厦门市郊区降尘中大分子有机质化学特征浅析

以厦门市的降尘(包括一次沙尘天气)为研究对象,采用综合湿法-化学方法获得腐殖酸(HA)、干酪根+碳黑(KB)和碳黑(BC)3类大分子有机质,分析了两种天气情况下大分子有机质的形貌特征、官能团结构和来源,同时探讨沙尘天气条件下的影响.结果表明,大分子有机质的形貌特征为探讨其来源提供了丰富的信息,如呈大孔网状结构的干酪根样品可能源于植物,而呈球状结构的BC样品则可能源于煤或油的不完全燃烧.傅立叶红外光谱研究表明,降尘中的HA、KB和BC具有相似的结构组成和官能团信息,而受到沙尘天气及季节性的影响,官能团的含量存在差别.碳稳定同位素结合扫描电镜进一步研究大分子有机质来源表明,大分子有机质有明显的陆源C3植物的信息,且有部分化石燃料的信息.沙尘天气降尘中大分子有机质的δ13C值低于正常天气,这与植物的不同地域生长环境、沙尘暴携带的来自蒙古沙漠和中国西北部的沙尘及陆源有机质的δ13C值偏低区域的沙尘影响有关.KB和BC的相关性显著(r=0.964,p ＜0.01),表明干酪根(K)与BC有部分相似的生物质来源.     

厦门西港近岸沉积物重金属污染历史及源解析

分析厦门西港潮间带柱状沉积物中14种重金属元素(Sc、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Cd、Sb、Tl、Pb、Fe和Hg)的垂向分布特征、污染历史和污染来源.结果表明, 1795年之前,多数重金属元素含量变化趋势较平稳;1795~1849年间,Sc、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Sr、Cd、Tl、Pb和Hg含量有明显增加;2001~2011年间,Sc、Cr、Co、Sr、Tl、Pb和Hg含量又有增加趋势.多元统计分析结果表明,沉积柱中重金属元素主要有3大来源:交通和工业活动、自然源、工业和生活污水排放,贡献率分别是72.87%、12.20%和10.99%.柱状沉积物中铅同位素示踪分析表明,铅同位素组成从底层至表层由工业活动及污水排放逐步向机动车尾气排放漂移,厦门西港近岸海域中铅污染主要受交通和工业活动、工业和生活污水排放的影响.     

Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2:5 in Xiamen, China

Xiamen,located on the southeastern coastal line of China,is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization,so its air quality has a trend of degradation.However,studies on level,temporal and spatial changes of fine particles (PM2.5) and their carbonaceous fractions are scarce.In this article,abundance,sources,seasonal and spatial variations,distribution of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5,were studied at suburban,urban and industrial sites in Xiamen during four season-representative months in 2009-2010.PM2.5 samples were collected with middle volume sampler and were analyzed for OC and EC with thermal optical transmittance (TOT) method.Results showed that the annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 63.88-74.80 μg/m3 at three sites.While OC and EC concentrations were in the range of 15.81-19.73 μg/m3 and 2.74-3.49 μg/m3,respectively,and clearly presented the summer minima and winter maxima in this study.The carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 42.8％-47.3％ of the mass of PM2.5.The annual average of secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in Xiamen were 9.23-11.36 μg/m3,accounting for approximately 56％ of OC.Strong correlations between OC and EC was found in spring (R2 = 0.50) and autumn (R2 = 0.73),suggesting that there were similar emission and transport processes for carbonaceous aerosols in these two seasons,while weak correlations were found in summer (R2 = 0.33) and winter (R2 = 0.41).The OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 varied from 2.1 to 8.7 with an annual average of 5.7,indicating that vehicle exhaust,coal smoke and biomass burning were main source apportionments of carbonaceous fractions in Xiamen.     

Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China

The humic acids (HAs) isolated from the sediments of the various rivers,lakes,and reservoirs in China were studied using elemental analyzer,fourier transform infrared (FT-IR),and CP/MAS 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.The results showed that the HAs were characterized by some common chemical and physicochemical properties,but they also pose some differences in the C-containing functional groups.The C/N,C/H,O/C,and O/H ratios differ widely for the various HAs,showing that the elemental comp...     

多环芳烃的分布特征及其与有机碳和黑碳的相关性研究——以汕头国际湿地示范区三种红树林湿地表层沉积物为例

野外采集了汕头国际湿地示范区内3种红树林湿地(苏埃湾天然次生桐花树林湿地、外砂河口人工种植海桑与无瓣海桑混交林湿地、义丰溪口人工无瓣海桑林湿地)的表层沉积物样品,在实验室内分析了沉积物的多环芳烃、有机碳和黑碳含量.研究了多环芳烃在3种不同红树林湿地沉积物中的分布特征,以及沉积物有机碳、黑碳与多环芳烃的相关性.结果表明:多环芳烃在天然次生红树林湿地沉积物中的累积量显著高于人工恢复红树林湿地沉积物的累积量;不同红树林湿地沉积物对多环芳烃的吸附和累积具有共同的特征,即多环芳烃的组成成分相似,主要组分为菲、荧蒽、芘和苯并(b)荧蒽;除义丰溪口红树林湿地外,多环芳烃在另外2个红树林湿地沉积物中吸附和累积都具有林内含量高于林边缘,林边缘含量高于低潮光滩的特征;有机碳和黑碳对低环多环芳烃的影响不显著,但对高环多环芳烃影响显著,黑碳较之有机碳对高环多环芳烃具有更强的吸附能力.