孟州地下水水质现状评价

文章以孟州为研究对象,分析了运用F值法和模糊综合评判法在评价地下水水质中所存在的主要问题,提出了以模糊综合评价法为主,结合F值法对地下水水质进行现状评价的方法。依据相关的地下水质量标准对研究区采集的不同监测井的地下水样品进行了评价。孟州地下水达到Ⅲ类水质量标准的监测点位有16个,占总监测点位的42％。水质评价分析表明,远离重污染区或是井深较深的监测点位水质较好,而接近重污染区、靠近污染程度较重的河道以及井深较浅的监测点位水质较差。并且分析了地下水的污染原因。     

基于模糊综合评判法的洮河水环境质量评价

在河流的水环境综合整治中,水质评价是一项基础性的工作,它既是水环境整治的起始环节,又是水环境整治的末端环节。文章简要介绍了模糊综合评判法的原理和步骤,应用单因子评价法和模糊综合评判法对黄河上游的最大的支流洮河2014年的3个监测断面和16个污染因子进行了水质评价。评价结果表明,采用单因子评价法评价洮河干流水质,调研的3个取样断面中,九甸峡水质监测站和李家村水质监测站断面所属水域年综合水质类别为Ⅴ类,红旗水质监测站断面所属水域年综合水质类别为劣Ⅴ类。通过应用模糊综合评判法对洮河干流水质进行评价,洮河干流九甸峡水库水质监测站、李家村水质监测站和红旗水质监测站3个监测断面所属综合水质类别均为Ⅰ类水,这3个断面所属水域的综合水质类别均达到3个断面既定水环境功能区目标限定的目标类别Ⅲ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类。与单因子评价法相比,模糊综合评判法考虑了各个水质监测值的程度和污染因子的权重,能更全面、合理地反映水质污染程度的真实情况,进一步解决了水质评价过程中存在的不确定性问题。指出洮河干流水质改善过程中,总氮污染应是未来一段时间洮河流域水环境保护治理的重点。除此之外,为防止洮河干流水环境质量状况恶化,应提高沿岸截污力度和点源排放达标率,不断发展环境友好的农业、牧业生产技术,通过技术层面与政策层面的结合,削减入河污染排放量。     

模糊标识指数与对应分析法在水质评价中的联合应用

水质评价对判断水体的污染状况,了解其污染程度和成因有重要的意义,并可为水资源管理及水污染控制提供科学依据,而适当的评价方法是保证评价结果科学合理的关键.因此,本文以青山湖流域为例,在单因子指数法、综合指数法、灰色关联法、改进的模糊层次分析法、水质指数评价法、综合水质标识指数法6种常用水质评价法的结果对比分析的基础上,提出了一种新的模糊标识指数法.该方法结合了改进的模糊层次分析法和综合水质标识法的优点,不仅给出水质级别和水功能区达标程度,而且克服了以往模糊层次分析法存在的低估污染的严重性及不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,更加适用于水质状况的评价.同时,在模糊标准化处理基础上,采用对应分析法,将采样点与变量有机地结合起来进行分析.结果表明,青山湖流域的总体水质状况以劣Ⅴ类为主,总体水功能区达标率仅10.34%,流域根据受污染情况被分为3个区,Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区的主要污染因子分别是TN、NH4+-N与COD、TP.模糊标识指数法与对应分析法的联合应用可以全面分析流域水质状况,给出科学合理的评价结果.     

基于级别差法的地下水水质评价方法筛选技术研究

地下水水质评价是地下水污染防控和水环境管理的基础.不同评价方法会得到不同的评价结果,因此如何选择合适的评价方法至关重要.目前,缺乏科学、客观的地下水水质评价方法筛选技术.基于此,以洛阳市为例,采用内梅罗指数法、模糊综合评价法和基于免疫进化算法优化的普适法（简称"普适法"）3种方法开展地下水水质评价,通过建立级别差方法,定量筛选最适用评价方法.结果表明:①模糊综合评价法-内梅罗指数法、普适法-模糊综合评价法、普适法-内梅罗指数法3种统计方法计算得到的级别差小于0的比例占比分别为34.62%、19.24%和46.16%,大于0的占比分别为19.23%、23.07%和26.92%,因此模糊综合评价法评价得到的地下水水质级别 < 普适法评价得到的地下水水质级别 < 内梅罗指数法评价得到的地下水水质级别.②模糊综合评价法最适用于研究区地下水水质现状评价,采用该方法评价得到研究区地下水水质分为优良（Ⅰ类）、良好（Ⅱ类）、较好（Ⅲ类）、较差（Ⅳ类）和极差（Ⅴ类）5类（参照GB/T 14848-2018《地下水质量标准》）,以良好和较好水质为主,造成地下水水质较差的组分主要为COD_Mn、总硬度、硝酸盐和汞.研究显示,级别差法可作为定量的地下水水质评价方法筛选技术,能够为地下水水质评价研究提供新的思路.      

