Accumulation of free and covalently bound microcystins in tissues of Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda) following toxic cyanobacteria or dissolved microcystin-LR exposure

Accumulation of free microcystins (MCs) in freshwater gastropods has been demonstrated but accumulation of MCs covalently bound to tissues has never been considered so far. Here, we follow the accumulation of total (free and bound) MCs in Lymnaea stagnalis exposed to i) dissolved MC-LR (33 and 100 μg L⁻¹) and ii) Planktothrix agardhii suspensions producing 5 and 33 μg MC-LR equivalents L⁻¹ over a 5-week period, and after a 3-week depuration period. Snails exposed to dissolved MC-LR accumulated up to 0.26 μg total MCs g⁻¹ dry weight (DW), with no detection of bound MCs. Snails exposed to MCs producing P. agardhii accumulated up to 69.9 μg total MCs g⁻¹ DW, of which from 17.7 to 66.7% were bound. After depuration, up to 15.3 μg g⁻¹ DW of bound MCs were detected in snails previously exposed to toxic cyanobacteria, representing a potential source of MCs transfer through the food web.     

Effects of cyanobacteria producing microcystins on seed germination and seedling growth of several agricultural plants

The effects of cyanobacteria aqueous extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the seed germination and growth of Pisum sativum, Lens esculenta, Zea mays and Triticum durum were investigated. Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent to 0, 1.6, 2.9, 5.8, 8.7 and 11.6 μ g MC-LR/mL). The results confirm that these plants were sensitive to cell-free extracts of a toxic Microcystis and that germination inhibition was dose dependent. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that P. sativum is the most sensitive tested species with a 97% germination rate reduction and L. esculenta was the most resistant. At the 8th day, the exposure to the microcystins (MC) resulted in a significant decrease of plant epicotyls length, roots length and a net inhibition of lateral root formation. It is concluded that MC could affect also terrestrial plants seedling germination and growth. Therefore, the use of water for irrigation contaminated by MC could exert negative biochemical effects on seed and plant metabolism which might influence the agricultural crops.     

污泥好氧颗粒化过程中微生物群落结构的演变与分析

为了揭示颗粒污泥形成过程中微生物群落结构多样性的演变过程,以人工配水为进水,在SBR中采用厌氧/好氧循环的手段成功培育出具有聚磷特性的颗粒污泥,利用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE技术获得了微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,对条带进行了统计分析和切胶测序,并建立了系统发育树。结果表明,污泥沉降性能的改善要先于颗粒污...     

pH对SBR处理效果及活性污泥微生物群落结构的影响

采用序批式生物反应器（SBR）对pH值为5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0和10.0的原水进行处理,发现COD和TN去除率在pH=8.0时达到最大,NH4+-N去除率随pH升高而增大,在pH=10.0时可达91.0%,碱性条件下污水处理效果更佳;利用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术分析不同pH值下的活性污泥总细菌群落结构,其结果显示,碱性条件下的优势菌为β-proteobacterium,承担脱氮功能的细菌中可培养的是Rhodanobacter sp.,pH=8.0时总细菌多样性指数最高。     

城市景观河道营养状况与轮虫群落结构

为了解城市景观河道治理过程水质与轮虫群落结构的关系,于2012年5月至2014年12月对江苏省常州市景观河道进行了调查。利用综合营养状态指数法对景观河道的营养状况进行评价;并通过轮虫群落种类组成、优势种、生物量及多样性指数等指标探讨了轮虫群落结构与水体营养水平之间的关系。结果表明,景观河道总体处于富营养状态,主要是由河道中氮磷等污染物浓度过高引起;调查期间检出轮虫共22种,其中优势种为萼花臂尾轮虫（479个·L-1）、蒲达臂尾轮虫（98个·L-1）以及针簇多肢轮虫（137个·L-1）;轮虫总数量处于较低水平（312个·L-1）,多样性水平不高,轮虫数量与各污染物营养状态指数呈负相关;生物量与总氮营养状态指数呈极显著负相关。     

