油气处理场站温室气体甲烷排放特征与量化

油气生产过程是甲烷重点排放源,对气候变化产生显著影响。采用便携式火焰离子检测器 (FID) 和Hi-Flow大流量仪等设备,对我国某油田3座油气处理场站甲烷泄漏排放特征进行了研究,明确了组件泄漏率,量化了重点源项甲烷排放速率,构建了设备设施甲烷排放因子,开展了甲烷排放量核算并提出了管控建议。结果表明,该油田油气处理场站设备组件与管线的甲烷泄漏率为0.7%~1.2%,压力表、阀门和储罐等在泄漏源项中占比较高。不同类型泄漏组件甲烷排放速率具有显著差异,处理场站的甲烷排放速率为111.66~274.63 L·min⁻¹。单个储罐和场站的甲烷排放因子分别为989.9 L·h⁻¹和0.19 L·m⁻³。3座场站年度甲烷排放量为303 783.40 m³,储罐是首要排放源,对总排放量贡献占比为94.1%。组件泄漏导致的甲烷排放主要源于高强度排放源,15%的泄漏点贡献了排放量的88.4%。该研究结果可为油田油气处理场站泄漏防控和温室气体排放控制提供参考。     

我国氮氧化物排放因子的修正和排放量计算:2000年

根据我国城市的发展状况 ,采用城市分类的方法 ,将我国 2 6 1个地级市按照人口数量分为 5个类别。每类城市选取一个典型城市进行实地调查 ,对我国燃烧锅炉和机动车的NOx 的排放因子进行了修正 ,提出了适合我国目前排放水平的各类城市的固定源和移动源的排放因子。并依据 2 0 0 0年中国大陆地区的电站锅炉、工业锅炉和民用炉具的燃料消耗量和机动车保有量 ,以地级市为基本单位 ,估算了 2 0 0 0年我国各地区的NOx 排放量 ,分析了分地区、分行业、分燃料类型的NOx 排放特征。 2 0 0 0年我国NOx 排放总量为 11.12Mt,其中固定源占 6 0 .8% ;移动源占 39.2 %。NOx 排放在地域、行业和燃料类型上分布均不平衡。NOx 的排放主要集中在华东和华北地区 ,其排放量占全国排放量的一半以上。燃煤为最重要的NOx 排放源 ,其排放量占燃料型NOx 排放量的 72 .3%左右。     

Reconstruction of the methane fluxes from the west Siberia gas fields by the 3D regional chemical transport model

A 3D mesoscale tropospheric photochemical transport model of high spatial resolution has been developed and used for assessment of the methane concentrations and methane emission in the West Siberian region of intensive mining of natural gas and oil deposits. The model is validated against the measurements of methane concentration at the surface and in the lower troposphere collected during July 1993 and June 1996 experiments. Comparison of the simulated and observed concentrations allowed to estimate that during the above periods the average natural methane fluxes were as high as 65 mg m⁻² day⁻¹. The anthropogenic methane fluxes (leakage from gas deposits) integrated over model domain during the same time period were about 20% of the total methane emission from relevant areas.     

桂林地区大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)工业排放源清单

通过现场勘测以及走访调研的形式,获得桂林地区2011至2013年工业生产情况统计,参照国内外相关文献资料确定排放因子,并通过数据处理得到桂林地区工业排放源清单。结果表明,近三年桂林地区工业污染源年均向大气排放细颗粒物(PM2.5)10 751.01 t,其中以兴安县贡献量最大,达到5 024.92 t;永福县次之,为2 924.31 t。在企业类型中,以火力发电企业、水泥及砖瓦厂对桂林地区大气排放细颗粒物的贡献量较大,分别为2 540.81、6 544.51和555.13 t。同时,桂林地区以煤炭作为主要燃料,其对大气排放细颗粒物的年均贡献量达到2 672.17 t。     

