用电安全的现状和发展趋势

电力的广泛应用加速了科学技术的发展,改变着生产和生活的面貌.我国电力工业与工业发达国家相比虽然还有较大差距,但年人均用电量已经突破了1000kWh.了解我国用电安全的现状和发展趋势,分析新形势下触电事故的规律,研究传统的防触电技术措施在新形势下的应用,研究和推广用电安全新技术,对于提高我国的用电安全水平是十分必要的.     

他是触电死亡的吗?--兼谈人体电气参数

本刊上期<错误的接线@奇怪的现象@生命的代价>一文说到感知电流、摆脱电流、室颤电流以及人体电阻等专业术语.这些术语都是与用电安全密切相关的复合名词,也是用电安全设计、用电安全评价的基本要素.     

农村临时用电安全管理

<正>安全是电力生产正常经营的基础和前提,目前农村临时用电安全管理工作面临的形势十分严峻,加强农村临时用电安全管理工作尤为重要。下面笔者就现阶段农村临时用电安全管理中存在的问题进行分析,并提出安全风险管控应对措施。存在的问题农村低压电网点多、面广、线路长,且具有随意性、集中性、分散性、隐蔽性、季节性、不安全因素多等特点。现阶段农村临时用电安全管理主要存在以下问题。第一,临时用电计量装置数量严重不足。目前在临时     

家庭如何安全用电

<正>炎热的夏季即将来临,每年因为使用空调、电风扇等电器而造成的火灾、触电事故时有发生,怎样既安全又科学地用电,是每个家庭必须注意的大事。家庭安全用电常识1.每个家庭必须准备一些必要的电工器具,如验电笔、螺丝刀、胶钳等,还必须准备有适合家用电器使用的各种     

典型用电案例敲警钟

近年来,农村在生活、生产、防盗等用电中,由于少数农民缺乏电力法制观念、安全用电知识、思想麻痹大意,用电疏忽随意,导致触电伤亡事故屡有发生。不仅给生命财产带来重大损失,还严重影响电网安全运行。     

"三线"交越的安全现状及对策——对两起触电死亡事故的思考

随着我省农村电网改造的不断深入,这一被称作"民心工程"、"德政工程"的农村电网建设与改造,一改过去农村低压线路质量差,线损耗电巨大、用电不规范、安全隐患多的状况,带来良好的经济效益和巨大的社会效益.我省的农村安全用电的情况有了较大的改善.另一方面,随着国民经济的发展和社会的进步.近年来,通信、广播电视事业取得了长足进步.特别是村村通广播电视工程的启动:对于提高我国城乡居民的生活质量,起到了积极的推动作用.     

提高末级保护可靠性的方法

随着经济发展,人们对电的依赖程度越来越大,寻常百姓与电的接触频度也越来越高,但人们用电的风险意识、防范意识仍需要提高,尤其是在农村,很多农民安全用电知识甚少,自我保护意识不强,冒险作业现象普遍存在.     

一起起重机械触电事故的剖析

本市某公司近期发生了一起起重机械操作人员触电受伤事故。笔者作为事故分析的第三方参与了事故调查,最终查明了引发事故的原因。本文就事故现场、分析的过程及导致触电的原因进行介绍,希望能为企业安全使用起重机械,提高起重机械的安全管理水平及规范企业的安全用电起到作用。     

剖析用电事故话安全

不管企业或民用,用电安全是一件广泛又现实的问题.即使对正规的大企业来说,也可能由于存在薄弱环节而发生事故.从我所了解到的一起典型事故来看,它给我留下了深刻的启迪和思考.     

公共场所发生火灾的原因和预防措施

公共场所发生火灾绝大多数是人为造成的,其主要原因是: 1.由于用电设备和用电量变化无常,为了临时用电在原有的线路上接入大功率的电热设备,使其长期过载运行,破坏了线路绝缘,引起火灾.     

Flammability of heat transfer fluid aerosols produced by electrospray measured by laser diffraction analysis

Accidental release of pressurized high flash point heat transfer fluids can result in fire and explosion hazard scenarios in the process industry. An experimental investigation on ignition of aerosols of a heat transfer fluid is carried out, and characterization of aerosol and its ignition process by non-intrusive laser diffraction technique is reported. Propagation speed of the aerosol combustion flame front as analyzed from the laser diffraction measurement agrees with high-speed visual camera observation. Flammability of the aerosol, which is based on the chances of the global flame appearance in the aerosol, is mainly controlled by aerosol droplet size and the droplet volume concentration.     

Protection Against Dust by Respirators

This article is a brief review of the mechanism of action of fibrous filters and of the performance of respirators; it neglects many of the complications discussed in longer and more detailed articles. An expression is given for the pressure drop across a filter in terms of fibre diameter and filtration velocity. The particle capture mechanisms of interception and diffusional deposition are introduced and the way in which filtration efficiency varies with particle size is discussed. Filters with fibres of small diameter are shown to be the most efficient, but their use can cause problems. Electrically charged materials are widely used in respirators because of their high efficiency and low pressure drop. Types of material, their means of charging, and their method of action are described. An account is given of respirator leakage, the protection factor, and of the way that these may vary in a period of use. The leakage of air and particles through face seal leaks and leaky valves is discussed. The frequent discrepancy in the protection given by respirators in the workplace, on the one hand, and that suggested by laboratory measurements, on the other, is reviewed, and the article ends with an account of the combined effect of aerosol penetration through a filter and through a leak.     

Combating interference by unauthorised persons

Under the new threat situation it is necessary to impede and if necessary detect ingress by unauthorised persons into the relevant establishment. It may be necessary to take additional measures to protect installations or parts thereof that are especially hazardous or at risk from terrorist attacks from interference by unauthorised persons.

