<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eubacterium rangiferina</Emphasis>, a novel usnic acid-resistant bacterium from the reindeer rumen

Reindeer are able to eat and utilize lichens as an important source of energy and nutrients. In the current study, the activities of antibiotic secondary metabolites including usnic, antranoric, fumarprotocetraric, and lobaric acid commonly found in lichens were tested against a collection of 26 anaerobic rumen bacterial isolates from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) using the agar diffusion method. The isolates were identified based on their 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequences. Usnic acid had a potent antimicrobial effect against 25 of the isolates, belonging to Clostridiales, Enterococci, and Streptococci. Isolates of Clostridia and Streptococci were also susceptible to atranoric and lobaric acid. However, one isolate (R3_91_1) was found to be resistant to usnic, antranoric, fumarprotocetraric, and lobaric acid. R3_91_1 was also seen invading and adhering to lichen particles when grown in a liquid anaerobic culture as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. This was a Gram-negative, nonmotile rod (0.2-0.7 x 2.0-3.5 microm) with a deoxyribonucleic acid G + C content of 47.0 mol% and main cellular fatty acids including 15:0 anteiso-dimethyl acetal (DMA), 16:0 iso-fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 13:0 iso-3OH FAME, and 17:0 anteiso-FAME, not matching any of the presently known profiles in the MIDI database. Combined, the phenotypic and genotypic traits including the 16S rRNA gene sequence show that R3_91_1 is a novel species inside the order Clostridiales within the family Lachnospiraceae, for which we propose the name Eubacterium rangiferina. This is the first record of a rumen bacterium able to tolerate and grow in the presence of usnic acid, indicating that the rumen microorganisms in these animals have adapted mechanisms to deal with lichen secondary metabolites, well known for their antimicrobial and toxic effects.     

A review on usnic acid,an interesting natural compound

Lichens are a world-widespread consortium of fungal and photosynthetic partners. Usnic acid is one of the most common and abundant lichen metabolites, well known as an antibiotic, but also endowed with several other interesting properties. This review summarises the most relevant studies on usnic acid, focusing on a number of biological activities in different fields. On the basis of the existing literature, usnic acid seems to be an exclusive lichen product. No synthetic derivatives more effective than the natural form are known. Both the (+) and (-) enantiomers of usnic acid are effective against a large variety of Gram-positive (G+) bacterial strains, including strains from clinical isolates, irrespective of their resistant phenotype. Of particular relevance is the inhibition of growth of multi-resistant strains of Streptococcus aureus, enterococci and mycobacteria. The (+)-usnic acid enantiomer appears to be selective against Streptococcus mutans without inducing perturbing side effects on the oral saprophyte flora. On the other hand, the (-)-usnic acid enantiomer is a selective natural herbicide because of its blocking action against a specific key plant enzyme. Other recognised characteristics of usnic acid are ultraviolet absorption and preserving properties. The toxicology, the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects and the mechanism of action of usnic acid need to be investigated in greater detail in order to reach clinical trials and to allow further applications. Furthermore, more research is needed to make possible intensive lichen culture, in order to produce large quantities of lichen substances for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and agricultural purposes. Some biological aspects, i.e. the possible biological roles of usnic acid, are discussed.     

反硝化条件下微生物降解地下水中的苯和甲苯

利用实验室含水层物质微环境实验,对地下水中常见有机污染物苯和甲苯在厌氧反硝化条件下的微生物降解进行了研究．通过10种方案实验结果的分析对比表明,在强化反硝化条件下,微生物利用NO₃^-作为电子受体降解苯和甲苯;降解苯和甲苯的反硝化细菌来自于含水层物质;微生物所需要的宏量营养由苯、甲苯和硝酸盐提供,而微生物所需要的其他痕量元素来自于含水层物质;环境的酸碱条件对微生物降解具有重要影响pH值过高（pH＞10）或过低（pH＜4）均抑制微生物降解过程的进行这些结论对研究地下水有机污染及其生物治理具有一定的理论和实际指导意义     

光助电催化降解偶氮染料酸性橙II的降解过程研究

使用自制的具有电催化活性和光催化活性TiO2改性的β-PbO2电极,研究了光助电催化氧化过程、电催化氧化过程和光催化氧化过程对于偶氮染料酸性橙Ⅱ的降解.用紫外可见光谱和高效液相色谱分析了3种降解过程中不同的降解行为,对降解产物进行了FTIR和GC-MS分析.结果表明,单独电催化过程不同于其它2种过程,出现了醌类物质的大量累积;而在光助电催化氧化过程中,光催化氧化过程大大抑制了电催化氧化过程中累积的高毒性醌类物质.在2 h内,光助电催化氧化过程是其它2种过程TOC去除率的1.56倍,产生了明显的协同作用.3种降解过程遵循相同的降解历程,都经历了产生醌类物质到低分子量有机酸的步骤.     

