敏化光降解反应为主,其中单线态氧（1O2）参与的自敏化光氧化反应贡献率较大,为75.3%,而羟基自由基（.OH）的贡献率较小,为5.6%;在本试验条件下,NO3-、HCO3-以及HA浓度的增加都会对CBZ的光降解过程产生抑制,其中NO3-的抑制作用最为明显,当加入的NO3-浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1时,CBZ的半衰期延长为433.22 min,约为不加NO3-时的18倍.     

环境科学基础理论 环境化学

X131200703530氯苯嘧啶醇在有机溶剂中的光化学降解研究/王丹军(安徽农业大学资源与环境学院)…∥安徽农业大学学报/安徽农业大学.-2007,34(1).-40~44环图N-85研究了3种光源下氯苯嘧啶醇在正己烷、丙酮、甲醇、乙腈、异丙醇中的光化学降解.结果表明,在高压汞灯下氯苯嘧啶醇在5种有机溶剂中光解迅速,光解半衰期分别为8.73、288.81、26.87、4.25和16.54min;在紫外灯下光解半衰期分别为4.25、10.65、3.87、2.46和3.09h;在太阳光下,光解半衰期分别为4.88、20.62、14.29、3.30和13.83h;太阳光下氯苯嘧啶醇在水中光解迅速,半衰期仅为6.13h,但丙酮…     

季铵盐在海水中的降解性

以天然海水为实验介质,研究了季铵盐的生物降解、光降解和水解特性。结果表明,季铵盐的生物降解速率与水样含菌量相关,降解曲线呈阶梯三段式,中段细菌因受季铵盐杀灭/抑制作用含菌量降低,导致季铵盐的降解趋缓,192 h的降解率为8.93%。不同光源和温度对季铵盐的光降解速率和水解速率影响较大,kuv/kvis=188,k40℃/k20℃=4.58。季铵盐的降解主要由光降解贡献,20℃时自然光降解的k分别是生物降解和水解的1.96和4.5倍。季铵盐在海水中的生物降解、自然光降解和水解动力学均符合一级动力学模型,20℃时其速率常数k分别为0.00046、0.0009和0.0002,半衰期t1/2分别为62.8 d、32.1 d和126.0 d,降解半衰期较长,在海洋环境中的残留持久性需重视。     

珠江口溶解有机物光化学降解活性

本文分别于2015年夏季和2016年冬季对珠江口表层水体中溶解有机碳（DOC）和有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的光化学降解行为进行了研究。研究结果表明,DOC浓度和CDOM丰度随光照时间呈指数递减的趋势。受陆源输入和人为活动的影响,淡水端元可降解DOC和CDOM的含量较高,且该含量向海逐渐降低。冬季,淡水端元可降解DOC占DOC总量的50%,显著高于夏季,而CDOM无明显季节变化,揭示了冬季更高含量的无色溶解有机物（DOM）参与了间接光化学降解。受温度和光照的影响,自然条件下夏季DOC和CDOM的光化学降解速率分别约为冬季的4倍和2.5倍,夏季光化学过程是珠江口DOM向海输送过程中重要的汇。在光降解过程中,DOM芳香性和分子量先迅速降低,而后趋于稳定,表明芳香族大分子有机物是发生光降解的主要底物。     

水体中2,6-二溴酚光降解行为研究

溴酚是一类天然水体中广泛存在的有机污染物。为进一步研究溴酚在水体中的光化学行为,该研究以2,6-二溴酚为模型化合物,系统研究了其在模拟太阳光照射下水体中的光降解,并考察初始浓度、pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)及NO2-等因素对降解速率影响。实验结果表明,在模拟太阳光照射下,2,6-二溴酚能够快速发生降解反应。其中,光降解速率随初始浓度的降低及pH值的增加而增大,并且Fe(Ⅲ)或NO2-的存在能显著提高2,6-二溴酚的光降解速率。同时,液相色谱高分辨质谱LC-TOF-MS对2,6-二溴酚光解产物的分析结果表明,2,6-二溴酚经过光化学降解,主产物为一种单溴代二羟基苯。     

水体系中3种常见邻苯二甲酸酯的光化学降解研究

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,研究了不同介质、光源、起始浓度、H2O2浓度等对3种常见邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)光化学降解过程的影响,并对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)光降解的中间产物进行了检测,提出了可能发生的降解路径.结果表明:在不同介质中,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)在Millipore-Q水中降解速度最快,而DEHP在天然海水中降解速度最快;3种PAEs在紫外灯照射下比模拟日光下降解速度快;相同紫外光照条件下,不同初始浓度的DMP、DEP和DEHP在研究浓度范围内(0.5~10μg·L-1)的光降解率随着浓度的增加呈现减小趋势;此外,体系中H2O2的存在会明显加快PAEs的降解速率;通过GC-MS分析,检测出了DEHP在UV/H2O2条件下降解产生的中间产物,并且发现DEHP是从侧链开始降解的.     

