Motorcycle conspicuity: An evaluation and synthesis of influential factors

Motorcycles are overrepresented in fatal motor vehicle accidents: The death rate for motorcycle riders of about 35 per 100,000,000 miles of travel compares with an overall vehicle death rate of 2.57 per 100,000,000 miles. In the attempt to reduce the frequency of automobile-motorcycle collisions, numerous studies have manipulated motorcycle and motorcyclist characteristics to enhance conspicuity. In this paper, we give a review of studies that examined the effectiveness of these measures. Subsequently, we take a critical look at the methods used in these studies to evaluate the effectiveness of conspicuity treatments. Furthermore, we identify factors yet to be considered in the empirical research in this area that may contribute to collisions with motorcycles. These include information-processing failures at the identification and decision stage, as well as more or less permanent factors potentially responsible for different information-processing failures. Transient factors related to the failure to detect motorcycles might include alcohol, fatigue/lack of sleep, inattention, and information overload, whereas more permanent factors might include “cognitive” conspicuity and fi eld dependence.     

精噁唑禾草灵水解的影响因素及降解途径研究

研究了精噁唑禾草灵(FE)在不同乙腈体积分数的缓冲液中,不同温度和pH值条件下的水解动力学.结果表明,FE在不同条件下的水解均符合一级动力学.随着乙腈体积分数降低和温度升高,FE水解速率加快;FE在pH = 6.0时水解速率最小,pH值增大或减小,水解速率均变大.建立了温度和pH值与速率常数的回归方程式,该方程能够用于预测FE在缓冲溶液中的水解半减期.气相色谱-质谱分析表明,在pH值为3～7的条件下,FE发生了唑基-氧-苯基醚键的断裂,生成了2-(4-羟基苯氧基)丙酸乙酯和6-氯苯并唑酮.     

Organizational neuroscience: The promise and prospects of an emerging discipline

We review and discuss an Organizational Neuroscience perspective on management science research. Reviewing recent findings in the brain sciences, we provide concrete examples of how an organizational neuroscience perspective can advance organizational behavior research. We conclude that this new paradigm offers powerful insights and tools that complement traditional organizational research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

空气湿度对煤自燃特性影响的试验研究

为研究空气湿度对煤自燃特性的影响,运用程序升温试验台,在不同环境湿度条件下,对黄陵2号矿4#煤层煤样进行程序升温,分析不同温度下的气体成分,计算煤样在不同温度和湿度条件下的耗氧速率、CO和CO_2产生率,以及煤氧化的表观活化能。结果表明:与在干燥的空气中氧化相比,煤在加湿空气中的耗氧速率、CO和CO_2产生率升高,活化能降低,表明加湿有利于煤自燃;随空气湿度增加,煤体的耗氧速率、cO和CO_2产生率先升高后降低,活化能先降低后增加,表明存在一个最容易使煤氧化自燃的临界空气湿度;黄陵2号矿4#煤层煤样的临界相对湿度为25%左右。     

固定化微生物降解石油的影响因素研究

为研究以天然有机材料为载体的固定化微生物降解石油的效果,使其应用于修复石油污染物成为可能,选取高效石油降解单株菌SM -1和混合菌MM -7为试验菌株,并以天然有机材料为载体,采用吸附法制备固定化微生物,考察不同材料载体YJ-07和YJ-05的固定化微生物的降解性能以及不同环境因素,包括pH值、初始油质量浓度、接种量、盐(NaCl)质量浓度对游离菌和固定化降解菌的石油降解率的影响.结果表明:固定化菌MM - 7(YJ-07)的石油降解率为59.6％,比固定化菌MM -7(YJ -05)高2.3倍;固定化菌对石油的降解效果明显优于游离菌,降解率较游离菌提高10％ ～43％,对环境因素的变化有更强的耐受性;各单株固定化菌与游离菌最适宜条件为pH=7～8,盐质量浓度5～7 g/L,石油质量浓度1～7 g/L,接种量10％～20％;混合菌的降解效果略好于单菌.     

