铁泥塑料特性及其制品的开发应用

铁泥塑料是利用硫酸厂、磷肥厂的弃渣－铁泥（代号FM）和废旧聚烯烃等为主要原料,以独特的技术和先进工艺制成的新型矿物增强塑料,已获国家发明专利CN1039496,铁泥塑料具有良好的物理机械性能,耐光、耐寒和抗老化特性,且无臭无毒,加工性能好,价格低廉,具有广阔实用开发前景。本文着重介绍铁泥塑料的理化特性,及其制品的开发应用,为在我国西部大开发中,抛砖引玉。     

城市有机垃圾焚烧烟气中氮氧化物生成特性的研究

本文对城市有机垃圾经模化后,在一小型固定床燃烧炉中进行了燃烧试验,研究了燃烧温度、炉内停留时间、过剩空气系数、垃圾粒径等因素对NOx生成的影响。研究表明,NOx在燃烧温度为600－800℃的范围内生成量最大,且随着停留时间的延长、过剩空气系数的增大、粒径的减少而增大。添加CaCO3、CaO对NOx的生成有不同程度的影响。     

热解气化焚烧发电——垃圾处理的清洁生产工艺

本文介绍了城市垃圾热解气化焚烧发电工艺和特点，认为应大力推广。     

关于塑料废弃物的回收利用与降解塑料的开发和应用

本文扼要论述了当前治理塑料废弃物对环境污染的主要办法：回收利用和降解塑料的开发和应用。阐述了两者的关系和几个概念问题：回收与回收利用;塑料废弃物与一次性塑料废弃物;降解塑料与回收及回收利用。指出,治理塑料废弃物对环境的污染不应采取“一刀切”的办法,而应根据不同情况,区别对待,综合治理。     

塑料包装废弃物的回收处理研究

随着中国经济的飞速发展,产生的废旧塑料垃圾越来越多。废旧塑料若处理不当不但会对环境造成危害,而且也是对资源的极大浪费。而在废旧塑料中,塑料包装废弃物占绝大多数。文章针对塑料包装废弃物的回收利用问题做了较深入的研究。在社会调研和数据分析的基础上,归纳总结出塑料废弃物回收利用技术,如回收再生法、焚烧供热法、热解转化法等,并对这些处理途径进行了分析。     

城市固体废弃物及下水污泥的焚烧处理与废热利用

日本城市垃圾及不水污泥在进行焚烧处理的同时，建立热利用系统，其技术趋于成熟，处理量逐年增长，使难以处理的废弃物的处理达到了减容化与资源化等目标。     

浅谈城市垃圾的危害和处理方法

阐述城市垃圾处理的如焚烧、堆肥和填埋处置3种主要方法。     

我国城市生活垃圾处理问题和分选技术的研究

对我国城市生活垃圾特性及处理现状进行了分析,并提出解决我国城市生活垃圾问题的根本是处理技术,同时对将成为垃圾处理技术重要发展趋势的分选技术进行介绍及可行性分析,举出垃圾分选技术的一个成功案例——“水力机械前部全分选技术”。     

动态发酵工艺参数的研究

本文定量地研究了城市生活垃圾滚筒式好氧堆肥处理技术的工艺参数。确定了动态发酵的适宜有机物含量为５０ ％ ～６０ ％ 、含水率为３０ ％ ～５０ ％ ,一次发酵时间为１ ～３ 天,二次发酵时间为１０ 天;一次发酵最佳温度为５５ ℃～６５ ℃。     

Is Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Economically Efficient?

It has traditionally been argued that recycling municipal solid waste (MSW) is usually not economically viable and that only when externalities, long-term dynamic considerations, and/or the entire product life cycle are taken into account, recycling becomes worthwhile from a social point of view. This article explores the results of a wide study conducted in Israel in the years 2000–2004. Our results reveal that recycling is optimal more often than usually claimed, even when externality considerations are ignored. The study is unique in the tools it uses to explore the efficiency of recycling: a computer-based simulation applied to an extensive database. We developed a simulation for assessing the costs of handling and treating MSW under different waste-management systems and used this simulation to explore possible cost reductions obtained by designating some of the waste (otherwise sent to landfill) to recycling. We ran the simulation on data from 79 municipalities in Israel that produce over 60% of MSW in Israel. For each municipality, we were able to arrive at an optimal method of waste management and compare the costs associated with 100% landfilling to the costs born by the municipality when some of the waste is recycled. Our results indicate that for 51% of the municipalities, it would be efficient to adopt recycling, even without accounting for externality costs. We found that by adopting recycling, municipalities would be able to reduce direct costs by an average of 11%. Through interviews conducted with representatives of municipalities, we were also able to identify obstacles to the utilization of recycling, answering in part the question of why actual recycling levels in Israel are lower than our model predicts they should be.     

城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺综述

城市垃圾对环境的影响越来越严重,垃圾填埋导致垃圾渗滤液的大量产生,渗滤液中含有大量的有机物、大量的病菌、病毒、寄生虫等以及一些有毒有害的物质,若渗滤液不加以妥善处理、肆意排放,必将对地下水、地表水构成严重威胁,因此垃圾渗滤液的有效处理就成为一个亟待解决的问题。本文对城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液的处理工艺进行了分析和探讨,介绍了国内外垃圾渗滤液处理的主要技术,包括土地处理法、生物法和物化法,并对电解法处理垃圾渗滤液进行了详细的介绍。     