碳核查与交易需求背景下固定源CO2排放连续监测技术分析

大型固定源排放的二氧化碳 (CO₂) 是全球碳排放主要来源,对其排放量进行实时高精度监测是实施碳交易、产品碳足迹及碳税等机制的前提。通过分析CO₂排放量监测所涉及的烟气温度、压力、湿度、流速及气体体积分数的监测技术特征,评价现在技术误差对CO₂排放量监测精度的影响。在1.5级或2.0级碳排放量监测目标精度要求下,探讨各指标技术的发展需求。结果表明,在现有技术条件下,烟气温度、压力、湿度对CO₂排放量监测精度影响较小,选择合适精度与量程的监测仪器满足CO₂排放量监测1.5级或2.0级精度难度不大。CO₂体积分数与烟气流速监测精度是影响能否实现CO₂排放量1.5级或2.0级精度目标的关键。在CO₂体积分数监测方面,应尽量采用合适量程的1.0级精度的气体分析仪,必要时需采用多量程气体分析仪。在烟气流速监测方面,目前基于皮托管流速监测的技术与方法尚无法满足该要求,应提高现在基于皮托管的流速监测技术与标准,同时在多通道超声流速监测、烟气紊流影响、流速监测新技术方面展开研究。     

露天采矿飏尘扩散防治用风障的模拟分析

基于某露天矿坑飏尘防治用风障工程,建立数学物理模型进行数值模拟探究风障（含人工风障和防护林带）对大型露天矿坑飏尘的防护效果。运用计算流体动力学软件Fluent并选取高雷诺数下k-ε模型用SIMPLE算法进行计算,得到风障周围的流场及压力场的分布,从而分析人工风障和防护林带后沿流水平距离变化时不同高度间相对风速的变化,得出位于人工风障后位置越低,防护效果越强,当y=0.2 h时,约为初始风速的50%,且当气流深入林带后其防护效果增强,在进入后水平距离4 h’时,相对风速约为初始风速的30%。     

基于总量控制的中国点源环境管理体系构建

近年来,随着总量控制、排污许可证、排污权有偿使用和交易等政策的逐步推进,中国的点源环境管理体系已经初具雏形。对中国的点源环境管理体系构建开展了研究,认为其制度定位应当是对点源全过程进行管理,并明确了构建点源环境管理体系需要解决责任归属与监管重点两大问题。点源环境管理体系以总量控制为抓手,其核心是排污指标与实际排放量两套数据的核定,而这两套数据则成为串联总量控制、排污许可证、排污权有偿使用和交易等相关环境管理政策的重要线索。此外,要构建点源环境管理体系,还需要综合的环境管理平台、一证式环境管理要求以及专业的第三方技术团队。     

Vertical emission profiles for Europe based on plume rise calculations

The vertical allocation of emissions has a major impact on results of Chemistry Transport Models. However, in Europe it is still common to use fixed vertical profiles based on rough estimates to determine the emission height of point sources. This publication introduces a set of new vertical profiles for the use in chemistry transport modeling that were created from hourly gridded emissions calculated by the SMOKE for Europe emission model. SMOKE uses plume rise calculations to determine effective emission heights. Out of more than 40 000 different vertical emission profiles 73 have been chosen by means of hierarchical cluster analysis. These profiles show large differences to those currently used in many emission models. Emissions from combustion processes are released in much lower altitudes while those from production processes are allocated to higher altitudes. The profiles have a high temporal and spatial variability which is not represented by currently used profiles.     

