化肥使用对蔬菜硝酸盐污染的防治对策研究

通过对常德市武陵区各个乡镇近几年化肥使用情况及各种蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的调查研究分析,了解到菜农不懂得肥料的报酬递减率,盲目加大施肥量,导致该区叶菜类蔬菜中硝酸盐含量均超过了无公害蔬菜质量标准。对如何正确使用化肥提出了一系列的措施。     

水处理用活性炭改性研究

研究了锆（Zr）和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵（CTAC）联合改性活性炭的制备,并考察Zr-CTAC改性活性炭对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附作用及相关吸附机制,着重论述了锆（Zr）和十六烷基三甲基氯化铵联合改性活性炭（Zr-CTAC-AC）对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的吸附去除作用,结果表明Zr-CTAC-AC对水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐均具备较好的吸附去除能力。     

分光光度法测定硝酸盐氮中的干扰因素

对酚二磺酸分光光度法测定水样中硝酸盐氮的标准方法进行研究,在不同浓度的氯化物、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮中加入不同浓度的硝酸盐氮标准溶液进行干扰试验。结果表明:在最佳的试验条件控制下,氯离子对低浓度硝酸盐氮测定产生的负干扰明显大于对高浓度硝酸盐氮产生的负干扰;随着加入的氨氮和氯化物浓度的增加,硝酸盐氮含量的测定结果低于实际值,且逐渐减小;在试验浓度范围内亚硝酸盐氮浓度对硝酸盐氮的测定几乎无影响。     

间歇曝气系统中硝酸盐氮负荷对脱氮效率的影响

本试验主要考察间歇反应器缺氧阶段硝酸盐氮负荷ＮＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ（ＫｇＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ／ＫｇＭＬＳＳｄ）对脱氮效率的影响。试验结果表明：在一定水温和ＢＯＤ５／ＮＯｘ－Ｎ下,ＮＮＯｘ－Ｎ负荷对脱氮效率有显著影响。在反应器中采用高浓度污泥是降低ＮＮＯｘ－Ｎ的有效途径,有利于反应器脱氮速率ＶＤＮ（ｍｇ／ｌ·ｍｉｎ）的提高。此外,通过正交试验得出了在ＢＯＤ５／ＮＯ－ｘ一定时,ＮＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ、Ｔ℃与脱氮效率ηＮＯ－ｘ－Ｎ之间的数量关系式     

利用氮、氧稳定同位素识别地下水硝酸盐污染源研究进展

氮污染特别是地下水硝酸盐污染已成为一个相当普遍而重要的环境问题。地下水硝酸盐污染与人类健康和环境安全密切相关。为控制地下水硝酸盐污染,最根本的解决办法就是找到硝酸盐的来源,减少硝态氮向地下水的输送。由于不同来源的硝酸盐具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,人们利用NO3-中δ15N和δ18O开展了硝酸盐污染源识别研究。本文综述了利用氮、氧同位素识别地下水硝酸盐污染源及定量硝酸盐污染源输入的研究进展及目前存在的问题,并提出几个值得重视的研究方向。     

水处理用活性炭改性研究

利用锆和氯化十六烷基三甲铵共同改性活性炭,制备一种新型去除污水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐的水处理吸附剂,并考察吸附剂加量、反应温度、pH值、共存阴离子等影响因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:锆-氯化十六烷基三甲铵改性活性炭(Zr-CTAC-AC)吸附剂适用于硝酸盐和磷酸盐浓度在100mg/L以下的污水,随着Zr-CTAC-AC加量的增加,硝酸盐、磷酸盐去除率逐渐增加,单位吸附量逐渐下降,Zr-CTAC-AC加量为8g/L时,硝酸盐去除率为79%,Zr-CTAC-AC加量为4.0g/L时,磷酸盐去除率可达91%,但应在较低的pH值范围内使用;反应温度对Zr-CTAC-AC的吸附效果影响不大;共存Cl-、HCO3^-和SO4^2-可使硝酸盐的吸附率降低,但对磷酸盐吸附率影响较小;1mol/L NaCl溶液可使吸附到Zr-CTAC-AC表面的硝酸盐90.9%左右被解吸出来,1mol/L NaOH溶液可使吸附到Zr-CTAC-AC表面的磷酸盐78.4%左右被解吸出来。Zr-CTAC-AC能够有效去除污水中硝酸盐和磷酸盐,制备方法简单,且可循环利用,处理成本低。     