基于概率神经网络的西安地区地下水水质评价

为了检验概率神经网络在地下水水质评价中的适用性,论文分别采用综合评价法和概率神经网络评价法对西安地区地下水水质进行了评价,结果表明概率神经网络法能综合考虑各因子对水质的影响,剔除不良数据造成的干扰,能很好地反应地下水的水质状况。同时分析了西安地区地下水水质变化趋势和空间分布情况,结果显示：西安地区地下水水质年际变化不大,大部分地区水质较好;2001~2004年潜水多为Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水,承压水多为Ⅰ类水。     

基于区间型贝叶斯的湖泊水质评价模型

在贝叶斯水质评价模型中引入区间数表示污染物浓度,采用区间排序法对水质评价结果进行比较,建立了区间型贝叶斯湖泊水质评价模型。同时将该模型应用于某湖泊的5个采样点进行水质监测及评价,结果显示,5个采样点水质逐渐变差,均为劣V类。基于区间型贝叶斯的湖泊水质评价模型更加直观地表示了同类水质采样点的水质差别,避免了传统方法中主观因素的影响,为属于同类别水质的采样点排序提供了评价依据。     

基于改进的水质标识指数法垃圾填埋场地下水评价

非正规生活垃圾填埋场产生的渗滤液易对地下水环境造成严重污染,为了精准评价劣Ⅴ类水质和同类水质间的差异,引入水质标识指数法对典型非正规垃圾填埋场地下水水质进行评价。结果表明：由于浅层地下水与生活垃圾渗滤液直接接触,导致各监测点地下水中氨氮、高锰酸盐指数、氯化物指标单因子水质评价结果分别为66.362～255.3251、13.89～40.036、15.111～21.417;各监测点地下水综合水质评价结果为9.645～25.9521,均为劣Ⅴ类;最小值出现在2005年以前垃圾填埋区。受隔水层对污染物的有效阻隔作用,微承压水水质较潜水层水质显著好转,各监测点地下水综合水质评价结果为3.100～3.700。从空间分布特征看,不同填埋区潜水或微承压水单因子水质评价结果均存在显著差异;不同填埋区潜水水质综合评价结果存在显著差异,而微承压水综合水质评价结果差异不显著。研究成果对于今后我国垃圾填埋场地下水水质评价和环境管理具有借鉴作用。     

洱海流域生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水的净化效应

为探讨洱海流域生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水氮、磷去除效应及其应用前景,在流域原位构建生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田尾水进行了拦截净化,在分析流域雨季、旱季及全年3个时间段内系统进出水水质中化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand, COD)、总氮(Total nitrogen, TN)、总磷(Total phosphorus, TP)及铵态氮(Ammonium nitrogen, NH₄⁺-N)浓度变化特征基础上,引入改进灰色模式识别模型和综合平均污染指数对系统水质净化效果进行综合评价。结果表明,生态沟-库塘湿地系统对农田排水中TN、NH₄⁺-N、TP和COD起到有效净化作用,全年对TN和COD去除率分别为15.20%～69.59%和4.46%～61.90%,出水最低浓度均可达地表水环境质量Ⅱ类标准;系统出水NH₄⁺-N和TP全年平均分别达到地表水环境质量Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类标准。系统在雨季和旱季2个时间段平均出水分别为地表水环境质量Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类标准,全...     

物元法在苏州市第Ⅱ承压地下水水质评价中的应用

本文在物元分析理论的基础上,将水质量标准、评价指标及其特征值作为物元,并以苏州市第Ⅱ承压地下水为例进行了水质评价.通过建立评价模型,对评价标准及实测数据进行归一化,得到模型的经典域、节域、权系数及关联度,评价结果表明,苏州市大部分第Ⅱ承压地下水水质优良,达到了Ⅰ、Ⅱ类水,未遭受外来物质的污染,评价结果符合实际情况.     

两阶段模糊法在海河水系水质评价中的应用

将两阶段模糊法用于海河水系监测断面的水质评价.与传统模糊聚类法不同,该方法首先将国家地表水指标转化为等级打分,再构造模糊隶属函数,确定评价对象对标准水质水平的隶属度;之后运用改进的模糊c-均值法(FCM法)选取适当模糊指标和先验类中心,对评价对象进行聚类,得到替代原观测值的一个全局水质指标,数值在0～100之间,以利于直观评价.计算了海河水系2004～2006年4个断面的432个数据,考察了季节波动规律和不同年度变化的情况,并对水质进行了综合评价.两阶段模糊法对水质评价综合指标有较好的分类能力,能够得到十分科学的评价结果,且计算过程相对FCM法简便,可以运用于河流水质综合评价.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.