3,5-二硝基苯甲酸降解菌A3的分离及降解特性

 从硝基苯类化合物废水处理系统中分离到一株3,5-二硝基苯甲酸降解菌株A3,经形态特征、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni).该菌能以200mg/L3,5-二硝基苯甲酸为唯一碳源,12h的降解率可达95%以上,24h可溶性有机碳(DOC)由72.5mg/L降至10.2mg/L,表明3,5-二硝基苯甲酸被降解矿化而不是被转化成其他有机物.当A3以200mg/L3,5-二硝基苯甲酸为唯一碳、氮源时,将底物转化为一种黄色代谢产物,该产物不易进一步降解.A3降解3,5-二硝基苯甲酸的适宜温度为20～30℃,最适pH值为5～9.     

全氟辛酸光催化材料应用及降解机理研究进展

全氟辛酸（PFOA）是一种广泛存在于环境介质中的典型全氟化合物,具有高毒性、难降解等特点,严重威胁生态环境安全及人类遗传、免疫、神经和生殖健康,其环境危害和风险防控引起广泛关注。光催化技术具有反应条件温和、处理效率高、应用成本低且无二次污染等优势,在PFOA的降解处理方面具有广阔应用前景。为研发活性强、可见光吸收性能好、稳定性高的新型光催化材料,实现水中PFOA的高效降解,系统梳理了近20年来PFOA光催化降解材料制备的相关研究,对不同光催化降解材料的降解特性及存在问题进行全面分析;结合现有材料对PFOA的光催化降解,总结光催化降解材料的反应机理及活性增强机制,阐明PFOA的光催化降解路径。

     

Microbial response to CaCO3 application in an acid soil in southern China

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) application is widely used to ameliorate soil acidification. To counteract soil and bacterial community response to CaCO₃ application in an acidic paddy soil in southern China, a field experiment was conducted with four different dosages of CaCO₃ addition, 0, 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha, respectively. After one seasonal growth of rice, soil physicochemical properties, soil respiration and bacterial communities were investigated. Results showed that soil pH increased accordingly with increasing dose of CaCO₃ addition, and 7.5?tons/ha addition increased soil pH to neutral condition. Moderate dose of CaCO₃ application (4.5?tons/ha) significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) content, enhanced soil respiration, while the excessive CaCO₃ application (7.5?tons/ha) decreased these soil properties. High-throughput sequencing results illustrated that moderate dose of CaCO₃ application increased the richness and alpha diversity of soil bacterial community. Compared with control, the relative abundance of Anaerolineaceae family belonging to Chloroflexi phylum increased by 38.7%, 35.4% and 24.5% under 2.25, 4.5 and 7.5?tons/ha treatments, respectively. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH was the most important factor shaping soil bacterial community. The results of this study suggest that proper dose of CaCO₃ additions to acid paddy soil in southern China could have positive effects on soil properties and bacterial community.     

Effects of methyl-CD and humic acid on hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide diclofop-methyl

Hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide diclofop-methyl was investigated in the multi-pH deionized water, natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions. Resulting data indicated that the herbicide was stable in the acidic and neady neutral solutions for at least 15 d. The herbicide diclofop-methyl rapidly dissipated in the natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions with half-lives less than 4 d. Methyl-CD(partially methylated β-cyclodextdn) improved its hydrolytic degradation in the pH 8 deionized water and natural aquatic systems while humic acid inhibited its hydrolytic degradation at the same conditions. But dissolved organic matter in the natural aquatic systems and soil suspensions increased its hydrolysis. Two catalysis mechanisms were introduced to describe the effects of cyclodextrin and organic matter on its hydrolytic metabolism. Though inorganic ions maybe improved its hydrolysis reaction in the natural aquatic systems, Fe^2 and Cu^2 did not form complexes with the herbicide and had poor influences on its hydrolytic degradation whether cyclodextrin was added or not.     

