煤炭业循环经济发展浅探

分析了煤炭业发展循环经济的关键是延长煤炭主产业链和延伸辅产业链，介绍了抚矿集团作为全国首批循环经济试点单位正在构建的循环经济产业体系，指出发展循环经济是传统煤炭业生存的出路。     

基于生态产业链投资优化产业结构

在确定生态产业是辽宁产业结构的未来演变重点的基础上,通过模型构建和分析,可以得出结论：通过生态产业链的构建和延伸,可以铺开和扩大辽宁的生态产业和循环经济领域,能够从可持续发展角度来优化产业结构。如果把生态产业与资源梯次流动以及循环经济联系起来,并将其作为衡量产业结构优化的指标,则应该扩大辽宁在生态产业链方向的固定资产投资。     

基于循环经济的煤化工拓展石墨烯产业链构建

石墨烯材料因具有众多优良特性而受到各行各业的关注,其产业化有助于抢占国际科技制高点,致使各国均在布局石墨烯产业。石墨烯循环经济产业链的构建,是要构建绿色、资源节约型石墨烯产业链,符合我国当下生态文明建设发展主题。如何构建石墨烯绿色、生态的循环经济产业链?笔者基于循环经济进行了煤化工拓展石墨烯产业链的构建,希望能够为产业管理提供一定的参考。     

以高铝煤炭为起点发展循环经济

以宁夏北部的高铝煤炭发电为起点,形成电力、电石、石灰氮、单氰胺、双氰胺、氧化铝、金属铝、金属镓、水泥熟料、水泥、轻质碳酸钙、金属铁粉和熟石灰的循环经济产业链,该产业链上游产品或排出的废渣作为下游产品的原料,不仅综合利用电厂排出的粉煤灰、双氰胺厂排出的黑渣,而且整个循环系统无废水、废渣、废气排放,在减少粉煤灰、黑渣对环境污染的同时,提高了资源的循环利用效率.     

煤炭工业企业循环经济产业链设计与环境效益研究

本文在工业企业层面上，运用循环经济原理构建企业产业链，并分析了循环经济和环境效益之间的关系。在循环经济产业链的设计基础上，模仿生态系统中的物质流和能量流，提出了以“焦炭”为主要种群的煤炭资源深加工和废物综合利用的企业产业链模式，并进行了实例分析，最后指出了进一步实施循环经济的方向。研究结果表明，产业链是连接循环经济和环境效益的桥梁，因此工业企业按循环经济原则构建产业链，可以调整企业的产品结构，提高资源的利用效率，减少污染物的排放，降低企业污染防治费用，具有明显的经济效益和环境效益。     

DEA在生态工业园区循环经济绩效评价中的应用

在研究了大量相关文献的基础上,综述了循环经济绩效评价的理论依据并对比了基于这些理论发展起来的评价方法。鉴于DEA(数据包络分析)在循环经济绩效评价中的显著优点,建立了一个基于DEA评价方法的以效率为评价目标的生态工业园区循环经济绩效评价指标体系,指标体系的基本框架由产业园区循环经济系统的投入和产出组成,从经济、资源和环境3个方面对投入和产出进行分析,指标的选择充分体现了循环经济的"3R"基本原则。     

广东省农业循环经济发展的DEA分析与有效性评价

运用数据包络分析方法中的超效率DEA(Super-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis,SE-DEA)模型对2004、2005年广东21个地市农业循环经济发展的有效性进行了评价,并应用DEA模型(C2R和BC2)对于非DEA有效城市的主要原因进行了分析,提出了非有效向有效转化和调整的方向与建议。结果表明,两年间全省农业循环经济发展的平均超效率值均在2.0以上,平均综合效率、技术效率和规模效率值分别为0.967 0、0.974 8和0.991 0。2005年中有11个地市的效率值都呈现上升趋势,农业循环经济发展整体状况良好。5个非DEA有效的地市中,技术有效而规模无效率的地市只有汕尾,该地区的规模报酬处于递增状态。惠州、清远、梅州和江门地区均表现为技术、规模无效。其中梅州的技术效率最低,规模报酬显示出下降趋势。非DEA有效地市可对相对无效的投入、产出作适当调整,即缩减过多的投入或增加不足的产出,以改善和提高农业循环经济的运行效率。     

主要煤化工行业原料煤利用NO_x产排污系数研究

针对《第一次全国污染源普查工业源产排污系数手册》中尚未确定合成氨、甲醇、二甲醚、尿素以及兰炭行业原料煤利用过程中氮氧化物产排污系数的现状,课题通过现场监测与实验模拟法对其进行测算与统计,较为准确的测算出以上行业原料煤利用过程中氮氧化物的产排污系数,为完善我国产排污系数提供了必要的思路与方法。     

浅析电石渣的综合利用途径

根据电石渣的化学性质讨论了综合利用途径:第一,用作建筑材料的原料,如利用电石渣烧制水泥熟料;第二,用于化工生产,如用电石渣代替石灰生产氯酸钾;第三,用于环境治理,将电石渣作为矸石山自燃的灭火材料、用电石渣处理酸性废水以及作为煤燃烧的固硫剂等。     

海南石油化工循环经济产业链的构建研究

研究构建海南石化循环经济5个产业链，包括产品链、水生态链、能源生态链、废物生态链和信息生态链；分析我国海南石化产业链现状，提出了相关建议。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.