碳排放视角下剩余污泥作为污水脱氮碳源的可行性分析

随着碳中和目标的提出,剩余污泥的资源化利用已经成为一个研究热点。为了从碳排放视角分析剩余污泥作为污水脱氮碳源的可行性,本研究以日处理规模为1×10⁴ m³污水为核算对象,构建了一条剩余污泥碱解液作为脱氮碳源的完整工艺路线,即剩余污泥经NaOH碱解预处理-上清液鸟粪石结晶回收磷-短程硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮-脱氮除磷后上清液作为脱氮碳源利用,对不同剩余污泥回用比情景下的碳排放量进行核算,分析该工艺的可行性。碱解上清液脱氮会消耗部分碳源,因此本文还对比研究了剩余污泥碱解液仅经磷回收后直接用于污水脱氮的工艺路线。结果表明,剩余污泥碱解液用于污水脱氮过程的碳排放量小于外加碳源情形,其运行成本也低于原污水处理工艺。理论上来讲,污泥回用比越高,全程碳排放量越小,在剩余污泥回用比为100%时,剩余污泥碱解液经磷回收后用于污水脱氮产生的碳排放最小,为0.309 6 kg·m⁻³,此时处理每万m³污水的运行成本较原工艺节约1 222.0~1 261.1元。但考虑到可能会有惰性物质在系统中循环累积,故实际最佳回用比还需深入研究确定。本文的研究成果表明,在污水处理过程中将剩余污泥作为脱氮碳源具有可行性。     

污水处理厂的能源与资源回收方式及其碳排放核算：以芬兰Kakolanmäki污水处理厂为例

探索切实可行的资源与能源回收方案、实现污水处理的碳中和运行,是污水处理领域的重要发展方向。北欧国家一些污水处理厂已凭借污泥厌氧消化产甲烷(CH₄)并热电联产(CHP)、以及余温热能利用等技术实现了能源的回收利用。以芬兰Kakolanmäki污水处理厂为例,结合该厂的污水处理工艺流程分析其能源回收方式,并运用碳足迹模型核算了其污水处理工艺与能源回收环节的碳减排量,以确定其整个运行中的碳足迹。分析结果表明,该厂污水处理工艺不仅可以满足严格的出水水质排放标准,还可通过回收出水余温热能等方式实现能源中和与碳中和运行,并向社会供热。其中,该厂的总回收能量(电能+热能)大于其自身能耗的6.4倍。出水余温热能回收潜力最大,约占全部可回收能量的90%;厌氧消化并热电联产所回收的化学能不足10%。回收能源不仅使该厂实现碳中和(碳中和率333%)运行,而且剩余碳汇(以CO₂当量计)达24 931 t ·a⁻¹。该厂的实践表明,污水处理实现碳中和运行的关键在于重视出水中大量的余温热能回收。芬兰Kakolanmäki污水处理厂的案例可为国内污水处理厂探索高效能源利用、并实现碳中和运行提供参考。     

Bacteria additives to the changes in gaseous mass transfer from stored swine manure

Abstract

A bacteria additives treatment experiment in assessing the changes in gaseous mass transfer from stored swine manure is presented. The experiment is tested for ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide emission data sampled from pilot swine manure columns and analyzed by GC/MS. The result shows that bacteria additives slightly reduce the methane and carbon dioxide releases, while the same additives do not show any effect on the reduction of ammonia. The hydrogen sulfide contents of stored swine manure continued to be low. Gas concentrations emitted from treated and untreated stored swine manure were: 3.76 and 2.2 ppm for methane, 0.35 and 0.11 ppm for ammonia, and 1000 and 470 ppm for carbon dioxide, respectively. A simple model to estimate gas emission rates is also developed from the viewpoint of two‐film resistance theory. The average emission rates calculated from the model for methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide are respectively: 0.01, 0.0005, and 13.98 g/min from untreated stored manure; while 0.07, 0.096, and 0.55 g/min from treated manure. The emission model also indicates that for most gaseous pollutants of environmental concern, liquid phase transfer coefficient controls the rate of volatile compounds emitted from stored swine manure and gas phase transfer coefficient has insignificant effect in the calculation of overall mass transfer coefficient.     

固定源氮氧化物排放及控制技术应用

固定源是氮氧化物排放的一个主要来源。通过对主要固定源氮氧化物生成机理及现有的排放控制技术进行论述，分析我国固定源氮氧化物排放的实际情况，提出我国固定源氮氧化物排放控制还处于起步阶段，氮氧化物排放标准相对宽松，氮氧化物排放控制技术有待进一步普及，并提出固定源氮氧化物排放治理的一些建议。     

固定源氮氧化物排放及控制技术应用

固定源是氮氧化物排放的一个主要来源.通过对主要固定源氮氧化物生成机理及现有的排放控制技术进行论述,分析我国固定源氮氧化物排放的实际情况,提出我国固定源氮氧化物排放控制还处于起步阶段,氮氧化物排放标准相对宽松,氮氧化物排放控制技术有待进一步普及,并提出固定源氮氧化物排放治理的一些建议.     

