Evaluation of the water quality of the Hakata River based on diatoms

We investigated the epilithic diatom assemblage of samples collected from three sites of the Hakata River, Fukuoka, Japan, on November 26, 2008. Each taxon was photographed and identified. The 1747 diatom frustules collected were classified into 33 taxa belonging to 17 genera. Nitzschia fonticola was abundant at all sites. The DAIpo (the diatom assemblage index to organic water pollution) values for sites 1, 2, and 3 were 50.2, 44.1 and 48.0, respectively, indicating that the water quality of the Hakata River was at β-mesosaprobic level.     

基于InVEST模型的白龙江流域水源供给服务时空分异

甘肃白龙江流域是我国嘉陵江上游水资源重要的补给地之一,对其开展流域生态系统水源供给服务功能空间定量评估研究,有利于水源区保护规划的制定和生态补偿机制的建立。论文基于研究区土地利用数据、气象、土壤和野外观测数据等,应用InVEST模型水源供给模块估算白龙江流域生态系统的水源供给量,并定量分析流域水源供给服务的空间分布特征及不同地形因子的影响。结果表明：白龙江流域生态系统水源平均供给量约在388 mm左右,且存在一定的空间异质性;中部干热河谷区域水源供给量相对较小,东南部山地林区降雨量大,水源供给量较高,林地（如云冷杉类、针叶林类等）和农田水源供给量较高。流域内水源供给量随海拔高度和坡度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其高值区主要分布在1 500~3 500 m和15°~40°区段;阴坡区域水源供给量大于阳坡区域。     

Concentration level and geographical distribution of nitrobenzene in Chinese surface waters

Nitrobenzene was reported to occur at relatively high concentrations in some Chinese surface water and to cause an environmental pollution event in 2005.To map the distribution of nitrobenzene in the Chinese surface water throughout China,surface water samples were collected from over 600 sites in the 7 major watersheds and three drainage areas.The samples were analyzed for concentration of nitrobenzene.Overall,nitrobenzene was more frequently detected at higher concentrations in the rivers of North Chin...     

Assessment of the Virological Quality of Marine and Running Surface Waters in NW Greece: A Case Study

The virological quality of surface marine and running water samples collected from Igoumenitsa gulf and Kalamas river (NW Greece) was assessed from October 2012 to September 2013. Sampling sites were exposed to different land and/or anthropogenic effects. Seawater samples were collected monthly from five sampling stations (new harbor, old harbor, wastewater treatment plant outlet, protected Natura area, Drepano beach). Viral targets included human adenoviruses (hAdVs), as index human viruses, while noroviruses (NoVs) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) were also studied. Kalamas river samples were collected seasonally, from three sampling stations (Soulopoulo, Dam, Sagiada-estuaries), while viral targets included also porcine adenoviruses (pAdVs) and bovine polyoma viruses (bPyVs), as additional index viruses. All water samples were analyzed for standard bacterial indicators, as well. Physicochemical and meteorological data were also collected. Based on the standard bacterial indices, both sea and river water samples did not exceed the limits set according to Directive 2006/7/EU. However, positive samples for hAdVs were found occasionally in all sampling sites in Igoumenitsa gulf (23.3%, 14/60) showing fecal contamination of human origin. Moreover, HAV was detected once, in the sampling site of the old port (at 510 GC/L). Most of the Kalamas water samples were found positive for hAdVs (58.3%, 7/12), while human noroviruses GI (NoVGI) (8.3%, 1/12) and GII (NoVGII) (16.7%, 2/12) were also detected. HAV, pAdVs, and bovine polyomaviruses (bPyVs) were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. No statistically significant correlations were found between classic bacterial indicators and viral targets, nor between viruses and meteorological data. Overall, the present study contributed to the collection of useful data for the biomonitoring of the region, and the assessment of the overall impact of anthropogenic activities. It provided also valuable information for the evaluation of the risk of waterborne viral infections and the protection of public health. It was the first virological study in the area and one of the few in Greece.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fuorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis (CODCr and BOD5) and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 (r=0.72878). Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

淮河下游典型农村饮用水中苯并[a]芘含量与人群健康的关系

为了解淮安市淮河两岸农村居民饮用水中ρ〔B[a]P〕(苯并[a]芘浓度)与人群肿瘤发病死亡关系,选择淮安市沿淮河分布的盱眙、金湖、楚州三县(区)14个乡镇28个村,分别在丰、枯水期采集沟塘水、浅层井水、深层井水水样并测定ρ〔B[a]P〕,分析其与当地人群肿瘤发病死亡的关系. 结果表明:在159份水样中,有89.94%的水样检测到B[a]P,ρ〔B[a]P〕平均值为9.77 ng/L(95%CI,7.01～12.54 ng/L),水样超标率为25.78%. 丰水期不同水源超标率有统计学差异(χ2=10.15,P<0.01),其中沟塘水的ρ〔B[a]P〕最高. 虽然三县(区)肿瘤发病、死亡率及各区水样中的ρ〔B[a]P〕平均值有统计学差异,但不论是丰、枯水期,沟塘水、浅层井水和深层井水中的ρ〔B[a]P〕与人群肿瘤发病、死亡率之间却均未在统计学上有相关性. 淮安市淮河流域农村居民饮用水中ρ〔B[a]P〕有一定超标,但尚未证实其与当地肿瘤高发有相关性.      