焙烧水滑石去除水中硝酸盐的实验研究

利用层状双氢氧化物的结构记忆效应,探讨了焙烧水滑石处理模拟含硝酸盐废水的可行性,考察了pH值、温度、反应时间、振荡速度等因素对硝酸盐去除率的影响。结果表明,当pH为9、反应温度298K、吸附时间120min、LDO投加量0.1g/100ml时,硝酸盐氮初始浓度为100mg/L;震荡速度为150r/min时,总氮的去除率高达96.73%。焙烧水滑石对硝酸盐的吸附符合Freudlich等温方程。     

西河水库总氮超标的原因简析

基于2003年以来西河水库中总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮等有关水质参数的变化,分析得出了水库中总氮呈逐年上升趋势和主要以硝酸盐氮为存在形式,并存在富营养化的潜在危机;从内部源和外部源对库中氮的来源进行了解析,得出氮主要来源于水库底泥、农业面源和生活污水的污染,进而提出相应的预防措施。     

改性沸石对水体中硝酸盐的吸附机理及其残渣的资源化利用

利用HDTMA改性沸石制成吸附剂,研究对水体中硝酸盐的吸附能力和机理及吸附剂残渣的资源化应用前景。结果表明:HDTMA改性沸石可增强其对硝酸盐的吸附能力。通过红外光谱和差热分析它的吸附机理,表明:改性沸石HZ4吸附有十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)分子;吸附剂残渣NHZ4吸附有十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)分子和硝酸盐。盆栽实验结果表明:吸附剂残渣NHZ4能提高玉米生物量,最大增幅为30.4%。     

广东省部分基地蔬菜重金属污染评价

通过对来源于广东省516个蔬菜种植基地18种蔬菜品种1 465个样品中铅、镉含量的检测分析,结果表明：蕹菜品种铅平均含量最高（0.11mg·kg^-1）,西洋菜镉平均含量最高（0.060mg·kg^-1）;总样品铅检测合格率97.0%,镉检测合格率98.9%;所检蔬菜品种的铅、镉平均污染指数均小于0.7。表明广东省各生产基地的蔬菜重金属安全状况总体较好,处于优良水平。     

Predicting nitrate leaching under potato crops using transfer functions

Nitrate leaching is a major issue in many cultivated soils. Models that predict the major processes involved at the field scale could be used to test and improve management practices. This study aims to evaluate a simple transfer function approach to predict nitrate leaching in sandy soils. A convective lognormal transfer (CLT) function is convoluted with functional equations simulating N mineralization, plant N uptake, N fertilizer dissolution, and nitrification at the soil surface to predict solute concentrations under potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) fields as a function of drainage water. Using this approach, nitrate flux concentrations measured in drainable lysimeters (1-m soil depth) were reasonably predicted from 29 Apr. 1996 to 3 Dec. 1996. With average application rates of 16.9 g m(-2) of N fertilizer in potato crops, mean nitrate-leaching losses measured under potato were 8.5 g N m(-2). Tuber N uptake averaged 9.7 g N m(-2) and soil mineral N at start (spring) and end (fall) of N mass balance averaged 1.7 and 4.5 g N m(-2), respectively. Soil N mineralization was estimated by difference (4.3 g N m(-2) on average) and was small compared with N fertilization. Small nitrate flux concentrations at the beginning of the cropping season (May) resulted mainly from initial soil nitrate concentrations. Measured and predicted nitrate flux concentrations significantly increased at mid-season (July-August) following important drainage events coupled with complete dissolution and nitrification of N fertilizers, and declining N uptake by potato plants. Decreases in nitrate concentrations before the end of year (November-December) underlined the predominant effect of N fertilizers applied for the most part at planting acting as a pulse input of solute.     