运行条件及温度对陈垃圾反应器效能的影响及菌群结构分析

以上海老港填埋场填埋垃圾为填料构建陈垃圾反应器,通过调节反应器的水力负荷、回流比以及所处的环境温度,考察了反应器对成熟垃圾渗滤液中氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、BOD5和COD处理效果的影响,同时采用PCR-DGGE方法分析了不同条件下微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,在15℃温度下,水力负荷由8.5 L/(m3·d)升高至17 L/(m3·d)时,反应器对污染物BOD5和NH3-N的去除效率没有改变,而对COD和TN的去除效率有明显提升;当增加回流时,反应器对污染物的去除效果没有显著差异,未能提高脱氮效率;当环境温度从15℃提高到30℃时,NH3-N和BOD5接近完全去除,COD的去除率从73.1%提高到82.4%,TN的去除率从27.3%提高到43.7%,明显提高了反应器效能。群落结构分析表明,在本研究条件下增加回流比对反应器中细菌群落结构影响不大;提高水力负荷使得上部群落结构多样性提高;而温度提高时,反应器上、下部细菌的种类数量都明显增加,多样性提高。表明在陈垃圾反应器运行时,环境温度对其效能和群落结构的影响较大。     

不同预处理方法对活性炭纤维结构和吸附性能的影响

以商品活性炭纤维为原材料,采用水洗和HNO3、H3PO4和HF酸洗方法对其进行预处理。利用扫描电镜、比表面积测定仪及傅立叶红外光谱仪对其表面形貌和结构进行表征,并通过测定灰分含量、碘值和苯酚值考察其吸附性能。结果表明:预处理后活性炭纤维的形状和尺寸变得相对规整,表面酸性官能团数量增加,吸收谱峰变得尖锐,比表面积和总孔容增大。HF水浴去灰分效果最佳可达84.8%;H3PO4活化炭化的碘和苯酚吸附值最高,分别为1 925 mg/g和226 mg/g;而HNO3活化会造成表面刻蚀,碘和苯酚吸附值最低。确定H3PO4活化炭化为本实验最佳预处理方法。     

不同温度下曝气生物滤池运行效能与微生物群落结构

采用Biostyr 曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理城市污水,研究了温度变化对其处理效果与微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,温度低于18℃(低温)时,BAF对COD和NH4+-N去除率均低于60%;当水温在18~22℃(中温)之间变化时,BAF对COD 和NH4+-N的去除效果稳定且明显高于低温时的去除率;当水温高于22℃(高温)后,BAF对COD和NH4+-N去除率与水温正相关,去除率随温度的升高而显著提高。PCR-DGGE分析表明,温度越高BAF内总细菌微生物群落多样性越好;定量PCR分析表明,BAF内总细菌、氨氧化细菌和硝化细菌的菌群密度均随温度升高而增大,与其对污染物的去除率变化趋势一致。BAF在低温环境下,滤池内的菌群结构变得简单、菌群密度降低,但出水水质仍能满足要求,表明BAF工艺具有良好的抗低温冲击能力。     

垂直潜流人工湿地有机物积累及去向初步分析

为防治湿地堵塞、改善湿地处理效果,初步探讨了湿地中有机物的积累规律,并估算湿地中有机物不同去除途径的贡献率。结果表明,垂直潜流人工湿地中基质间积累的有机物主要是不可溶有机物,且粒径主要集中在5.00μm以上,分析是不同粒径有机物凝聚积累的缘故;垂向沿程基质间有机物的积累量受进水水力负荷影响明显;进入垂直潜流人工湿地中的有机物绝大部分都被生物(植物和微生物)吸收和利用而得以去除,该途径贡献率可达99.9%以上。     

Influence of benomyl and prometryn on the soil microbial activities and community structures in pasture grasslands of Slovakia

The effects of pesticides (a herbicide and a fungicide) on the microbial community structure and their activity were analyzed in soil from four alpine pasture grasslands in Slovakia. Specifically, the effects of the herbicide, Gesagard (prometryn active ingredient), and fungicide, Fundazol 50 WP (benomyl active ingredient), on the microbial respiration activity (CO₂ production), the numbers of selective microbial physiological groups (CFU.g^?1) and the structure (relative abundance) of soil microbial communities [(phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA)] were analyzed under controlled laboratory conditions. All treatments including the treatments with pesticides increased (statistically significantly) the production of CO₂ in all fields during 21 days of incubation and posed a statistically insignificant negative influence on the numbers of the observed physiological groups of microorganisms. The significantly negative influence was evaluated only in the numbers of two physiological groups; spores of bacteria utilizing organic nitrogen and bacteria, and their spores utilizing inorganic nitrogen. A shift in the microbial composition was evident when the PLFA patterns of samples from different sites and treatments were compared by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). According to the second component PCA 2 (15.95 %) the locations were grouped into two clusters. The first one involved the Donovaly and Dubakovo sites and the second one contained the Velka Fatra and Mala Fatra locations. The PLFA composition of the soils showed important changes after the treatment with pesticides according to PCA 1 (66.06 %). Other treatments had not had a significant effect on the soil microbial community with the exception of the population of fungi. The lower relative abundance (significant effect) of Gram-positive bacteria, actinomycetes and general group of bacteria were determined in samples treated by the herbicide Gesagard. The application of fungicide Fundazol decreased (statistically significantly) the relative abundance of actinomycetes and general group of bacteria and paradoxically increased the population of fungi.     