南京市生活垃圾现状及综合处理对策研究

根据采样结果与统计分析,文章总结了南京市生活垃圾的现状,以及其产量和组成特性的变化趋势。城市生活垃圾处理是一个复杂的系统工程,任何单一的处置措施都无法满足。针对现实处理,过程中存在的问题,作者提出了生活垃圾的综合方案,即以设施为依托,以技术为核心,以市场为动力的设施－技术－市场三位一体综合方案。     

Household Demand for Waste Recycling Services

Municipalities everywhere are coping with increasing amounts of solid waste and need urgently to formulate efficient and sustainable solutions to the problem. This study examines the use of economic incentives in municipal waste management. Specifically, we address the issue of recycling, if and when this waste management option is—on social welfare grounds—a preferred solution.A number of studies have recently assessed the monetary value of the externalities of alternative solid waste management options. In the present context, these subsidies could be interpreted as the implicit value of the benefits from reducing environmental externalities associated with landfilling as perceived by local government authorities. We surmise that the difference between mean households willingness to pay (WTP) for recycling services, via the purchase of a subsidized waste disposal facility, and the above (proxy) value of externalities reflects the difference between private and public perception regarding the negative externality associated with landfilling. We believe that this information is useful in determining the level of subsidization needed (if at all) to sustain any recycling program.The study is unique in the sense that its conclusions are based on revealed household behavior when faced with increased disposal costs, as well as information on WTP responses in hypothetical but related (and, therefore, familiar) scenarios. The article also explores the influence of the subsidization schemes on recycling rates. It was found that with low levels of effort needed to participate in a curbside recycling program, households participation rates are mainly influenced by economic variables and age, and households are willing to pay a higher price for the recycling scheme. When the required effort level is relatively high, however, households would pay a lower price, and the rate is influenced mainly by their environmental commitment and by economic considerations. We found that in both cases a subsidy would be required in order to achieve an efficient level of recycling. The median price that households are willing to pay for recycling devices is found to be about NIS 370 (New Israeli Shekel, approximately $90).     

Environmental and economic aspects of production and utilization of RDF as alternative fuel in cement plants: A case study of Metro Vancouver Waste Management

Municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal and management is one of the most significant challenges faced by urban communities around the world. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) over the years has utilized many sophisticated technologies and smart strategies. Municipalities worldwide have pursued numerous initiatives to reduce the environmental burden of the MSW treatment strategies. One of the most beneficial MSWM strategies is the thermal treatment or energy recovery to obtain cleaner renewable energy from waste. Among many waste-to-energy strategies, refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a solid recovered fuel that can be used as a substitute for conventional fossil fuel. The scope of this study is to investigate the feasibility of RDF production with MSW generated in Metro Vancouver, for co-processing in two cement kilns in the region. This study investigates environmental impacts and benefits and economic costs and profits of RDF production. In addition, RDF utilization as an alternative fuel in cement kilns has been assessed. Cement manufacturing has been selected as one of the most environmentally challenged industries and as a potential destination for RDF to replace a portion of conventional fossil fuels with less energy-intensive fuel. A comprehensive environmental assessment is conducted using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. In addition, cost–benefit analysis (CBA) has been carried out to study the economic factors. This research confirmed that RDF production and use in cement kilns can be environmentally and economically viable solution for Metro Vancouver.     

2010年上海世博会垃圾组分的预测

为了便于2010年上海世博会期间生活垃圾的处理与处置,选择了和世博园区垃圾性质相近似的南京路步行街为参照区,进行垃圾组分的调研,预测模拟世博园区垃圾的组成与性质。研究结果表明：南京路步行街垃圾中食物垃圾占50％左右,塑料和纸张占45％左右,而一般的城市生活垃圾中塑料和纸张只占20％～30％左右,可见对于类似的垃圾资源化程度非常高。因此对于世博园垃圾进行分选,实现各组分垃圾的分流,可以更好地实现垃圾的资源化、减量化。     

Reject management from a Mechanical Biological Treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand

The potential reuse of rejects from upstream and downstream process of Mechanical-Biological-Treatment (MBT) plant for the production refuse derived fuel (RDF) was investigated in the present study. Since, the rejects were characterized with the high calorific values of approximately 21 kJ/kg for upstream process and 29.5 kJ/kg for downstream process, both can be considered for RDF production. Further, heavy metal contents were also not exceeding the European standards for using it as RDF is additional benefit. But, RDF production from upstream process rejects showed maximum energy supply of 3.20 × 10⁶ MJ/d with less ash (11.8%), chlorine (0.6%) and sulfur (0.2%) contents than the downstream process rejects. Among the three potential RDF users surveyed, the cement industries showed positive interest to burn RDF in their cement kiln with the energy supply cost of <2.1 USD/GJ. Few technical, economical and safety barriers were also identified with the RDF end users and potential suggestions were discussed for thriving RDF market in Thailand.     

东江源沿江村镇生活垃圾物理特性分析

东江系广东及香港的饮用水源地,其源区包括江西省赣州市的寻乌、安远和定南3县。本研究在东江源区选取了3个典型村庄,调查农村生活垃圾的产生量及物理特性。调查发现：东江源区农村生活垃圾主要以厨余类垃圾为主,可达60％以上;其次是灰土类垃圾,可达12％以上,其他组分一般在10％以下。县级村人均垃圾产生量一般在0.2~0.47 kg·d^-1,平均0.36 kg·d^-1;镇级村人均垃圾产生量在0.18~0.35 kg·d^-1,平均0.29 kg·d^-1;普通村人均垃圾产生量在0.07~0.33 kg·d^-1,平均0.17 kg·d^-1。混合生活垃圾含水率与厨余类垃圾所占的比例呈显著线性相关（R^2=0.626,P=0.019）。混合垃圾平均热值在2329 kJ·kg-1,不适合直接进行焚烧处理。