Sustainability of farmers' soil fertility management practices: a case study in the North China Plain

To ensure regional self-sufficiency and adequate rural livelihoods in the North China Plain (NCP), tremendous efforts were made over the last two decades by the Chinese government to raise the productivity of crops, despite increasing pressure on the land caused by a growing population. Emphasis was placed on high external input use, especially for wheat, maize and cotton, ignoring the particularities and limitations of the natural resource base. This study assesses the sustainability of current soil fertility management practices on the basis of selected location-specific indicators, such as fertilizer use, soil pH, soil organic matter content, levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil, and identifies determining factors of the yield and environmental impacts of inputs use. Data used for the analysis were gathered from soil tests, groundwater and chive plant tests, household surveys, and statistical yearbooks. Stepwise multiple regression analysis is applied to determine factors affecting the yields. The study revealed unbalanced use of nutrients. Organic fertilizers (manure, crop residues) and K are insufficiently applied, whereas N and P are considerably overused in comparison with recommended doses. The intensive cropping in the area using high-input technologies -particularly fertilizer- has resulted in a remarkable general enhancement of crop productivity and improvement of soil fertility over the years. The yield of wheat and maize has increased 173 and 180 kg ha(-1) annually from 1982 to 2000, respectively and soil fertility status also improved over the years and the values of the selected indicators are within the borderline for sustainability. Irrigation water, FYM application, and total labor used during the cultivation season (with the exception of cotton and chive) for production are the main factors determining the yields of four major crops under study, while popularly and overly used N did not appear to be a significant factor affecting the yield. Its overuse, however, leads to leaching of nitrate into groundwater and nitrate enrichment of vegetables. Of 20 groundwater samples, 16 showed nitrate levels between 55 and 180 mg l(-1), which exceeds recommendations for drinking water (相似文献   

Residual soil nitrate after potato harvest

Nitrogen loss by leaching is a major problem, particularly with crops requiring large amounts of N fertilizer. We evaluated the effect of N fertilization and irrigation on residual soil nitrate following potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) harvests in the upper St-John River valley of New Brunswick, Canada. Soil nitrate contents were measured to a 0.90-m depth in three treatments of N fertilization (0, 100, and 250 kg N ha(-1)) at two on-farm sites in 1995, and in four treatments of N fertilization (0, 50, 100, and 250 kg N ha(-1)) at four sites for each of two years (1996 and 1997) with and without supplemental irrigation. Residual soil NO3-N content increased from 33 kg NO3-N ha(-1) in the unfertilized check plots to 160 kg NO3-N ha(-1) when 250 kg N ha(-1) was applied. Across N treatments, residual soil NO3-N contents ranged from 30 to 105 kg NO3-N ha(-1) with irrigation and from 30 to 202 kg NO3-N ha(-1) without irrigation. Residual soil NO3-N content within the surface 0.30 m was related (R2 = 0.94) to the NO3-N content to a 0.90-m depth. Estimates of residual soil NO3-N content at the economically optimum nitrogen fertilizer application (Nop) ranged from 46 to 99 kg NO3-N ha(-1) under irrigated conditions and from 62 to 260 kg NO3-N ha(-1) under nonirrigated conditions, and were lower than the soil NO3-N content measured with 250 kg N ha(-1). We conclude that residual soil NO3-N after harvest can be maintained at a reasonable level (<70 kg NO3-N ha(-1)) when N fertilization is based on the economically optimum N application.     

Water quality modeling of fertilizer management impacts on nitrate losses in tile drains at the field scale

Nitrate losses from subsurface tile drained row cropland in the Upper Midwest U.S. contribute to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Strategies are needed to reduce nitrate losses to the Mississippi River. This paper evaluates the effect of fertilizer rate and timing on nitrate losses in two (East and West) commercial row crop fields located in south-central Minnesota. The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport (ADAPT) model was calibrated and validated for monthly subsurface tile drain flow and nitrate losses for a period of 1999-2003. Good agreement was found between observed and predicted tile drain flow and nitrate losses during the calibration period, with Nash-Sutcliffe modeling efficiencies of 0.75 and 0.56, respectively. Better agreements were observed for the validation period. The calibrated model was then used to evaluate the effects of rate and timing of fertilizer application on nitrate losses with a 50-yr climatic record (1954-2003). Significant reductions in nitrate losses were predicted by reducing fertilizer application rates and changing timing. A 13% reduction in nitrate losses was predicted when fall fertilizer application rate was reduced from 180 to 123 kg/ha. A further 9% reduction in nitrate losses can be achieved when switching from fall to spring application. Larger reductions in nitrate losses would require changes in fertilizer rate and timing, as well as other practices such as changing tile drain spacings and/or depths, fall cover cropping, or conversion of crop land to pasture.     