群体突发事件极端化的影响因素研究

为了预防和控制群体突发事件,研究群体突发事件极端化的影响因素,基于文献研究法和典型案例分析,从群体突发事件极端化的参与者情绪、围观者行为、信息传播、政府应急水平4个维度中提取14个极端化影响因素构建指标体系,首先运用ISM解释结构模型分析各因素之间的联系并进行分类;其次用ANP网络层次分析法对各影响因素的影响力进行排序,确定指标的综合权重;最后构建群体突发事件极端化的影响因素层级结构网络模型.结果 表明,多层递阶的影响因素网络模型可以有效建立群体突发事件极端化的影响结构,其中政府应急水平因素组所占权重最高.     

LNG储罐泄漏危险性影响因素分析

LNG(液化天然气)泄漏后产生大量的蒸汽,蒸汽的扩散受液池尺寸、泄漏区域地面类型、环境条件的影响,为了研究以上因素对LNG蒸汽扩散的影响,以方便采取事故预防措施,采用ALOHA软件对以上因素影响甲烷UFL(爆炸上限)、LFL(爆炸下限)、1/2LFL在下风向扩散的最远距离进行了定量分析,划分了可能发生火灾或者爆炸的危险区域,得出LNG泄漏到水面、混凝土地面、湿沙层、干沙层上危险性依次降低。选取水面温度分别为5℃、10℃、15℃、25℃,围堰尺寸分别为400 m2、600 m2、800 m2、1 000 m2,环境温度分别为-10℃、0℃、10℃、20℃、30℃、40℃时,对下风向甲烷体积分数分布进行定量分析,结果表明,甲烷UFL、LFL、12LFL扩散最远距离随水面温度、围堰尺寸、环境温度增加而逐渐增大。     

磁黄铁矿对铼的还原固定及其影响因素研究

利用非放射性的高铼酸根离子(ReO4-)模拟放射性的高锝酸根离子(TcO4-)的化学行为,研究天然磁黄铁矿还原固定地下水中高锝酸根离子的机理.结果表明:磁黄铁矿可以较好地处理水溶液中的铼,其80 d对初始浓度为5×10-5mol/L的ReO4-处理率可达97％,处理效果随反应时间延长、投加量增大而增强,磁黄铁矿对高铼酸根的去除符合准一级反应动力学方程,室温下,其准一级速率常数(kobs)为0.046 3 d-1;温度越高,磁黄铁矿对铼的处理效果越好,在80℃下效果最好,7d内就可以完全处理Re(Ⅶ);pH值对磁黄铁矿处理铼的效果有明显影响,pH=1.02时24h就可以完全去除铼离子,但在pH值为3～8.5时对反应速率影响不大.     

城市交通事故现场处理时间及影响因素分析

为了分析城市交通事故现场处理的时间长度和影响因素,以城市交通事故现场处理时间为研究对象,将城市交通事故现场处理的过程细分为划定警戒区域、现场勘查、撤除现场3个阶段,运用事故现场数据采集和视频数据提取的方式,采集了 829条泸州市城市交通事故现场处理数据,从中提取可能影响城市交通事故现场处理时间的4个事故相关因素、5个现场处理相关因素和3个环境因素.以城市交通事故现场处理时间为因变量、12个可能的影响因素为自变量,采用逐步回归的方法提取显著影响因素.结果表明,城市交通事故现场处理的平均时间为15.28 min,警戒区域占道情况、当事人确认情况、事故发生时间和事故严重程度是影响城市交通事故现场处理时间的最主要因素,围观群众影响情况、事故类型、天气情况、道路等级和事故发生时段对城市交通事故现场处理时间也有一定的影响.模型验证表明,所建立的回归模型平均相对误差为3.95％,具有较好的适应性.     