苯噻草胺在不同水质中的光化学降解研究

对苯噻草胺在纯水、天然水以及不同pH值缓冲溶液中的光化学降解进行了试验.结果表明,在氙灯和高压汞灯下,各种天然水中苯噻草胺的光解半衰期顺序均是稻田水＞江水＞湖水＞河水＞重蒸水,氙灯下的半衰期为607 80～1016.40min,高压汞灯下的半衰期为12.31～18.53min.室温下强碱性溶液中（pH=11.92）的苯噻草胺易水解.高压汞灯下强酸性（pH=1.98）、强碱性（pH=11.92）溶液中苯噻草胺的光解较纯水中快,光解半衰期分别是6.04min（pH=1.98）、6.51 min（pH=11.92）和6.75 min（纯水）.光解产物的HPLC-MS检测表明,苯噻草胺的光解以醚键和酰胺键的断裂为主.     

Photodegradation of 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P) in coastal seawaters: Important role of DOM

Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BT-UVs) have attracted concerns due to their ubiquitous occurrence in the aquatic environment, and their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. However, little is known about their aquatic environmental degradation behavior. In this study, photodegradation of a representative of BT-UVs, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P), was investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation. Results show that UV-P photodegrades slower under neutral conditions (neutral form) than under acidic or alkaline conditions (cationic and anionic forms). Indirect photodegradation is a dominant elimination pathway of UV-P in coastal seawaters. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from seawaters accelerate the photodegradation rates mainly through excited triplet DOM (³DOM^?), and the roles of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are negligible in the matrixes. DOM from seawaters impacted by mariculture exhibits higher steady-state concentration of ³DOM^? ([³DOM^?]) relative to those from pristine seawaters, leading to higher photosensitizing effects on the photodegradation. Halide ions inhibit the DOM-sensitized photodegradation of UV-P by decreasing [³DOM^?]. Photodegradation half-lives of UV-P are estimated to range from 24.38 to 49.66?hr in field water bodies of the Yellow River estuary. These results are of importance for assessing environmental fate and risk UV-P in coastal water bodies.     

紫外驱动高级氧化法降解水体中的磷酸三苯酯

有机磷酸酯（OPEs）作为备受关注的一类新污染物,已对偏远的南极地区水环境引发了中等风险.磷酸三苯酯（TPHP）是水体中常见的OPEs,已被证实具有毒性效应、生物富集和放大效应,对环境和人体健康威胁较大.利用傅里叶红外光谱仪（FT-IR）和液相色谱-串联质谱联用仪（LC-MS/MS）探究TPHP在紫外-过氧化氢（UV-H₂ O₂）、紫外-二氧化钛（UV-TiO₂）和紫外-过硫酸盐（UV-PS）这3种高级氧化体系（UV-AOPs）中的降解过程,创新性地利用FT-IR实现了TPHP降解过程中红外特征峰变化的在线观测,并对其降解反应动力学、光降解产物和降解路径进行了分析.结果表明,TPHP在UV-H₂ O₂、UV-TiO₂和UV-PS体系下均能得到有效降解,其光降解半衰期分别为74、150和89 min.其中,UV-H₂ O₂体系对TPHP的降解效果最好.TPHP在3种体系下的降解反应均符合一级动力学.当H₂ O₂浓度为0~0.097 mol ·L^-1时,H₂ O₂浓度升高会促进TPHP降解;当TiO₂浓度为0~0.013 mol ·L^-1时,TiO₂浓度升高会促进TPHP降解.TPHP的光降解路径主要是P—O—C键断裂、苯环结构的C—H键断裂和水解反应.利用UV-H₂ O₂体系对成都市环境水体中OPEs进行降解实验,发现对公园景观水体的水样进行降解反应60 min时,TPHP的去除率为66%.     

（School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China）

Introduction B isphenol A (BPA ), 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane (CA S 80-05-07), is a representative m aterial am ong endocrine disrupting chem icals (ED Cs) and has been extensively used as a raw m aterial of epoxy and polycarbonate resins, and also a…     

水中无机阴离子对UV/H2O2降解LAS的影响及机理

研究了UV/H₂O₂工艺对直链烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）的去除效果以及水中常见无机阴离子对LAS降解的影响和机理.结果表明,UV/H₂O₂工艺可以有效的去除水中LAS,光降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型.在H₂O₂投加量为8 mg·L^-1,14 W低压汞灯照射下,LAS在蒸馏水和自来水中光降解速率常数分别为0.018 0 min^-1和0.012 2 min^-1;NO^-₃、Cl^-、SO^２－₄和HCO^-_３对LAS光降解有抑制作用,4种离子在浓度分别为5、10、15　mmol·L^-1时,对LAS光降解的抑制程度均为HCO^-_３>NO^-₃>Cl^->SO^２－₄;随着离子浓度增大,抑制作用增强;自来水中的光降解速率常数低于蒸馏水中的光降解速率常数是由于水中多种离子影响的结果.     

