Effect of spatial variability of storm on the optimal placement of best management practices (BMPs)

It is significant to design best management practices (BMPs) and determine the proper BMPs placement for the purpose that can not only satisfy the water quantity and water quality standard, but also lower the total cost of BMPs. The spatial rainfall variability can have much effect on its relative runoff and non-point source pollution (NPSP). Meantime, the optimal design and placement of BMPs would be different as well. The objective of this study was to discuss the relationship between the spatial variability of rainfall and the optimal BMPs placements. Three synthetic rainfall storms with varied spatial distributions, including uniform rainfall, downstream rainfall and upstream rainfall, were designed. WinVAST model was applied to predict runoff and NPSP. Additionally, detention pond and swale were selected for being structural BMPs. Scatter search was applied to find the optimal BMPs placement. The results show that mostly the total cost of BMPs is higher in downstream rainfall than in upstream rainfall or uniform rainfall. Moreover, the cost of detention pond is much higher than swale. Thus, even though detention pond has larger efficiency for lowering peak flow and pollutant exports, it is not always the determined set in each subbasin.     

Assessment of spatial variability in some soil properties as related to soil salinity and alkalinity in Bafra plain in northern Turkey

The objectives of this study were to assess the variability in soil properties affecting salinity and alkalinity, and to analyze spatial distribution patterns of salinity (EC) and alkalinity (ESP) in the plain, which was used irrigation agriculture with low quality waters. Soil samples were collected from 0–30cm, 30–60cm, 60–90cm and 90–120cm soil depths at 60 sampling sites. Soil pH had the minimum variability, and hydraulic conductivity (Ks) had the maximum variability at all depths. The mean values of pH, EC, ESP and Ks increased while the mean values of CEC decreased with soil depth. Values pH, EC and ESP were generally high in the east and northeastern sides. Soil properties indicated moderate to strong spatial dependence. ESP and pH were moderately spatially dependent for three of the four depths, EC exhibited moderate spatial dependence for one of the four depths, CEC had a moderate spatial dependence at all depths, and Ks exhibited a strong spatial dependence. EC, CEC, and ESP were considerably variable in small distances. The spatial variability in small distances of EC, CEC, pH and ESP generally increased with depth. All geostatistical range values were greater than 1230m. It was inferred that the strong spatial dependency of soil properties would be resulted in extrinsic factors such as ground water level, drainage, irrigation systems and microtopography.     

催化极谱法测定降水中微量过氧化氢

在０．６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸介质中,钒５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ与Ｈ２Ｏ２形成三元络合物,于０．０５Ｖ处产生一极灵敏的极谱波。过氧化氢浓度在０．０６－１７μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围内,峰电流与其含量呈良好线性关系。     

原子荧光法测定水中砷含量的不确定度评定

以氢化物-原子荧光法测定水中砷含量为例,应用不确定度理论,从测试过程和计算方法的角度分析了测量不确定度的各种影响因素:标准物质、溶液稀释情况、工作曲线的非线性以及原子荧光光度计的测量性能等,对各测量不确定度分量进行计算和评定。结果表明:原子荧光法测定水中砷含量的测量不确定度的主要影响因素是工作曲线的非线性和原子荧光光度计的测量性能,其次是标准储备液的逐级稀释,当水样稀释倍数非常低时,因水样稀释引入的不确定度可忽略不计。砷含量的扩展不确定度为1.2μg/L,置信水平为95%。     

电磁干扰场强的测量不确定度评定

根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》JJF1059—1999及《电磁干扰不确定度评定指南》,针对电磁干扰场强的测量进行了不确定度分析。     

土壤中有机磷农药分析过程中不确定度的来源及评定

土壤中有机磷农药分析过程中的不确定度主要来源于样品采集、运输和保存、前处理及分析这四个环节。以土壤中马拉硫磷的测定为例,分别评定了各个环节产生不确定度的大小。结果表明,样品前处理产生的不确定度对总不确定度的贡献最大。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤中镉的不确定度评定

评定了石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤样品中镉的测量不确定度。在测定过程中,对样品称量、水分测定、样品消解、样品定容、标准溶液配制、标准曲线拟合等影响不确定度的分量进行了评定。按照《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012)的规定进行合成,给出了扩展不确定度,镉含量结果的表示式为(0.115±0.015)mg/kg,k=2。     

火焰原子吸收法测定水样铅含量的不确定度评定

实验室认可和资质认定都要求检测实验室具备评定测量不确定度的能力,现依据JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》,对火焰原子吸收法测定水样中铅含量进行不确定度评估,分析测定过程中不确定度来源,量化不确定度分量,求出合成不确定度和扩展不确定度,给出测定结果的表示式。     

深圳市酸雨时空变异特征

根据深圳市2009—2013年酸雨监测数据,统计并分析深圳市酸雨强度与频率、时空变异特征和降水c(SO2-4)/c(NO-3)比值特征变化。结果表明:雨量的大小及其出现次数与酸雨出现次数呈负相关;2009—2013年间6个行政区酸雨量呈现"V"形变化趋势,且2011年达到最低值;酸雨危害较严重的是盐田区、南山区和福田区,其次是宝安区和龙岗区,危害较轻的是罗湖区。     

水中放射性核素锶-90测量不确定度的评估

阐述了分析放射性核素产生不确定度因素比一般化学分析多的原因,通过采用鱼骨图法分析放射性核素锶-90测量实验中的不确定度和分析计算公式中的有关参数,了解到分析水中放射性核素锶-90时,主要受到样品测量、仪器探测效率、样品化学回收率和样品取样体积等4个方面的不确定度因素影响。     

