平原河网地区地下水脆弱性评价体系构建及应用

地下水污染形势严峻,脆弱性评价是区域地下水资源保护和污染防治的重要前提。平原河网地区地表水系复杂,城市化程度高,常规DRASTIC模型难以准确评价其地下水脆弱性。文章根据平原河网地区特点,建立了一套包括地下水埋深、净补给量、含水层介质、土壤带介质等7个本质脆弱性指标和地表水系、地下工程2个特殊脆弱性指标在内的方法体系,并以上海市金山区为例进行了地下水脆弱性评价。结果表明,地下水埋深、地下水净补给量和含水层厚度是影响评价区域本质脆弱性的主要指标,3者评价得分均在3~9之间,其中地下水埋深和净补给量得分为6的区域面积最大,分别为219.35 km~2和187.74 km~2,含水层厚度以得分为8的区域面积最大,达到286.01 km~2。金山区地表水系分布广泛,加上水质较差,其河流水质、河网密度、河流等级的脆弱性评价得分大多为6~10,相比地下工程,这3个指标对该区域的特殊脆弱性影响更大。金山区地下水综合脆弱性评价中,三级和四级面积较大,分别为274.49 km~2和157.82 km~2,两者面积之和占整个评价区的67.93%;三级区域广泛分布于整个评价区范围之内,五级脆弱性零星分布于南部和中部区域。评价结果与实际调研情况相符,能够真实地反映评价区浅层地下水脆弱性程度。该方法体系可为区域地下水环境管理及污染防治工作提供技术支撑和科学依据。     

我国南方某沿江腾退化工污染场地土壤与地下水风险评估

以长江经济带某沿江化工企业腾退地块为例,开展了典型沿江腾退地块土壤与地下水的人体健康风险评估和污染现状评价。结果表明：场地土壤污染相对较轻,无关注污染物;地下水存在一定程度的污染,关注污染物包括苯、甲苯、1,2-二氯乙烷和C10-C40;地块土壤和地下水中污染物风险值均不超过可接受风险水平,但苯的致癌风险和非致癌危害商贡献率最大;对于企业历史生产区域,存在污染物超标但风险可接受,长期监测和回顾性风险评估是地块未来风险管控的重点。     

生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法研究

在综合分析国内外不同行业、不同领域风险分级方法的基础上,初步建立了一种生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险分级方法。该方法利用由美国环保局（USEPA）开发的多介质、多路径、多受体风险评价模型（3MRA）中用于描述污染物在地下水迁移的EPACMTP模型和风险评估模型计算生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险指数I,利用地下水含水层脆弱性模型（DRASTIC模型）计算地下水含水层脆弱性指数DRASTIC。并以I和DRASTIC为风险分级指标,以MATLAB聚类分析为方法,对生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险进行分级。以北京市22个生活垃圾填埋场为例,利用建立的风险分级方法,可将这22个填埋场地下水污染风险从高到低分为4级,并且大部分填埋场属于风险级别较低的3、4级。表明该风险分级方法可行、有效,在一定程度上可以为生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的风险管理提供依据。     

垃圾污染质在粉质粘土包气带中运移情况的调查

在我国填埋仍是垃圾处理的主要方式.垃圾产生的渗滤液量大、组分复杂,重金属及有机物含量极高,对土壤及地下水环境污染严重[1].渗滤液污染地下环境的过程主要包括污染物质在包气带中的垂向运移和透过包气带后在含水层中的侧向运移.因此,包气带是阻止渗滤液污染含水层的天然屏障,可以通过对污染物质的阻截和自然衰减,起到削弱污染、保护含水层的作用.因此研究垃圾渗滤液污染物,特别是在不同岩性包气带介质中的迁移转化十分必要.     

再生水农用区地下水基础环境状况调查与评估方法

对再生水农用区地下水基础环境状况调查与评估的对象、内容和技术进行系统研究,建立了一套再生水农用区地下水基础环境状况调查的评估方法,并将该方法应用于某典型再生水农用区的地下水评估,评价结果基本上客观地反映了该再生水农用区地下水的环境状况及其污染来源和污染程度.该方法具有针对性和可操作性,对于指导全国再生水农用区地下水基础环境状况调查与评估工作具有重要意义.     

新疆库尔勒市平原区地下水有机污染评价

本文采用有机污染现状评价法和环境影响度评价法对新疆库尔勒市平原区22组地下水水样进行评价,并对其影响因素进行了分析.地下水有机污染物检测结果显示,无有机污染物超标项,有6项有机污染物检出,分别为反-1,2-二氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯乙烯和甲苯,检出率最高的指标是甲苯(检出率为27.3%),其余5项检出率均为4.5%.地下水有机污染现状评价结果表明,研究区内甲苯未污染占72.7%、轻度污染占27.3%,其余5项未污染占95.5%、轻度污染占4.5%.地下水环境影响度评价结果表明,研究区地下水体中的有机污染物对人和环境没有明显的潜在危害.库尔勒市平原区地下水中有机污染物检出主要受工业污染源、生活污染源、农业污染源、土地利用类型和包气带岩性的影响.     

南阳盆地土壤酸化风险防控分区研究

南阳盆地表层土壤酸化趋势明显.利用土地质量地球化学和地下水污染调查结果,从自然地理条件、土壤条件和水文地质条件3个方面,选择地貌类型、土地利用类型、土壤类型、土壤pH、包气带岩性、含水层富水性、地下水硝酸盐含量和年降水量8个指标作为研究区土壤酸化评价因子,构建土壤酸化风险评价指标体系,分析各指标空间分布特征.采用层次分...     