Intentions and knowledge shaping local safety policy: A comparison of two Swedish cities

IntroductionThis article explores how intentions and knowledge shape two Swedish cities' local safety policy (LSP).MethodThe applied framework is derived from the integration of governance and implementation research and the theory of knowledge and its use.ResultsThe study shows that LSPs are shaped by a mix of intentions and different kinds of knowledge, and intentions and knowledge interplay and intertwine in many ways. Key-persons construct LSPs when they work out solutions to urgent safety problems and take departure in the local context, its pre-conditions, and their experience-based and professional knowledge. The state governs LSP softly through management by objectives in the background, but more often key-actor intentions and commitments, local safety problems, and events initiated and influenced LSPs.ConclusionsThe article contributes to a better understanding of conditions for LSPs in multi-level governance.Practical applicationsThe article can be used to improve governance, identify implementation problems and knowledge needs that will improve LSPs and the overall safety situation in the community. The study has implications for how LSPs should be evaluated; many different evaluation criteria can be appropriate, such as relevance, legitimacy, achievement of key actors' objectives, sustainability of policy solutions, and creation of a local safety culture.     

植物挥发性有机物的作用与释放影响因素研究进展

植物释放的挥发性有机物属于植物次生代谢物质,对环境和人类生存具有正反两方面的作用。一方面,它们具有杀菌抑菌、保健等功能;另一方面,它们还参与对流层大气化学过程,对全球气候变化、碳循环和人类健康等有潜在的负面影响。综述了植物挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的作用、影响BVOCs释放的因素及还有待扩展和深入研究的方面,并对今后的研究进行了展望。结果表明:1)植物挥发性有机物对环境和人类健康有正反两方面的作用,目前大部分研究集中于杀菌抑菌等正面效应,而针对植物VOCs的负面效应研究较少;2)影响植物VOCs释放的因素包括内部因素(树种差异、生理因素、N素)和外部因素(光照、温度、湿度、CO2、臭氧和胁迫),目前研究多集中于单一因素;3)今后应加强植物VOCs释放机理的研究,分析其他因素或几种因素相互作用对植物释放VOCs的影响;建立和完善理论模型,用以模拟各种植物VOCs排放的时空动态,更好地预测全球气候变化。     

铁炭微电解处理制药废水效能影响因素研究

针对麻醉原料制药废水有机物浓度高、可生化性差、毒性大等特点,采用铁炭微电解法作为处理该制药废水的预处理工艺、考察了填料粒度、pH值、铁炭比、气水比和负荷等因素对铁炭微电解系统处理效能的影响.结果表明,在进水pH值为3,Fe/C体积比为1:2,铁屑、活性炭粒径为1 mm,负荷为175.5 kgCOD/(m3铁炭·d),气水比为10:1,反应时间为2h时,可使进水COD、色度分别为19000mg/L及600的制药废水,出水降至8 490 mg/L及20,去除率分别为55.29％和96.67％,同时可使废水可生化性得到增大,BOD5/COD由进水0.14提高至出水0.56.     

鼠李糖脂对多环芳烃的增溶作用及影响因素研究

生物表面活性剂因其环境友好的特点(可生物降解、低毒和有效增强生物降解)而有利于有机污染土壤的修复.在提高疏水性有机物在水相中的溶解度方面,生物表面活性剂的增溶效果尤为重要.通过试验研究了鼠李糖脂(RL)对多环芳烃(PAHs)菲和芘的增溶作用及溶液pH值、温度和无机盐离子浓度对增溶的影响.根据增溶倍数(Sw*/Sw)、摩尔增溶比(MSR)和胶束-水分配系数(Km)定量描述了RL对PAHs的增溶能力.结果表明,在鼠李糖脂临界胶束浓度(CMC)上下,RL对菲和芘均有增溶能力,尤其是在RL质量浓度超过其CMC时,增溶作用更加明显.Sw*/Sw显著增加,MSR随被增溶物相对分子质量增加而减小.Km随被增溶物疏水性增强而增大.pH值、温度、无机盐离子浓度对RL增溶PAHs的作用具有一定的影响.RL对菲和芘的增溶作用随pH值升高而降低;升高温度使RL对PAHs的增溶作用有所增加;无机盐离子对RL增溶PAHs的影响根据所添加的阳离子种类而异,K+促进RL对多环芳烃的增溶作用,而Ca2+的作用与此相反.     