沈阳市固定燃烧源挥发性有机化合物2007年排放清单研究

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)与.OH的反应是对流层臭氧形成的重要化学过程,是导致城市光化学烟雾的根本原因。为建立沈阳市固定燃烧源VOCs排放清单,选取了电力热力行业、钢铁行业和秸秆燃烧3个主要排放源进行研究。结果表明:(1)2007年,沈阳市固定燃烧源VOCs排放总量为8 544.539 t,其中排放量最大的是秸秆燃烧,为6 317.115 t;其次是电力热力行业,为2 225.780 t;最小的是钢铁行业,为1.644 t。(2)沈阳市各区县固定燃烧源VOCs排放量由大到小排序依次为新民市、法库县、东陵区、康平县、辽中县、于洪区、苏家屯区、大东区、沈北新区、铁西区、沈河区、皇姑区、和平区;VOCs排放强度由大到小排序依次为大东区、沈河区、铁西区、东陵区、皇姑区、和平区、于洪区、苏家屯区、法库县、康平县、辽中县、沈北新区、新民市。     

某石化企业三类成品油装载环节的有机污染物排放特征、环境影响及控制措施

石化行业的成品油装载环节是有机污染物的重点排放源,包括挥发性有机物(VOCs)和甲烷等。对我国某石化企业的汽油、航煤和柴油三类成品油在装载过程中外排的尾气进行了监测,并采用·OH损失速率和最大增量反应活性法,重点分析了装载过程中VOCs和甲烷的排放特征、大气反应活性及环境影响,并提出相关控制措施。结果表明,成品油装载环节外排的VOCs以烷烃为主。每吨成品油在装载过程中排放的VOCs强度达到2.2~36.4 g,其中汽油排放强度最高。丁烷、戊烷和己烷等C₄~C₆烃是主要烷烃组分;丙酮是含量最高含氧物质;丁烯、异戊二烯和戊烯是最主要的烯烃组分。这类VOCs具有较高大气光化学反应活性和臭氧生成潜势(OFP),大气活性与二甲苯活性相当。VOCs的OFP(即每克VOCs可产生的O₃质量)达到1.4~2.7 g·g⁻¹。航煤装载环节外排VOCs的反应活性与臭氧潜势高于汽油和柴油。装载环节外排VOCs的反应活性及臭氧生成潜势主要源于烷烃和烯烃组分,异戊烷、C₄~C₅烯烃和甲苯等是需优先控制的高活性物质。本研究可为石化企业从源头开展VOCs等有机污染物的精准管控提供参考。     

基于三维荧光及平行因子分析的南昌市某河可溶性有机物溯源及治理策略

地表河流污染物溯源对污染物防治及河流生态环境改善具有重要意义。三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)的图谱形状、荧光峰位置、荧光峰强度、荧光峰个数信息和荧光参数可作为水体中可溶性有机物(DOM)的荧光特征。结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)对南昌市某河的3D-EEMs进行分析并进行DOM溯源研究,结果表明,该河DOM主要包含3个荧光组分,分别为类腐殖质荧光组分C1(λ_Ex/λ_Em=245 nm/430 nm)、类氨基酸和类腐殖质组分的混合物C2(λ_Ex/λ_Em=240,300 nm/365 nm)和类色氨酸荧光组分C3(λ_Ex/λ_Em=225,275 nm/335 nm),分别占总荧光组分的35.93%,26.62%和37.45%。该河基本满足地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)III类水标准,浮游植物主要为蓝绿藻,河流中磷的来源复杂。污染物溯源结果表明,该河DOM腐殖化程度较低,生物活性较强,主要来源于浮游植物和微生物代谢降解和沉积物在冲击和水力作用下产生的内源污染。建议该河采用生态修复技术并辅助水体曝气系统治理DOM污染,并持续防止河流引入外源污染。     