密云水库上游河流底栖动物群落结构与水质评价

于2013年5月至10月对密云水库上游河流中大型底栖无脊椎动物(以下简称底栖动物)进行了采样调查。结果表明,采集到的底栖动物隶属于4门10纲16目45科,其中以节肢动物种类最多,占总数的80%,且水生昆虫占总数的67%,出现频率最高的是节肢动物门蜉蝣目蜉蝣科的昆虫,出现频率达87%;从分布来看,白河流域采集到的底栖动物种类最多、密度最高,而潮河流域采集到的底栖动物生物量最大;以底栖动物为指示生物的水质评价结果显示,密云水库上游河流中50%采样点的水质为Ⅰ级(清洁),其余50%为Ⅱ级(轻微污染),水质整体较好,与现场生境调查和水质监测的结果相吻合。     

典型工业污染物对好氧反硝化菌群脱氮性能及群落结构的影响

针对工业废水中的典型污染物影响城镇污水生物脱氮系统正常运行的问题,以富集筛选到的好氧反硝化菌群为研究对象,深入研究了工业废水中的典型污染物(包括NaCl、Cr(Ⅵ)和TC等)对好氧反硝化菌群的影响机理。结果表明：NaCl、Cr(Ⅵ)和TC均会抑制好氧反硝化菌群的脱氮性能,提高胞外多聚物(EPS)的含量;与此同时,Cr(Ⅵ)和TC的胁迫导致微生物群落多样性减少,降低了napA基因的丰度,然而,NaCl的胁迫呈现相反的变化趋势;NaCl和Cr(Ⅵ)使得菌群中优势菌属由Pseudomonas向Azoarcus转变,反之,TC能够显著增加Pseudomonas的相对丰度,降低Thauera的相对丰度。工业废水中的典型污染物对好氧反硝化菌群的脱氮性能具有较显著的抑制作用,长期胁迫下菌群通过产生胞外多聚物和改变菌群结构来抵御污染物。研究结果对于接纳工业废水的城镇污水处理厂应用好氧反硝化技术进行生物脱氮具有指导和借鉴意义。     

Effects of sewage sludge amendment on heavy metal accumulation and consequent responses of Beta vulgaris plants

Use of sewage sludge, a biological residue produced from sewage treatment processes in agriculture is an alternative disposal technique of waste. To study the usefulness of sewage sludge amendment for palak (Beta vulgaris var. Allgreen H-1), a leafy vegetable and consequent heavy metal contamination, a pot experiment was conducted by mixing sewage sludge at 20% and 40% (w/w) amendment ratios to the agricultural soil. Soil pH decreased whereas electrical conductance, organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable Na, K and Ca increased in soil amended with sewage sludge in comparison to unamended soil. Sewage sludge amendment led to significant increase in Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni concentrations of soil. Cd concentration in soil was found above the Indian permissible limit in soil at both the amendment ratios.

The increased concentration of heavy metals in soil due to sewage sludge amendment led to increases in heavy metal uptake and shoot and root concentrations of Ni, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn in plants as compared to those grown on unamended soil. Accumulation was more in roots than shoots for most of the heavy metals. Concentrations of Cd, Ni and Zn were more than the permissible limits of Indian standard in the edible portion of palak grown on different sewage sludge amendments ratios. Sewage sludge amendment in soil decreased root length, leaf area and root biomass of palak at both the amendment ratios, whereas shoot biomass and yield decreased significantly at 40% sludge amendment. Rate of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content decreased whereas lipid peroxidation, peroxidase activity and protein and proline contents, increased in plants grown in sewage sludge-amended soil as compared to those grown in unamended soil.

The study clearly shows that increase in heavy metal concentration in foliage of plants grown in sewage sludge-amended soil caused unfavorable changes in physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants leading to reductions in morphological characteristics, biomass accumulation and yield. The study concludes that sewage sludge amendment in soil for growing palak may not be a good option due to risk of contamination of Cd, Ni and Zn and also due to lowering of yield at higher mixing ratio.     

