利用UASB和EIC技术处理果汁废水

针对某饮料有限公司果汁生产废水,采用EIC UASB 接触氧化工艺进行处理。处理后出水水质:ρ(COD)为58mg·L-1,ρ(SS)为16mg·L-1,ρ(NH3-N)为2.65mg·L-1,ρ(BOD5)为13.5mg·L-1,ρ(TP)为0.20mg·L-1。均低于《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的一级标准。该系统容易控制、运行稳定且产生污泥量少。     

活性污泥法处理高浓度有机废水的运行管理实践

进水水质超标导致污泥负荷高、容易引起膨胀是传统活性污泥法遇到的实际问题。在此介绍了活性污泥法处理高浓度有机废水的实际应用,分析总结了工艺运行的管理经验。结果表明:在进水ρ(CODCr)>1000mg·L-1,ρ(CODCr)>500mg·L-1时,处理后出水水质ρ(CODCr)<100mg·L-1,ρ(CODCr)<30mg·L-1,均达到国家排放标准。     

采用EGSB+TCBS工艺处理有机颜料废水的实例

以某生产有机颜料厂家为例,介绍了EGSB TCBS处理工艺.当废水中CODCr质量浓度为7 000～8 000mg·L-1,NH3-N质量浓度为200～300 mg·L-1,SS的质量浓度为1 000～2 000 mg·L-1时,采用该工艺处理后,出水ρ(CODCr)＜1 000 mg·L-1,ρ(NH3-N)＜30 mg·L-1,ρ(SS)＜500 mg·L-1.表明EGSB TCBS工艺适应于有机颜料废水的处理,且工艺运行便利,剩余污泥量小.     

曝气生物滤池工艺处理瓷厂污水

瓷厂污水中的污染物主要以有机物为主,可生化性较好,易于用生物法处理.采用曝气生物滤池(BIOFOR)工艺处理瓷厂污水.其污水水质:ρ(CODCr))为400mg·L-1;ρ(BOD5)为200 mg·L-1;ρ(NH3-N)为35mg·L-1;ρ(SS)为300 mg·L-1.运行结果表明,该工艺处理效率高、操作简单、运行费用低、占地面积小,出水水质达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准.     

利蒙(LLMO)浓缩微生物菌在粘胶化纤废水治理中的应用

文中研究了利用投加利蒙菌对江西某化纤厂化纤废水的污水处理厂生化池进行改进,以期提高出水的CODCr与SS去除率,稳定出水水质。实验结果表明,利蒙菌在对粘胶化纤废水生化处理上的改进是可行的,对废水中CODCr,SS的平均去除率可比未投加提高56%,44%,其出水水质良好、稳定,其中ρ(CODCr)<40mg·L-1,ρ(SS)<50mg·L-1。     

乙醛废水处理工程实例

某化工厂以酒精氧化法制得乙醛,该厂原有一套污水处理设施,但系统出水难以达标。经改造后,该废水经过冷却到35～39℃、加碱中和至pH值为7左右,进入内循环厌氧反应器(MIC)处理,在厌氧进水为ρ(CODCr)约3200mg·L-1,HRT为24h时,CODCr去除率为94%,出水进入推流式好氧池,采用微孔曝气器曝气,HRT为36h,好氧出水ρ(CODCr)<100mg·L-1。     

浸胶废水的工艺改造

浸胶废水由于含有天然胶、丁吡胶等有机物质,ρ(CODCr)为6000mg·L-1,ρ(SS)为3000mg·L-1,经过技术改造,更改工艺,采用粉煤灰作絮凝剂,降低了运行成本,ρ(CODCr)降至123mg·L-1,ρ(SS)降至59mg·L-1,达到“增产不增污”的效果。     

O3-BAF深度处理制革废水中沿程污染物降解规律

针对浙江省某制革园区污水处理厂二级生化出水,开展了处理规模36 t.d-1的臭氧-曝气生物滤池中试研究,考察了不同填料曝气生物滤池沿程高度上污染物的降解规律.结果表明:活性炭曝气生物滤池在沿程1 500 mm处的平均出水COD和色度分别为55.4 mg·L-1和12.6倍,混合填料曝气生物滤池在沿程1 800 mm处的平均出水COD和色度分别为55.6 mg·L-1和9.4倍,出水达到《城镇污水厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)中的一级B排放要求.陶粒曝气生物滤池在整个沿程高度上COD和色度变化幅度较小.在沿程高度上活性炭曝气生物滤池和混合填料曝气生物滤池的COD和氨氮在1 200 mm内降幅较大,之后降幅趋缓.3个曝气生物滤池的生物量在沿程900 mm时达到最大,分别为30.69、28.87和15.94 nmol·g-1.     

Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg亚致死浓度对三疣梭子蟹幼体的影响

为了解海洋重金属污染对三疣梭子蟹的危害,进行了Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg对三疣梭子蟹幼体影响的试验.结果发现,当Cu浓度为0.005mg·L-1(Cu渔业水质标准的1/2倍,简称1/2倍组,下同)以下时,蟹幼体能正常发育至2期幼蟹;Cu浓度为0.01 mg·L-1(1倍组)时蟹幼体也能发育至2期幼蟹,但在试验第19d全部死亡;Cu浓度为0.02 mg·L-1时(2倍组)蟹幼体仅发育至1期后就全部死亡;Cu浓度为0.04mg·L-1(4倍组)和0.08 mg·L-1(8倍组)时蟹幼体只能发育至大眼幼体就全部死亡.Pb浓度为0.025 mg·L-1(1/2倍组)、0.0125 mg·L-1(1/4倍组)时,蟹幼体能正常发育至2期幼蟹;Pb浓度为0.05 mg·L-1(1倍组)时蟹幼体能发育至2期幼蟹,但在试验的第20d全部死亡;Pb浓度为0.1 mg·L-1(2倍组)和0.2 mg·L-1(4倍组)时,幼体仅发育至1期幼蟹就全部死亡;Pb浓度为0.4 mg·L-1(8倍组)时,幼蟹仅只能发育至Z4就全部死亡.Cd浓度为0.00125 mg·L-1(1/4倍组)时,蟹幼体能正常发育至2期幼蟹;Cd浓度为0.0025 mg·L-1(1/2倍组)仅有1期幼蟹出现,至试验结束时虽未死亡,但未能变态为2期幼蟹;Cd浓度为0.005 mg·L-1(1倍组),仅只有1期幼蟹出现就全部死亡;Cd浓度为0.01mg·L-1(2倍组)、0.02 mg·L-1(4倍组)时,仅只能发育至大眼幼体就全部死亡;Cd浓度为0.04 mg·L-1(8倍组),幼体仅只能发育至Z4就全部死亡.Hg浓度为0.0005 mg·L-1(1倍组)时,三疣梭子蟹幼体均能正常发育至2期幼蟹;Hg浓度为0.001 mg·L-1(2倍组)只能发育至1期幼蟹就全部死亡;Hg浓度为0.002 mg·L-1(4倍组)、0.004 mg·L-1(8倍组)仅只能发育至Z4就全部死亡.以上结果说明,Cu浓度为0.005mg·L-1(1/4倍组),Pb浓度为0.025 mg·L-1(1/2倍组)、Cd浓度为0.00125 mg·L-1(1/4倍组)和Hg浓度为0.000125 mg·L-1(1/4倍组)以下进行三疣梭子蟹幼体培育比较安全.     

化学混凝与曝气生物滤池组合工艺用于再生水处理中试研究

将化学混凝与曝气生物滤池(BAF)结合,利用混凝处理和生物膜过滤的双重作用,对城市污水处理厂二级处理出水进行深度处理,以实现污水的回用.结果表明:在原水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(SS)和ρ(氨氮)分别为78,11和13 mg/L,色度为12倍时,出水ρ(COD_Cr),ρ(SS)和ρ(氨氮)分别为38,3和7mg/L左右,色度为2倍左右.相对于单独使用BAF,组合工艺对COD_Cr的去除率有所提高,色度去除率提高明显(50%左右).膨胀聚丙烯(EPP)填料最佳SS和COD_Cr去除率对应的滤层高度分别为1.0和2.5 m,在较高滤层处,氨氮去除率上升较快.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.