海河流域社会经济发展对河流水质的影响

海河流域社会经济快速发展,主要河流水质恶化.本文基于海河流域人口规模、经济产值和土地利用变化过程,结合河流社会经济发展指标和水质变化统计分析,从流域废污水排放和水资源利用等角度分析社会经济对水环境影响机制.研究表明,流域人口规模大幅增长、工业生产强度大幅提高,工业聚集区由北京-天津地区扩展到北京-天津-唐山、石家庄、聊城-德州等地区,导致海河流域工业废水和生活污水排放规模迅速上升,成为河流水质恶化直接驱动力.城市扩张是流域土地利用变化最显著特征,近30年来城市用地面积增加85%,北京-天津-唐山城市群规模扩大,造成流域水资源开发利强度加剧,降低河流自净缓冲能力.因子分析表明,流域影响河流水质因素分解为农村、城市和自然等3个方面,其中城市化过程和农村社会经济发展对河流水体污染物浓度水平影响非常显著.     

浑太河流域不同水生态功能区环境要素的分布特征及其与土地利用之间的关系

为深入分析不同水生态功能区土地利用方式对环境要素空间分布特征的影响,于2009—2016年对浑太河流域300个样点的407组数据进行野外监测（包括26种水环境要素数据以及2010年和2015年的Landsat TM遥感影像数据）,采用主成分分析、Spearman相关性分析和多元线性回归分析,筛选主要水环境因子,分析流域水质指数（WQI）的空间变化规律,结合水生态功能分区和各样点的土地利用数据,探究了不同水生态功能区土地利用方式对河流主要环境要素的影响.结果表明:①电导率（EC）、溶解氧（DO）、悬浮物（SS）、5日生化需氧量（BOD₅）、化学需氧量（COD_Cr）和铵态氮（NH₄+）是影响浑太河流域水质状况的主要环境要素.②水生态Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区WQI较高,水质状况较好,平均值分别为86.80±6.47和85.57±6.69,其中等级为好的样点占比分别为30.41%和21.70%;水生态Ⅲ区水质较差,WQI平均值为72.92±13.75,其中建设用地和林地是影响WQI的主要土地利用类型;随着林地面积减少,建设用地面积增加,WQI逐渐降低（R_adj2=0.25）,其中等级为好的样点占比仅为0.94%,而等级为差的样点占比超过50%.研究显示,土地利用对河流主要环境要素的影响在3个水生态功能区有显著差异,建设用地面积的快速增加和林地面积的大幅降低是影响浑太河流域水生态Ⅲ区水质状况的主要驱动因子.      

HACHDR／2500分光光度法测定水样中总磷的可行性研究

文章运用HACHDR／2500分光光度计,对HACH法测定水样中总磷的检出限、精密度、回收率等一系列实验室质量要求进行了测定。并在此基础上,对多个断面的地表水和不同行业工业废水水体的实际样品进行了HACH法与国家标准钼酸铵分光光度法比对实验,从而证明HACHDR／2500分光光度法与国家标准方法无显著性差异。     

Seasonal variation of nitrogen-concentration in the surface water and its relationship with land use in a catchment of northern China

Surface waters can be contaminated by human activities in two ways: (1) by point sources, such as sewage treatment discharge and storm-water runoff; and (2) by non-point sources, such as runoff from urban and agricultural areas. With point-source pollution effectively controlled, non-point source pollution has become the most important environmental concem in the world. The formation of non-point source pollution is related to both the sources such as soil nutrient, the amount of fertilizer and pesticide applied, the amount of refuse, and the spatial complex combination of land uses within a heterogeneous landscape. Land-use change, dominated by human activities, has a significant impact on water resources and quality. In this study, fifteen surface water monitoring points in the Yuqiao Reservoir Basin, Zunhua, Hebei Province, northem China, were chosen to study the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentration in the surface water. Water samples were collected in low-flow period(June), high-flow period(July) and mean-flow period(October) from 1999 to 2000. The results indicated that the seasonal variation of nitrogen concentration in the surface water among the fifteen monitoring points in the rainfall-rich year is more complex than that in the rainfall-deficit year. It was found that the land use, the characteristics of the surface river system, rainfall, and human activities play an important role in the seasonal variation of N-concentration in surface water.Keywords: non-point source pollution; nitrogen concentration; seasonal variation; land use; Yuqiao Reservoir Basin, China     