Influence of tetracycline exposure on the growth of wheat seedlings and the rhizosphere microbial community structure in hydroponic culture

In this study, the effects of tetracycline exposure on wheat growth and the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere were investigated under hydroponic culture conditions. Exposure to various concentrations of tetracycline resulted in significant suppression of the growth of wheat roots and shoots, with minimum doses of 0.8 mg L^?1 and 4 mg L^?1 resulting in inhibition rates of 32% and 15.4%, respectively. Complete inhibition of the growth of these two parts of wheat plants was observed in response to treatment with tetracycline at 20 mg L^?1 and 100 mg L^?1, respectively. However, the germination of wheat seeds was not sensitive to exposure to tetracycline. The effects of tetracycline exposure on the microbial community in the wheat rhizosphere were evaluated through traditional cultivation and molecular biological analyses. The cultivation results indicated that bacteria were the dominant population, being present in concentrations of 1× 10⁸–2.45× 10⁹CFUs mL^?1, although 39% to 87% inhibition occurred in response to tetracycline. The concentration of fungi increased in all tetracycline treated samples to 2.5 to 15.8 times that of the control. The highest concentration of fungi (4.27× 10⁸ CFU mL^?1) was observed in response to 60 mg L^?1 tetracycline after 15 days of cultivation. In this stage, a large amount of fungal colonies was observed on the surface of the culture solution, the wheat roots became rotted and the plants became atrophic or even died. Molecular biological analysis indicated that the bacterial community structure was significantly different in samples that were exposed to high levels of tetracycline (over 20 mg L^?1) than in samples that were exposed to lower concentrations. As the concentration of tetracycline increased, the diversity of the bacteria decreased. Additionally, several dominant sensitive species such as Sphingobacterium multivorum were suppressed by tetracycline, while some resistant species such as Acinetobacter sp. appeared or were conserved. The bacteria population tended to stabilize when the drug concentration exceeded 40 mg L^?1.     

不同制备条件对TiO2薄膜形貌结构、晶体结构及光电催化性能的影响

采用阳极氧化法以HNO3/乙二醇/水为电解液制备不同形貌特征的TiO2薄膜,研究阳极氧化电压、氧化时间和退火温度等参数对TiO2薄膜形貌结构的影响,并利用一级动力学反应进一步探究不同制备条件对光电催化活性的影响.利用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)对TiO2纳米薄膜形貌结构进行表征,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)分析TiO2纳米薄膜的晶相组成、晶粒尺寸.结果表明,不同制备条件对TiO2纳米薄膜的形貌结构有着显著的影响.阳极氧化电压与氧化时间交互影响其形貌结构和光催化活性.当阳极氧化电压为40 V、氧化10 rin,500℃退火1h制备得到的TiO2纳米薄膜光电催化活性最高.     

微波活化对Ca(OH)2孔隙结构及脱氯性能的影响

采用微波炉对一定质量的氢氧化钙样品进行活化,利用压汞仪考察了不同微波活化时间及脱氯反应前后的Ca(OH)2总比孔表面积、分段比表面积和孔径分布的变化,并在脱氯实验台上对脱氯效率进行实际测试。结果表明,微波活化存在一个最佳时间,在此时间内样品比孔表面积增大50%左右,而超过这一时间样品比表面积回复性减小;微波活化主要通过增加3～20 nm孔径段的微孔为样品提供更大比表面积;这些新增加的微孔在脱氯反应过程中被完全利用或消耗; 最佳活化时间下的微波活化使Ca(OH)2在较低Ca/Cl摩尔比下获得更大脱氯效率,Ca/Cl摩尔比=4.1时,脱氯效率增加了20%。     

高效聚磷菌的选育及其特性研究

从鱼塘底部污泥中分离驯化得到一株高效聚磷菌株P5,采用厌氧/好氧(A/O)方式培养,在厌氧阶段3 h的最大释磷量为17 mg/L;在好氧条件下培养16 h后,P5对总磷(PO43--P)浓度为10~30 mg/L的模拟废水的除磷率均可保持在90%,COD的去除率达到82.1%。染色实验表明,P5是革兰氏阴性球杆菌,菌体内含有异染颗粒。     