氮肥形态对坡耕地雨季土壤养分流失的影响

为了明确氮肥形态对土壤养分流失通量及途径的影响,采用随机区组试验设计,利用模拟径流小区观测的方法,研究在地膜覆盖与不覆盖情况下氮肥形态对坡耕地雨季土壤养分流失通量及途径的影响。研究结果表明：壤中流氮、磷和钾的流失量分别占总径流流失量的71.30%、6.36%和8.85%,说明磷和钾流失的主要途径是地表径流,而氮流失的主要途径是壤中流,地膜覆盖降低酰胺态氮肥和缓控释肥处理氮素流失量,其中酰胺态氮肥处理地膜覆盖较不覆盖壤中流氮流失浓度和径流氮素流失量分别降低40.40%和29.32%。在无覆盖条件下,各处理径流氮素流失顺序表现为：酰胺态氮肥〉铵态氮肥〉缓控释肥〉硝态氮肥,施用硝态氮肥氮素流失量最低,较施用酰胺态氮肥氮素流失少40.86%。在地膜覆盖条件下,各处理径流中氮素流失顺序表现为：铵态氮肥〉酰胺态氮肥〉硝态氮肥〉缓控释肥,施用缓控释肥氮素流失量最低,较施用铵态氮肥氮素流失少59.60%。结果表明在四川紫色丘陵区为了有效控制水土养分流失,在肥料形态的选择上,以无覆盖条件下施用硝态氮肥较好,以地膜覆盖条件下施用缓控释肥较好。     

Trees' role in nitrogen leaching after organic, mineral fertilization: a greenhouse experiment

New sustainable agriculture techniques are arising in response to the environmental problems caused by intensive agriculture, such as nitrate leaching and surface water eutrophication. Organic fertilization (e.g., with sewage sludge) and agroforestry could be used to reduce nutrient leaching. We assessed the efficiency of establishing trees and pasture species in environmentally sensitive, irrigated Mediterranean grassland soils in controlling nitrate leaching. Four vegetation systems-bare soil, pasture species, cherry trees [ (L.) L.], and pasture-tree mixed plantings-and five fertilization treatments-control, two doses of mineral fertilizer, and two doses of organic fertilizer (sewage sludge)-were tested in a greenhouse experiment over 2 yr. In the experiment, the wet and warm climate characteristics of Mediterranean irrigated croplands and the plant-to-plant and soil-to-plant interactions that occur in open-field agroforestry plantations were simulated. Following a factorial design with six replicates, 120 pots (30-cm radius and 120 cm deep) were filled with a sandy, alluvial soil common in the cultivated fluvial plains of the region. The greatest pasture production and tree growth were obtained with sewage sludge application. Both pasture production and tree growth decreased significantly in the pasture-tree mixed planting. Nitrate leaching was negligible in this latter treatment, except under the highest dose of sewage sludge application. The rapid mineralization of sludge suggested that this organic fertilizer should be used very cautiously in warm, irrigated Mediterranean soils. Mixed planting of pasture species and trees, such as , could be a useful tool for mitigating nitrate leaching from irrigated Mediterranean pastures on sandy soils.     

Sources of nitrate yields in the Mississippi River Basin

Riverine nitrate N in the Mississippi River leads to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Several recent modeling studies estimated major N inputs and suggested source areas that could be targeted for conservation programs. We conducted a similar analysis with more recent and extensive data that demonstrates the importance of hydrology in controlling the percentage of net N inputs (NNI) exported by rivers. The average fraction of annual riverine nitrate N export/NNI ranged from 0.05 for the lower Mississippi subbasin to 0.3 for the upper Mississippi River basin and as high as 1.4 (4.2 in a wet year) for the Embarras River watershed, a mostly tile-drained basin. Intensive corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] watersheds on Mollisols had low NNI values and when combined with riverine N losses suggest a net depletion of soil organic N. We used county-level data to develop a nonlinear model ofN inputs and landscape factors that were related to winter-spring riverine nitrate yields for 153 watersheds within the basin. We found that river runoff times fertilizer N input was the major predictive term, explaining 76% of the variation in the model. Fertilizer inputs were highly correlated with fraction of land area in row crops. Tile drainage explained 17% of the spatial variation in winter-spring nitrate yield, whereas human consumption of N (i.e., sewage effluent) accounted for 7%. Net N inputs were not a good predictor of riverine nitrate N yields, nor were other N balances. We used this model to predict the expected nitrate N yield from each county in the Mississippi River basin; the greatest nitrate N yields corresponded to the highly productive, tile-drained cornbelt from southwest Minnesota across Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. This analysis can be used to guide decisions about where efforts to reduce nitrate N losses can be most effectively targeted to improve local water quality and reduce export to the Gulf of Mexico.     