漫湾水电站建设的景观生态风险时空分异及影响因子研究

采用地统计学方法并结合空间自相关指数Moran's I对漫湾水电站建设前后区域景观生态风险指数的时空分异特征进行分析,通过对风险指数的影响因子相关性分析,确定漫湾水电站的建设对区域景观生态水平的影响.结果表明:1)漫湾水电站建设期研究区景观生态风险水平显著升高,随着水电站的运营,在采取相应的环境保护措施后,高风险区域面积相对减小;2)漫湾水电站建设前后研究区的景观生态风险值在空间上具有中等程度空间自相关性,水电站建设及运行后人类干扰等随机因素对生态风险的影响相比建设前增大.选取综合地形指数(CTI)、坡度位置、与漫湾电站的直线距离、与河流的距离、与主干道的距离、海拔高度作为变量,分别与各栅格单元的景观生态风险指数作相关分析.水坝建设前生态风险与河流等自然环境显著相关;水坝建设期间生态风险度的相关因子众多,作用复杂;水坝建成后生态风险度与距漫湾水电站的距离、海拔高度显著相关.     

扁平大空间建筑烟气蔓延影响因素研究

为研究扁平大空间内烟气蔓延影响因素,通过FDS火灾模拟软件对上海某商业综合体的商场进行模型建立,利用计算机模拟,逐一研究了水喷淋,挡烟垂壁高度,排烟口大小、数量,补风方式、补风量对烟气蔓延的影响,通过对比得出结论:增加挡烟垂壁高度对烟气蔓延影响有限,而去除水喷淋对烟气蔓延速度及质量浓度影响最大,烟气蔓延至各测点时间最多加快超过100 s,各测点烟气单位长度消光率最多上升69.51%/m;减小补风量至50%与去除水喷淋对烟气分布影响效果相当,在进行防排烟设计优化时,应优先考虑水喷淋与补风量;此外排烟量保持不变,改变排烟口数量及大小对烟气影响主要体现为蔓延速度变化。     

Allocation of performance shaping factors in the risk assessment of an offshore installation

Offshore oil production is one of the most important human productive activities. There are many risks associated with the process of constructing a subsea well, pumping oil to the platform, and transporting it to refineries via underwater pipes or oil tankers. All actions performed by workers in those operations are influenced by specific working conditions, involving the use of complex systems. Contextual factors such as high noise, low and high temperatures and hazardous chemicals are considered to be contributors to unsafe human actions in accident analysis and also give a basis for assessing human factors in safety analysis. Some failure modes are particularly dangerous and can result in severe accidents and damage to humans, the environment and material assets. Fires and explosions on oil rigs are some of the most devastating types of offshore accidents and can result in long-term consequences. The most typical root causes related to accidents include equipment failure, human error, environmental factors, work organization, training and, communication, among others. The principal objective of this study is to propose a methodological framework to identify the factors that affect the performance of operators of an offshore unit for oil processing and treatment. In this phase, an ergonomics approach based on operators' work analysis is used as a supporting tool. After identification of factors that affect the performance of operators, a decision-making model based on AHP (analytic hierarchy process) is applied to rank and weight the principal performance shaping factors (PSFs) that influence safe operations. The next step involves the use of the SHELLO model to group the main PSFs in elements named software, hardware, environment, liveware and organization. In the last phase, a relevant accident that occurred aboard a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel is analyzed. The allocation process of the factors that affect the operator's performance in risk assessment was developed through fuzzy logic and the ISO 17776 standard.     

科技论文写作中需注意的一些问题

为了作者在科技论文的写作和投稿时能正确、规范地使用人名和科技名词术语,与"全国自然科学名词审定委员会"审定并公布的名词相一致.对在投稿过程中,经常遇到的人名和名词术语等常见问题进行了归类和总结,包括书写、读音.可为科技工作者撰写科技文章提供借鉴.