Effects of methyl-CD and humic acid on hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide

IntroductionDiclofopmethylhasbeenintroducedbyFarbwerkeHoechstAGforthecontrolofabroadspectrumofwildoatsandotherannualgrassweedsinavarietyofcrops.Theherbicidehaslowsolubility,strongadsorptionandlowvaporpressure,indicatingthatitwouldbeimmobileunderfieldconditions(Smith,1986).Laboratoryandfieldstudieshaveshownitunderwentarapidhydrolysistodiclofopinplantandsoil,thecorrespondingpropionicacidthatislessherbicidalthantheparentcompounddiclofopmethyl(Smith,1977;1986;Martens,1978).Cyclodextrinsarecycli…     

负载磁性废茶生物炭活化过一硫酸盐高效降解水中腐殖酸和富里酸

城市污水厂二级处理出水中含有大量的溶解性有机物(Dissolved organic matters,DOM)会对生物和受纳水体构成潜在的危害,因此有必要对二级处理出水进行深度处理.本研究以农业废弃物茶叶渣为原料,通过对废弃茶叶改性和负磁制备一种磁性废茶生物炭(Fe-tea biochar,Fe-TB),用于活化过一硫酸...     

The contribution of mediated oxidation mechanisms in the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid using diamond anodes

In this work, the contribution of mediated oxidation mechanisms in the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid using boron-doped diamond(BDD) anodes was investigated in different electrolytes. A complete mineralization of cyanuric acid was obtained in Na Cl;however lower degrees of mineralization of 70% and 40% were obtained in Na2SO4 and Na Cl O4, respectively. This can be explained by the nature of the oxidants electrogenerated in each electrolyte. It is clear that the contribution of active chlorine(Cl2, HCl O, Cl O-)electrogenerated from oxidation of chlorides on BDD is much more important in the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid than the persulfate and hydroxyl radicals produced by electro-oxidation of sulfate and water on BDD anodes. This could be explained by the high affinity of active chlorine towards nitrogen compounds. No organic intermediates were detected during the electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid in any the electrolytes, which can be explained by their immediate depletion by hydroxyl radicals produced on the BDD surface. Nitrates and ammonium were the final products of electrolytic degradation of cyanuric acid on BDD anodes in all electrolytes. In addition, small amounts of chloramines were formed in the chloride medium. Low current density(≤ 10 m A/cm2) and neutral medium(p H in the range 6–9) should be used for high efficiency electrolytic degradation and negligible formation of hazardous chlorate and perchlorate.     

紫外/过硫酸盐工艺降解水中氯贝酸的研究

采用紫外/过硫酸盐（UV/PS）工艺去除水中典型PPCPs类物质氯贝酸（CA）.考察了氯贝酸初始浓度、PS投加量、溶液初始pH值、碳酸氢根离子浓度、氯离子浓度和腐殖酸（HA）投加量共计6种因素对UV/PS工艺去除氯贝酸的影响.结果表明：UV/PS工艺降解氯贝酸与准一级动力学模型相符（R²>0.95）,准一级反应速率常数随氯贝酸初始浓度增加而减小.在一定的范围内,随着PS投加量的增加,氯贝酸的降解速率快速增加.不同的pH值环境对氯贝酸的降解有一定影响,溶液pH值从酸性到碱性再到强碱性的过程中,UV/PS工艺对氯贝酸的降解速率呈先加快后减慢的趋势.溶液中的碳酸氢根离子和氯离子都会对UV/PS工艺降解氯贝酸产生抑制作用,且两者对该反应的抑制作用大小关系为HCO₃^->Cl^-.HA的存在对UV/PS工艺去除氯贝酸有抑制作用.     

臭氧法降解水中对甲基苯磺酸的动力学研究

采用臭氧法降解对甲基苯磺酸废水,研究了对甲基苯磺酸降解的影响因素和动力学.考察了反应液初始浓度、初始pH值、臭氧投量、反应温度、常见无机离子等因素对臭氧氧化降解对甲基苯磺酸反应速率的影响.结果表明,对甲基苯磺酸初始浓度0.29mmol.L-1,pH9.0,臭氧投量3.75×10-6mol.s-1,控制温度25℃,反应6...     

氧四环素的微生物燃料电池处理及微生物群落

氧四环素(OTC)作为一种广谱性抗生素而被大量使用,其滥用不仅直接破坏生态系统,更容易引起微生物耐药性和抗性基因污染等问题.本研究利用微生物燃料电池(MFC)处理OTC,研究OTC在MFC不同运行时期的去除率变化情况,发现在运行150 d后,MFC对10 mg·L-1OTC的去除率在132 h达到99.0%.利用高通量测序技术分析并比较了原始接种猪粪与运行150 d后MFC阳极生物膜的微生物群落结构,发现厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)处于优势地位,但相比于原始接种猪粪,MFC生物膜上的变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的丰度从2.84%提高至8.92%~22.75%,此外,真细菌属(Eubacterium)的比例从几乎为0.00%显著提高至20.49%~49.00%.根据现有研究报道,Eubacterium spp.对多种氧杂环芳香族化合物具有一定的生物降解能力,本研究表明Eubacterium spp.可能是一类具有较强OTC降解能力的功能微生物.     