Watershed-based riverine discharge loads and emission factor of perfluorinated surfactants in Korean peninsula

Long-range transport of and exposure to perfluorinated substances (PFSs) strongly depend on their emission mode. In the present study, watershed-based riverine discharge loads and emission factors are estimated for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorohexylsulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctylsulfonate (PFOS) by using spatially distributed data of chemical concentrations together with water flows and a geographic information system (GIS). Average per capita emissions (emission factor, μg capita⁻¹ d⁻¹) are 75 for PFOA, 36 for PFNA, 17 for PFHxS, and 43 for PFOS, which are several times lower than the estimates for Japan and the European continent. A relatively uniform distribution is observed for PFHxS and PFOS emission factors, while elevated values of PFOA and PFNA predominate in one of eight river basins. This may indicate the leading contribution of diffusive sources (e.g. nonpoint source) for PFHxS and PFOS versus the presence of localized point sources for PFOA and PFNA. The lower-upper bound of total riverine loads discharged annually from the Korean peninsula are in the range of 0.53-1.3 tons for PFOA, 0.09-0.60 tons for PFNA, 0.07-0.29 tons for PFHxS, and 0.19-0.73 tons for PFOS, accounting for <1% of global annual emissions. Furthermore, these riverine discharge loads are significantly greater than the discharge loads from a wastewater treatment plant, indicating the necessity of further study of nonpoint sources.     

Generic scenario for the impact of cooling lubricants into the hydrosphere

According to directive 93/67/EEC of the European Commission, this paper deals with the generic exposition evaluation of the environmental concentration of cooling Lubricant chemicals from the metal working industry into the hydrosphere. After considering the relevant life-cycle steps and the selection of a representative point source for the 'reasonable worst case', the emission per day Elocal(water) is determined. It leads to the predicted environmental concentration (PEClocal(water)) for the local stage in the compartment water. In order to gain the PEClocal(water) for an example--a corrosion inhibitor as additive in a cooling lubricant--, the relevant emission paths and the corresponding representative point source are described for the reasonable worst case. For non-water-miscible cooling lubricants, none of the operations in the life cycle leads to a release into the compartment water. To evaluate the hazard potential for cooling lubricant chemicals, the complete risk assessment has to be done. Also, the assessment has to be done for all high production volume chemicals, new substances and existing hazard chemicals. This means that even industrial categories like chemicals used in the textile industry or biocides and others have to be evaluated.     

Gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs in a satellite town in Eastern China

Gas/particle partitioning of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in ambient air was investigated in a satellite town in Eastern China from April 2007 to January 2008 comprehending large temperature variations (from 3 to 34 °C, daily average). Molecular weight, molecular structure and ambient temperatures are the three major factors that govern the gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric PCDD/Fs throughout the year. Generally, good agreements were obtained (except for winter) between measured particulate fractions and theoretical estimates of both the Junge–Pankow adsorption model and Harner Bidleman absorption model using different sets of subcooled liquid vapor pressure and octanol–air partition coefficient (K_oa), respectively. Models utilizing estimates, derived from gas chromatographic retention indices (GC-RIs), are more accurate than that of entropy-based. Moreover, during winter, the K_oa-based model using the GC-RIs approach performs better on lower chlorinated PCDD/Fs than that of -based. Furthermore, possible sources of mismatch between measured and predicted values in winter (3–7 °C) were discussed. Gas adsorption artifact was demonstrated to be of minor importance for the phenomena observed. On the other hand, large deviations of slopes (m_r) and intercepts (b_r) in logK_p vs. plots from theoretical values are observed in the literature data and these are found to be linearly correlated with ambient temperatures (P<0.001) in this study. This indicates that the non-equilibrium partitioning of PCDD/Fs in winter may be significantly influenced by the colder temperatures that may have slowed down the exchange between gaseous and particulate fractions.