固体吸附/热脱附-气相色谱法测定环境空气中苯系物的不确定度评定

建立固体吸附/热脱附-气相色谱法测定环境空气中苯系物的不确定度评定方法,分析测定过程中不确定度的来源,进行各不确定度分量的评估,并给出合成相对标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。     

原子荧光光度法同时测定水中砷、硒的不确定度分析

对原子荧光光度法测定水样中砷、硒浓度的影响因素进行分析,对各因素的不确定度进行计算和评估。结果表明,影响其测量不确定度主要因素是原子荧光强度值带来的不确定度,其它因素是次要的。     

预冷冻浓缩系统与气相色谱-质谱法测定空气中苯的测量不确定度评定

根据 Top－down技术中的控制图法,运用预冷冻浓缩系统与气相色谱－质谱联用对苯标准样气进行多次测定。通过计算和评定,得出当苯的测定浓度为100×10^－9时,不确定度为5．1×10^－9。     

空气质量自动监测二氧化硫不确定度分析

不确定度是反映某一测量方法,在一定置信概率条件下测量所产生的不确定量。根据测量原理建立数学模型,分析各种不确定度分量的来源,评定标准不确定度,确定合成不确定度和扩展不确定度,通过不确定影响分量的分析,找出影响测量结果的最大不确定度分量,重点控制其分量,保证测量的准确性和精度,同时也可通过重新评估显著性不确定分量,找出方法存在的不足和问题,提出逐步控制不确定分量的步骤和方法,改善测量方法和手段提高测量准确性和精度,不断减少测量的不确定量。     

示踪气体法测定室内空气新风量的测量不确定度评定

主要根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》JJF1059-1999,针对开展的室内环境检测项目——室内空气新风量的测量,进行了不确定度分析。     

利用top down控制图评定库伦法测定煤中全硫的不确定度

利用top-down控制图评定库伦法测定煤中全硫的不确定度,通过对标准煤品的多次测试结果计算正态统计量,并对数据的正态性和独立性作判别,在确保数据随机排列的基础上,计算期间精密度标准差,最终得到该项目的不确定度评定结果。     

城市河流水质参数空间变异性研究——以苏南某市为例

基于现场的采样数据,结合河流自身特点,应用地质统计学的理论和方法分析了苏南某城市河流水质参数的空间变异规律及其原因。研究结果表明,根据变差函数模型分析,发现研究区河流3个水质参数在一定范围内存在空间相关性;研究区河流的CODMn呈现中南部较高,其他部位相对均匀的趋势,CODMn的空间变异性主要是由居民的日常活动及河道的自身特点引起;研究区河流的TP和NH3-N含量严重超标,水体富营养化程度严重。TP和NH3-N的空间变异性相似,含量较高区域集中在研究区的西南部、东南部和东北部,其空间变异性主要由工业活动和居民日常生活共同作用引起,其中工业活动占主导作用。     

运用线性拟合法评定水中总磷的测量不确定度

采用Top—Down不确定度评定理念，利用实验室日常质控数据，结合标准样品的线性校准方法（线性拟合法），评定水中总磷的测量不确定度，并将评定结果与GUM评定法相比较，相对偏差≤20％。指出线性拟合法适用于测量系统校准函数成线性，且实验总残差符合常数剩余标准差假定情况下的不确定度评定。     

固城湖春季水环境因子空间变异及其原因探讨

在现场采样数据的基础上,运用Arc GIS的地统计学组件分析了固城湖春季水环境因子空间变异规律,并从污粢源分布、水生植物密度差异方面探讨了水环境因子空间变异产生的原因.结果表明:(1)变异函教选择球状模型和高斯模型拟合水环境因子的变差曲线,从预测误差判断,拟合效果很好,因此,固城湖水环境因子的空同分布图比较真实地反映了固城湖水环境现状;(2)固城湖TN、NH4+-N基本上呈现从南到北逐渐升高的趋势,TN、NH4+-N、SD的空间变异主要是由人类活动引起,水革对TN、NH4+-N的吸收作用、SD的改善作用不明显;(3)太湖区TP基本上呈现从中西部向东逐渐升高的趋势,与大湖区水草密度的变化趋势相反;水革密度越大(大湖中南部)pH越高,而水草密度越小(航道、湖东部)pH越小;(4)中南部湖区围罔的全部拆除、港口河上游生活污水减少,都使得中南部湖区水质得到改善.     

Interlaboratory variability of amphipod sediment toxicity tests in a cooperative regional monitoring program

Marine sediment toxicity tests are widely applied in monitoring programs, yet relatively little is known about the comparability of data from different laboratories. The need for comparability information is increased in cooperative monitoring programs, where multiple laboratories (often with variable skill levels) perform toxicity tests. An interlaboratory comparison exercise was conducted among seven laboratories in order to document the comparability of sediment toxicity measurements during the Bight'98 regional sediment survey in southern California. Sediments from four stations in Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors were tested using a 10-day survival test of the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius. All laboratories successfully performed the sediment test and associated reference toxicant test. Statistically significant differences were found in mean amphipod survival rates among some laboratories for the field-collected sediments, but there was little evidence of a consistent bias among laboratories. Although the reference toxicant test indicated a five-fold variation in test sensitivity among laboratories, these results were not accurate predictors of interlaboratory performance for the sediment tests. The laboratories demonstrated excellent concordance (Kendall's W = 0.91) in ranking the field-collected sediments by toxicity. Agreement on classifying the sediments into categories (nontoxic, moderately toxic, and highly toxic) based upon the percent of survival was best for highly toxic sediments. An analysis of test precision based upon the variance among replicates within a test indicated that the measured survival rate for a sample may vary by up to 12 percentage points from the actual response.