活化过氧乙酸技术降解环境有机污染物的研究进展

近年来,以抗生素、内分泌干扰物等为代表的新污染物在环境中被频繁检出,对生态系统和人类健康构成潜在风险,高效稳定的有机污染物控制技术研发是当前环境领域的研究热点。以活化过氧乙酸的高级氧化技术为研究对象,对过渡金属、碳材料及其复合材料活化过氧乙酸的效果及其降解有机污染物的机制进行系统论述,重点探讨反应过程中的自由基（有机自由基、羟基自由基）和非自由基（单线态氧、高价金属氧物种、电子转移和表面络合的复合物）降解机制,总结了活化过氧乙酸技术在废水、土壤或沉积物、地下水等环境介质中对污染物的降解效果。提出了未来研究重点,即开发高效稳定的活化过氧乙酸催化剂,加强活化过氧乙酸技术在土壤和沉积物中降解有机污染物机制的探索,深入联合其他处理技术的应用研究。

     

污水生化出水有机物对氯贝酸臭氧降解的影响研究

常规水处理技术无法有效去除痕量的药品和个人护理品(PPCPs),臭氧工艺因具有效果可观、二次污染小等优势,尤其适合用于生化尾水的深度处理.而污水生化出水有机物(EfOM)对臭氧降解PPCPs起着至关重要的作用.本文选取腐殖酸(HA)、牛血清蛋白(BSA)、海藻酸钠(AGS)和葡聚糖(Dextran)作为模拟EfOM 4种代表物质,以氯贝酸(CA)为PPCPs模板化合物,考察了模拟EfOM化合物浓度、反应时间及溶液初始pH对臭氧降解效果的影响规律和机制.结果表明,CA臭氧降解速率符合假一级动力学方程,模拟EfOM化合物为10 mg·L~(-1) TOC时,对CA臭氧降解效果呈现出HADextran≈DW(超纯水)≈AGSBSA的规律.HA可提高HO·的生成速率从而加快CA降解效率,反应速率常数提升了3倍,去除率提高了17.5%;而BSA则明显抑制HO·的生成,从而降低CA降解速率.HA的存在对CA臭氧降解影响较为复杂,研究发现当HA浓度为1 mg·L~(-1) TOC时,能促进HO·的生成和CA的降解,而当浓度升高时会表现出抑制作用.CA臭氧降解速率和反应过程中HO·生成均随着溶液初始pH的增加而增大.pH的变化还会影响HA对臭氧降解CA的作用效果.溶液初始pH为4时,HA投加可促进HO·生成和臭氧降解;但随着pH的升高,HA的存在形态会发生改变,从而表现出对CA臭氧降解效果的抑制作用.     

铁氧化物与丙酸对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解影响

采用红壤性水稻土进行厌氧培养试验,设定灭菌对照、对照、丙酸、针铁矿、丙酸+针铁矿5个处理,分析铁氧化物、丙酸及其交互作用对土壤中六氯苯还原脱氯过程的影响及其反应机制.结果表明,培养40d后,5个处理的土壤中六氯苯可提取态残留量分别减少了26.9%、48.5%、63.4%、56.9%和72.9%;六氯苯还原脱氯主要生成五氯苯;添加丙酸在整个培养过程均显著促进六氯苯还原脱氯降解;添加针铁矿在培养前期促进六氯苯还原脱氯的效果明显;同时添加丙酸和针铁矿对促进六氯苯还原脱氯具有协同作用.     

O3/UV降解水中的乙酸和硝基苯

利用O3 /UV和O3/H2O2降解了水中的乙酸,结果表明,在相同条件下处理60min后,O3/UV对乙酸的去除率仅比单独臭氧化处理提高了3%,而O3/H2O2在此条件下完全降解乙酸.O3/UV在处理硝基苯过程中却显示较好的氧化降解能力,通过分析表明,硝基苯降解过程中所产生的副产物H2O2对有机物的去除具有很重要的作用.因此,O3/UV氧化降解能力的提高可能有2方面的原因,紫外光对有机物的活化作用;中间产物H2O2催化臭氧分解产生了高活性的羟基自由基. 单独紫外光催化臭氧分解产生羟基自由基的效率极低.