典型畜禽粪污中雌激素排放特征

为探究畜禽粪污中雌激素的排放水平和分布特征,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）分析方法,对上海市典型畜禽养殖类型（猪、奶牛、鸡）排放粪污样品中雌激素含量进行测定.结果表明:猪场粪便、沼渣肥、还田土壤、尿液和沼液样品中5种雌激素（E1,雌酮;E2,雌二醇;E3,雌三醇;EE2,炔雌醇;DES,己烯雌酚）总量分别为94.5 ng/g、35.1 ng/g、0.1 ng/g和8 882.2 ng/L、4 388.6 ng/L,其中E1是排泄物中最主要的雌激素;奶牛场粪便、堆肥、还田土壤、尿液、污水进水及出水样品中雌激素总量分别为84.6 ng/g、16.2 ng/g、0.1 ng/g和2 636.7 ng/L、2 605.6 ng/L、615.7 ng/L,其中E1和E2含量最高;鸡场粪便和堆肥样品中雌激素总量分别为60.9和17.5 ng/g.研究显示,猪场、奶牛场和鸡场排泄物中均含有一定数量的天然和人工合成雌激素,雌激素含量水平总体表现为粪便高于有机肥、尿液高于污水;通过畜禽粪污向环境中排放的雌激素总量表现为猪场>奶牛场>鸡场;厌氧发酵对猪场污水中雌激素具有一定的去除效果,而污水厌氧-好氧净化处理和固体粪高温好氧堆肥对奶牛场排泄物中雌激素具有较高的去除效果.      

辽宁省宽甸水体中硼的环境地球化学特征研究

在宽甸地区的地表水系(鸭绿江、蒲石河、南股河、北股河、爱河等),地下水及饮用水系布设采样点共采集样品56个并采用等离子质谱(Excell)及等离子光谱(IRIS)进行硼含量分析.由此揭示水体中硼的来源、分布、运移和聚集等情况,并且根据国家<农田灌溉水质标准>(GB5084-92)中关于硼和pH的规定分析评价了宽甸地区地表水体的灌溉能力以及根据卫生部<生活饮用水水质卫生规范>中关于硼和pH的规定分析评价了饮用水的安全程度.结果表明,宽甸地区未受硼矿开发影响的水体基本适合农业灌溉或饮用,而在硼矿开发区范围内,受到硼矿开发影响的水体大部分不适合灌溉,或不适合饮用.      

北京密云水库流域1980～2003年地表水质评价

对密云水库所处流域的4个监测点1980～2003年的地表水质数据进行分析,并参考单因子水质标识指数方法以国家地表水环境质量标准为标准进行地表水质评价.结果表明,4个监测点上都是TP的年际波动最大,变异系数分别为93.86%、86.08%、50.56%和139.47%;其次是Hg,4个监测点的变异系数分别为86.08%、25.75%、56.52%和47.01%;其余5个指标的变异系数相对较小.流域内4个监测点的高锰酸盐指数、BOD5、Pb和Cr都未超过饮用水标准限值;Hg只是在个别年份上(S1和S3在1992年,S4在1996年)超过饮用水标准限值.该流域主要是以TN和TP的污染为主,而且大部分年份TN比TP的污染严重.与1990年前十年平均水平相比,流域内1990年后十年平均化肥、农药和农用薄膜使用量分别增加了46%、1.73倍和3.59倍.畜牧业产值比重从1990年前的24.4%增加到1990年后的39.8%.与1990年前十年平均水平相比,1990年后十年平均工业总产值增长了4.24倍.空间上的分析表明,密云水库上游的污染风险大于下游出口的污染风险,而且潮河流域TN和TP污染物质对库区TN和TP污染发生的贡献大于白河流域.     

修建佛子岭抽水蓄能电站对水质影响的预测分析

修建佛子岭抽水蓄能电站对水质有一定的影响。在此利用数学模型对施工期及运行期的水质进行了预测，并分析得出水库水质能达到所属水功能区要求，只要控制水库上游面源污染及网箱养鱼，水库就不会发生包括富营养在内的污染问题。     