Nitrate leaching to subsurface drains as affected by drain spacing and changes in crop production system

Subsurface drainage is a beneficial water management practice in poorly drained soils but may also contribute substantial nitrate N loads to surface waters. This paper summarizes results from a 15-yr drainage study in Indiana that includes three drain spacings (5, 10, and 20 m) managed for 10 yr with chisel tillage in monoculture corn (Zea mays L.) and currently managed under a no-till corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. In general, drainflow and nitrate N losses per unit area were greater for narrower drain spacings. Drainflow removed between 8 and 26% of annual rainfall, depending on year and drain spacing. Nitrate N concentrations in drainflow did not vary with spacing, but concentrations have significantly decreased from the beginning to the end of the experiment. Flow-weighted mean concentrations decreased from 28 mg L(-1) in the 1986-1988 period to 8 mg L(-1) in the 1997-1999 period. The reduction in concentration was due to both a reduction in fertilizer N rates over the study period and to the addition of a winter cover crop as a "trap crop" after corn in the corn-soybean rotation. Annual nitrate N loads decreased from 38 kg ha(-1) in the 1986-1988 period to 15 kg ha(-1) in the 1997-1999 period. Most of the nitrate N losses occurred during the fallow season, when most of the drainage occurred. Results of this study underscore the necessity of long-term research on different soil types and in different climatic zones, to develop appropriate management strategies for both economic crop production and protection of environmental quality.     

Response of spinach and komatsuna to biogas effluent made from source-separated kitchen garbage

Recycling of kitchen garbage is an urgent task for reducing public spending and environmental burdens by incineration and/or landfill. There is an interesting regional effort in Ogawa, Saitama prefecture, Japan, in which source-separated kitchen garbage is anaerobically fermented with a biogas plant and the resultant effluent is used as a quick-release organic fertilizer by surrounding farmers. However, scientific assessments of fertilizer values and risks in the use of the effluent were lacking. Thus, a field experiment was conducted from 2003 to 2004 in Tohoku National Agricultural Research Center to grow spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis L. H. Bailey) for evaluating the fertilizer value of the kitchen garbage effluent (KGE), nitrate, coliform group (CG), Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci (FS), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus concentrations of KGE and in the soil and the plant leaves. A cattle manure effluent (CME) and chemical fertilizers (NPK) were used as controls. Total nitrogen (N) and ammonium N concentrations of the KGE were 1.47 and 1.46 g kg(-1), respectively. The bacteria tested were detected in both biogas effluents in the order of 2 to 3 log CFU g(-1), but there was little evidence that the biogas effluents increased these bacteria in the soil and the plant leaves. At the rate of 22 g N m(-2), yield, total N uptake, apparent N recovery rate, and leaf nitrate ion concentration at harvest of spinach and komatsuna in the KGE plot were mostly comparable to those in the NPK and CME plots. We conclude that the KGE is a quick-release N fertilizer comparable to chemical fertilizers and does not cause contamination of CG, E. coli, FS, or V. parahaemolyticus in the soil and spinach and komatsuna leaves.     

Comparative effectiveness of discharge and input control for reducing nitrate pollution

Nitrate pollution has caused serious environmental concerns, but its control is often complicated by its diffuse nature. In most cases, nitrate control has been linked to either nitrogen input or leaching. By incorporating the relationship among land use, fertilizer application, and nitrogen leaching into a linear programming model, this analysis investigates the comparative effectiveness between input and leaching control. The empirical results from a groundwater catchment in eastern England suggest that leaching control can be more cost-effective in nitrate reduction than fertilizer input control. The implications for control of nitrate leaching through incentives systems are discussed.