某大型造纸废水处理厂的污泥膨胀控制及微生物群落结构分析

以一座处理规模为15×10⁴ m³·d⁻¹的造纸废水处理厂污泥膨胀控制为研究对象。通过进水补充氮磷营养物质、进水更换混凝剂去除硫化物,控制系统DO为1.5 mg·L⁻¹ ,选择池加大预曝气等措施改变优势丝状菌的生存环境。经过调控,系统SV、SVI出现显著下降,分别从98%、198 mL·g⁻¹下降至37%、80 mL·g⁻¹,恢复至正常范围,从而解决了该厂的污泥膨胀问题。对污泥进行微生物镜检和染色镜检分析发现,该厂活性污泥膨胀主要为Type 021N型丝状菌 (发硫菌) 和Beggiatoa sp. (贝氏硫细菌) 过度繁殖引起的丝状膨胀。对污泥膨胀控制前后的活性污泥进行高通量测序以分析其微生物菌群结构,从种属变化角度发现在污泥膨胀前后,Actinobacteria门中Rhodococcus属占比从2.92%下降为0.19% 、Mycolata属占比从0.1%下降为0,Alpha-proteobacteria门中的Meganema属占比从0.14%下降为0、Gamma-proteobacteria中Thiothrix占比从0.18%下降为0.01%。这几种微生物是引起该厂污泥膨胀的主要菌属。本研究案例在解决污泥膨胀问题的前提下,减少了药剂用量,提升了系统处理能力,避免了污泥流失,吨水电耗得以降低,且方法简单易行高效,可为其他同类污水处理厂解决污泥膨胀问题提供参考。     

DBD反应器电极结构对放电特征及甲苯降解效果的影响

为研究DBD反应器电极结构对放电特征和甲苯降解效果的影响,设计了具有3种不同结构高压电极(棒、螺纹棒、线圈)和接地电极(铜网、铜带、铜丝)的反应器。通过放电图像、发射光谱、电压-电流波形、李萨如图、放电功率和放电间隙气体温度分析了不同电极结构反应器的放电特性;以甲苯去除率、矿化率、能量效率为评价指标,考察了电极结构对甲苯降解效果的影响。结果表明：3种不同结构高压电极反应器的放电强度顺序为线圈>棒>螺纹棒;当甲苯质量浓度为678 mg·m⁻³、电压为12~20 kV、且以线圈为高压电极时,反应器的放电功率、放电间隙气体温度低,分别为0.4~10.3 W、28~64 ℃,而对甲苯的去除率、矿化率、能量效率均最高,分别为77.71%~100%、21.03%~35.96%、4.96~8.81 g·kWh⁻¹;3种不同结构接地电极反应器中以铜带为接地电极时放电强度最强,对甲苯的去除率、矿化率和能量效率最高,分别为25.3%~100%、3.41%~35.96%、4.96~23.17 g·kWh⁻¹。本研究可为DBD反应器在降解甲苯应用中的结构优化和材料选择提供参考。     

初始含水率对人粪污好氧堆肥腐熟及微生物群落结构变化的影响

为探究人粪污好氧堆肥最佳工艺参数,探究初始含水率对人粪污好氧堆肥腐熟及微生物群落结构变化的影响。以人粪污为原料,玉米秸秆为调理剂,设置初始含水率55% (MC55) 、60% (MC60) 和65% (MC65) 3个处理组,在60 L的密闭发酵罐中堆肥30 d。结果表明,在不同初始含水率条件下,堆肥产品均可达到腐熟标准,堆肥产物没有作物毒性 (GI>80%) 。MC60和MC65处理堆肥产物均已达到无害化卫生标准,MC55处理堆肥产物未达到无害化卫生标准,其粪大肠菌群数依然高于10² MPN·g⁻¹。3组处理中,细菌丰度均高于真菌,MC65有助于提高堆肥过程中细菌丰富度与多样性,但MC60可提高真菌多样性。3组处理间主要细菌门和真菌门组成一致,MC65处理增加了腐熟期拟杆菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度。升温期和高温期3个处理优势细菌属具有明显差异;腐熟期MC60和MC65处理细菌属组成具有相似性,MC55和MC65处理真菌属随时间的变化具有相似性。MC65处理增加了高温期Bacillus和Meyerozyma的相对丰度,增加了腐熟期uncultured_bictureium和Coprinopsis的相对丰度。MC对真菌演替的影响大于细菌,随着堆肥的进行,MC对微生物群落结构的影响逐渐减小。MC65处理高温期持续时间最长,堆肥产物粪大肠菌群数最低,增加了腐熟期木质素降解菌的相对丰度,是人粪污好氧堆肥最佳初始含水率。本研究结果可为优化人粪污好氧堆肥工艺参数提供参考。