海绵城市建设的水质水量控制效果实证研究:以鹤壁试点区为例

首批国家海绵城市试点建设已经完成,有关海绵城市规划与模型模拟的研究也层出不穷,但是对于海绵建设区开展持续监测并进行深入分析的研究较为缺乏,而对于海绵城市实际建设区的水质水量研究是规划建设理论与实践效果差别的唯一检测器,是优化未来海绵城市规划和建设的关键。以河南省鹤壁市国家海绵城市建设试点区为研究对象,开展试点区地表水体与雨水管网的水质水量多年持续监测研究,分析海绵城市建设对地表水主要水质指标和雨水年径流总量控制率的实践作用效果。采用人工监测与设备在线监测相结合的方式,于2015-08—2018-09在海绵城市试点区地表水体10个采样点进行了16次人工采样,共计获得109个地表水样并测定了常规水质。利用试点区内20个雨水管道出口处的流量在线监测设备获得2018-01—12的分钟级流量数据。结果表明:研究区域内波动较大的水质指标为NH₃-N、TN和DO,波动较小的为pH。与海绵城市建设前相比,研究区域的地表水系水质得到改善,试点区该年度的雨水径流总量控制率达到85.7%,满足规划建设要求指标70%。但当实际场次降雨量低于设计雨量23 mm时,仍有雨水外排。不同地块的径流控制率差异明显。以上结果丰富了海绵城市建设的实践研究,可为优化海绵城市的规划与设计建设提供参考。     

Physico-chemical indices of breeding sites of Simulium damnosum in the lower Cross River Basin, Nigeria

IntroductionBlackflies (Simulium spp.) act as the vectors ofOnchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of humanonchocerciasis. Blackflies are found mostly in areas with fastflowing water such as rivers and streams, with rocky bedsproviding…     

基于生物毒性的松花江氨氮水质评价

以US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)保护淡水水生生物的氨氮基准为基础,建立了基于生物毒性的氨氮水质评价流程,对松花江2003—2010年17个监测断面的氨氮进行了水质评价并提出不同评价结果的应对措施. 结果表明,松花江干流水质整体较好. 按变化趋势来看各断面水质呈逐渐好转的趋势,干流有5个断面在4个评价周期内的评价结果均为A,有2个断面水质评价结果分别由C1、B1好转为A,有4个断面在4个评价周期内有超标情况发生;支流有2个断面在4个评价周期内的评价结果为A,其余4个断面的氨氮污染负荷较高,呈不同程度的超标情况. 按超标断面的河段分布来看,松花江氨氮水质指标呈干流好于支流,上游好于中、下游,丰、平水期好于枯水期的特点. SHJC(松花江村)至HLHX(呼兰河下)断面范围内的超标可能是由于城市密集、工农业发达、氨氮产生负荷较高所造成的;JMSS(佳木斯上)至TJ(同江)断面主要受到pH等水质因子的影响,使该河段范围内仍然存在一定的超标现象.      

Effect of land-use and land-cover change on nutrients in soil in Bashang area,China

The Bashang area is a water-source area and ecological barrier zone for Beijing and Tianjin. The area is located at 200 km from Beijing and Tianjin and is a typical agriculture-pasture-interlacing zone, in which theis vulnerable and hence it is sensitive to anvironmental change. The area is relatively lagged in social and economic development, where the traditional cultivation mode is predominatedin agriculture and animal husbandry, but the disturbance by human activity is relatively small. Therefore, in order to reveal the interrelation between eco-environmental change in the area and environmental change in Beijing and Tianjin area, it is fairly necessary to study the effect of land-use and land-cover change on nutrients in soil in this area. According to the actual situation of changed land use for the limited time period, five series of changed land plots were selected and 4 samples were collected from each series for the study. The samples were collected from different soil-forming levels at the same site in different time. Analysis of the collected samples indicates that in the process of change of land use and land cover, the nutrients in soil, such as organic matter, total N, total P, total K, and available N, P, K, and B, Mo, Mn,Zn, Cu, and Fe, have regularly changed. When the land had changed from grassland and non-irrigated farmland into woodland, and from non-irrigated farmland into irrigated field, the nutrients in soil totally increased. But there exists some exception, i.e. quick-acting N, P, K, and some micreelements have appeared to be inconsistent with the mentioned above regularity in some cases.     

Effects of long-term land use on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and glomalin-related soil protein

The maintenance of soil health and productivity is a central aim of sustainable agriculture. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are soil biota fundamental for soil fertility and plant nutrition, which may be used in the evaluation of the impact of agronomic practices on soil quality. In the present study we evaluated the influence of three different land uses on AMF populations and correlated glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) content with AMF biomass parameters, such as spore density and biovolume. Among the differently managed sites – maize monoculture, grassland and poplar grove – maize soil showed the lowest AMF spore number and GRSP content. The same morphological taxa were found in the three sites, except for one additional morphotype in poplar grove. A good correlation between GRSP and spore biovolume was found, suggesting that GRSP may represent a useful biochemical parameter for the assessment of biological soil fertility in sustainable agriculture.