It is the duty of the state to take precautionary and preventive measures to impede or prevent external terrorist attacks or entry by force into establishments. The necessary resources for this purpose must be made available even in times of limited budgets.

Since total protection can never be guaranteed, external emergency measures have a particularly important role to play. The competent authorities in this sector must receive the necessary information from the operators and must take the measures within their sphere of responsibility without delay.

Much of the information necessary for assessment of the risk situation by the operators and the authorities is already available under the provisions on the safety report and the external alarm and emergency plans according to European Seveso II Directive (96/82/EC).

It is recommended that a restriction of disclosure of information on the grounds of public safety should only be permitted for establishments/installations which are to be regarded as security-relevant on the basis of the hazard and the risk analysis.

The outline of the systematic approach of a security analysis like it is proposed in Germany is described separately.     

Initiation of dust explosions by electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself

An investigation of ignition of dust clouds by the use of electric spark discharges triggered by the explosive dust cloud itself has been conducted. This method of triggering capacitive sparks probably represents a realistic mechanism for initiating accidental dust explosions in industrial practice. Unlike the conventional method for determining the minimum ignition energy (MIE) in the laboratory, the delay between dust dispersion and spark discharge is not a degree of freedom. In stead, the transient dust cloud itself is used to initiate spark breakdown between electrodes set at a high voltage lower than breakdown in pure air. In the present study, different kinds of dusts were tested as ‘spark triggers’, and they exhibited quite different abilities to trigger breakdown. Large particles were found to initiate breakdown at lower voltages than smaller ones. In general, conductive particles were not found to initiate breakdown at lower voltages than dielectric ones when using the same dust concentration.Minimum ignition energies (MIE) of three dusts (Lycopodium clavatum, sulphur and maize starch) were determined using the authors' method of study. The MIEs were somewhat higher than those obtained using conventional methods, but relatively close to the values obtained through conventional methods.     

碳纳米管对不同分区溶解有机物的吸附研究

选用单壁碳纳米管、多壁碳纳米管两种吸附剂,对广州市3种地表水体(城市径流、农田径流、森林径流)中不同分区溶解性有机物(DOM)进行吸附研究,并以腐殖酸溶液作为标准对照组。以UV254、荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱、溶解性有机碳质量浓度作为吸附效果的评价指标。结果表明,在UV254上,单壁碳纳米管比多壁碳纳米管平均多吸附11%的DOM。3种地表水样中均无Ⅰ区荧光峰,而有明显的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区荧光峰。水样中II区、III区、IV区、Ⅴ区荧光峰的位置分别为Ex230/Em345、Ex245/Em445、Ex275/Em320、Ex335/Em380,误差在40 nm内。多壁碳纳米管吸附溶解性有机物的动力学模式符合准二级动力学方程,决定系数高达0.994 7。Langmuir方程相对于Freundlich方程更适合描述MWNT-1030对DOM的吸附过程。     

逐步走向智能家庭

随着自动化从更传统的应用如家庭剧场向更复杂的应用如联网HVAC的发展,其价格逐步增加,而且幅度很大.虽然客户接受某种程度的家庭基本自动化,但顶点对于绝大多数业主来说仍然是高不可攀的.但是在一个不断变化的市场内,家庭自动化有多普及呢?     

Suicidal behavior by motor vehicle collision

BACKGROUND: The ability for suicides of drivers to be disguised as traffic accidents raises the possibility that suicidal behaviors of this nature are far more prevalent than previously thought, potentially impacting health, road safety, and insurance companies. METHOD: Persons residing at the Gold Coast, Australia, identified as having a history of suicidal ideation and behaviors (n = 1,196), were sent a mail-out survey after their consent was obtained in initial telephone contact (CATI random digit-dialing). Among those responding, 412 had made suicide plans or arrangements and 228 suicide attempts. RESULTS: Of those who reported planning a suicide, 14.8% (19.1% of male planners and 11.8% of female planners) had conceived to have a motor vehicle "accident" (n = 61). Of all attempters, 8.3% (13.3% of male attempters) had previously attempted via motor vehicle collision (n = 19). All attempters reported having emotional or mental problems at the time of the event. Suicide planners were significantly more likely to be in full-time employment and have a partner and children compared with other planners. CONCLUSION: The study gives a rare insight into driver suicide plans and attempts, via a large-scale community survey, to provide the best opportunity of collecting unbiased data on the driver suicide behavior. Results suggest the use of this method, particularly in attempts made by males, may be underreported leading to inaccuracy of statistics. The motives behind choosing this method are somewhat different to those behind other methods, including financial benefits and eliminating stigma in the aftermath of a suicide.     

做安全评价所需要的参考文件

1引用法律法规 《中华人民共和国劳动法》 《中华人民共和国安全生产法》 《中华人民共和国矿山安全法》 《危险化学品安全管理条例》 其它适用于安全评价的法律法规 《中华人民共和国安全生产法》第十二条 依法设立的为安全生产提供技术服务的中介机构,依照法律、行政法规和执业准则,接受生产经营单位的委托为其安全生产工作提供技术服务。     

Thermal shielding by water spray curtain

The mitigation of the consequences of storage-tank fire is a great safety concern in petro-chemical and gas industries. A technique to protect the integrity of neighbouring structures is the water spray curtain. It can be operating downward in front of or oriented to the surface to be shielded. Simple modelling, laboratory experiments and field tests for these two types of thermal shielding are presented.

Attenuation factor of 50–75% can be expected with the vertical curtain while 90% can be reached with the impinging curtain if spray overlapping is achieved.