Degradation of chlorpyrifos alone and in combination with chlorothalonil and their effects on soil microbial populations

In practice, pesticides are usually applied simultaneously or one after another for crop protection, and this type of pesticide application often leads to a combined contamination of pesticide residues in the soil environment. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the influence of chlorothalonil on chlorpyrifos degradation and its effects on soil bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete populations. Under the experimental conditions here, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos alone, and in combination with chlorothalonil, at the recommended and double dosages, were measured to be 3.24, 2.77, and 2.63 d, respectively. Chlorpyrifos degradation was not significantly altered by its combination with chlorothalonil. However, the inhibitory effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microorganisms was increased by its combination with chlorothalonil, and the increase was related to the levels of chlorothalonil added. Compared to those in the controls, the populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were significantly reduced by 44.1%, 61.1%, and 72.8%, respectively, on the first day after treatment (DAT) by chlorpyrifos alone. With the addition of chlorothalonil, the inhibition was increased to 55.2%, 79.3%, and 85.8% at the recommended dosage, and 86.0%, 94.1%, and 90.8% at the double dosage, at one DAT, respectively. The results suggested that combined effects should be taken into account to assess the actual impacts of pesticide applications.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在水溶液中的光降解行为研究

采用模拟日光灯和长波紫外灯（UVA-365nm）2种光源,对水溶液中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（NPEOs）的光降解动力学、降解过程中NPEO同系物成分的变化、以及氧化剂过氧化氢的加入对光降解的影响进行了研究,并采用LC-MS对光降解的产物进行了分析.研究表明,实验周期内NPEOs在模拟日光和长波紫外光下均发生不同程度的光降解,降解速率常数分别为6.20×10^-3　μmol/(L·h)和1.18×10^-2　μmol/(L·h).在模拟日光下,在NPEOs降解过程中观察到短链的NPEO_1,3分布比例的增加,而在长波紫外光下的降解过程中并没有发现NPEO成分分布的变化.过氧化氢的加入对NPEOs的光降解具有明显的促进作用,特别是在模拟日光下,0.01 mmol/L和1.00 mmol/L H₂O₂的加入使NPEOs的96h降解率由20.9%分别提高至44.4%和91.5%.通过LC-MS分析,初步认为壬基酚三乙氧基乙酸的烷基氧化产物(CA_3～9PEC₃)是溶液中NPEOs光降解的主要产物,并据此推断了可能的反应历程.     

氯咪巴唑在臭氧降解过程中的影响因素及其降解产物

唑类抗真菌剂广泛应用于药物和个人护理品(pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)中,常规污水处理工艺难以将其有效去除. 大量唑类抗真菌剂排入受纳环境后会对生态系统造成一系列负面影响. 为了解唑类抗真菌剂的臭氧氧化降解过程和机理,以氯咪巴唑(climbazole,CZ)为例,通过设置不同条件的对比试验,系统研究CZ在臭氧氧化过程中的影响因素及其去除规律,同时采用超高效液相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用仪UPLC-Q/TOF对其降解产物进行鉴定. 影响因素试验结果表明:①CZ起始浓度由1.0 mg/L增至4.0 mg/L时,臭氧氧化20 min下CZ的降解率从99.1%降至69.3%;②反应体系起始pH由5.0升至9.0时,CZ臭氧降解半衰期由1.38 min延长至7.18 min;③臭氧流速由0.1 L/min增至0.4 L/min时,臭氧氧化20 min时CZ的降解率从66.5%提至99.4%,但臭氧流速超过0.3 L/min以后,CZ降解率的增幅较小;④自然水体及其高浓度共存组分(碳酸氢根和腐殖酸)均会明显抑制CZ的臭氧氧化反应速率,CZ降解半衰期大多数超过6 min (空白对照组为1.99 min). 因此,在臭氧氧化降解新兴有机污染物或对臭氧氧化工艺进行优化时,应充分考虑起始污染负荷、pH、臭氧流速、水体水质状况等对处理效果的影响. 产物鉴定结果表明:臭氧氧化反应可将CZ碎裂重组形成两个主要降解产物——TP269和TP297,二者的产率分别为11.45%和8.90%. 研究显示,起始污染负荷、pH、臭氧流速、水体水质状况均会明显影响CZ的臭氧降解效果;两个CZ臭氧降解产物的产率虽不高,但其毒性有待进一步研究.      

Photolysis kinetics and influencing factors of bisphenol S in aqueous solutions

The photodegradation of bisphenol S (BPS) in aqueous solutions was studied under different conditions. Photolysis and kinetics were investigated, as were the photolysis mechanism and the influences of initial pH value, light source, and environmental substances in water. The results showed that the photolysis of BPS occurred under UV light, and the rate increased with light source intensity. The photolysis of 5.0-50.0 mg/L BPS in water followed first-order kinetics: the rate was γ= 0.0161C_BPS under a 40-W UV-lamp, and the degradation half-life was 43.1 min. Due to its absorption of light, direct photolysis of BPS was a predominant pathway for BPS but was not obviously affected by reactive oxygen species. The results confirmed that the photolysis rates of BPS in alkaline water solution were faster than those in acidic and neutral water solution because of the ionization of BPS. The photodegradation rate of BPS increased in the presence of chloride and ferric ions, while the rate was inhibited by nitrate and phosphate in aqueous solution.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.