内蒙古典型旱区盐湖盆地浅层地下水污染风险评价

为明晰内蒙古阿拉善盟吉兰泰盐湖盆地浅层地下水污染特征及评估地下水饮水安全风险等级,采集了盐湖盆地研究区土壤表层(0—10 cm)样品56个,地下水样品127个,检测分析土壤中重金属元素Cu、As、Pb含量及水样中Cr、Hg、As、F^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-含量.运用地下水风险评价概念模型,将地下水脆弱性、地下水污染物容量及土壤毒性污染物潜在生态危害评价有机结合,对地下水污染风险展开评价.借助ArcGIS软件进行克里格插值绘图,探析盐湖盆地浅层地下水风险的空间分布特征.结果表明:盐湖盆地地下水脆弱性指数范围为4.80—5.30属于中等脆弱性,吉兰泰盐湖东南部和吉兰泰镇西北部脆弱性高于其他区域;地下水样品中重金属Hg的含量在《地下水质量标准》中Ⅲ类水水质标准范围内,其他元素均有超标现象,其中F^-超标率最高,为62.20%,Cr、As、F^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-     

西安主城区地下水化学特征及水质评价

城市地下水环境对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义.本文运用数理统计分析、改进的模糊综合评价、综合评价法、水化学和因子分析法对研究区地下水水化学特征及水质进行分析评价.结果表明,研究区地下水中钠离子、钙离子、硫酸根和碳酸氢根相对含量较高,承压水水化学组分比潜水稳定.潜水的水化学类型主要是HCO₃-Ca·Mg和SO₄·Cl-Ca·Mg·Na,承压水的水化学类型主要是HCO₃-Na和HCO₃-Ca·Mg.两种评价方法均显示,研究区潜水以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水居多,模糊综合评价法显示研究区承压水大部分为Ⅰ类水,而综合评价法显示研究区多为Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类水.水岩作用是水化学组分的主要控制因素.相较于承压水而言,潜水水质存在不同程度的污染,潜水污染的原因主要包括原生地质背景污染和人为污染两大类.该研究为研究区地下水资源的合理开发利用和生态环境保护与建设提供了理论依据.     

地下水及其污染物

地下水是最大的饮用水源,它主要来自进入土壤并蓄存于含水层中的降水。本文描述了含水层类型,以及造成地下水运动的各种力,主要的地下水污染源是废物填埋场或堆放场、坑塘、地下贮罐和化粪池,非点源对此问题也有贡献。采用一种特定的污染处理方法是否合适,取决于污染物的化学性质。作者对若干种方法进行了讨论。     

Trace metals accumulation in soil irrigated with polluted water and assessment of human health risk from vegetable consumption in Bangladesh

Trace metals accumulation in soil irrigated with polluted water and human health risk from vegetable consumption was assessed based on the data available in the literature on metals pollution of water, soil, sediment and vegetables from the cites of Bangladesh. The quantitative data on metal concentrations, their contamination levels and their pollution sources have not been systematically gathered and studied so far. The data on metal concentrations, sources, contamination levels, sample collection and analytical tools used were collected, compared and discussed. The USEPA-recommended method for health risk assessment was used to estimate human risk from vegetable consumption. Concentrations of metals in water were highly variable, and the mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and As in water were found to be higher than the FAO irrigation water quality standard. In most cases, mean concentrations of metals in soil were higher than the Bangladesh background value. Based on geoaccumulation index (I _geo) values, soils of Dhaka city are considered as highly contaminated. The I _geo shows Cd, As, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr contamination of agricultural soils and sediments of the cities all over the Bangladesh. Polluted water irrigation and agrochemicals are identified as dominant sources of metals in agricultural soils. Vegetable contamination by metals poses both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to the public. Based on the results of the pollution and health risk assessments, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni are identified as the priority control metals and the Dhaka city is recommended as the priority control city. This study provides quantitative evidence demonstrating the critical need for strengthened wastewater discharge regulations in order to protect residents from heavy metal discharges into the environment.     

华南滨海小流域降雨入渗对地下水的补给分析

以华南滨海小流域——中山大学滨海水循环试验基地（试验基地）作为研究区,在对该流域地下水和雨水分别进行采样、实验分析的基础上,利用氯量平衡法（CMB）与地下水动态法计算了该流域的降雨入渗补给系数与给水度。研究发现,试验基地地下水主要受降雨补给,地下水埋深在雨季（4—9月）、旱季（10—3月）的变动范围大致为0～1.5 m与0～0.5 m。根据CMB计算结果,补给区、中间区雨季降雨入渗补给系数分别为旱季的1.3～1.6倍和1.3～2.0倍,且补给区大于中间区（M5井除外）。利用地下水动态法计算次降雨入渗补给系数,所得雨季、旱季的均值（7.6%和4.6%）与CMB计算结果（7.7%和5.3%）较为接近。给水度、雨强与入渗补给系数均存在一定的线性关系。将地下水埋深分别与降雨入渗补给量及潜水蒸发量进行多项式拟合对比,发现降雨入渗对地下水的最大入渗补给埋深约为2.3 m,当埋深为3.1 m时,地下水可获得最大净补给量。     

土壤污染物来源及前沿问题

人类活动对土壤系统的影响日趋严重。土壤污染物主要来自污染的大气沉降，废水和污水灌溉，工业废渣和城市垃圾，以及农药施用等。土壤污染对环境和人体健康造成极大的危害。文章通过计算得出了大气汞沉降和酸沉降在中国的累积沉降量，并通过调查分析中国各项污染物来源的最新资料，详细论述了各主要污染因素对土壤系统的影响。文章阐述了污染物在土壤系统中主要的物理化学行为，主要包括污染物在土壤生态系统中的吸附、迁移和扩散、酸沉降对土壤系统的影响等三个方面。最后回顾了该领域的研究现状和主要的前沿问题，并对进一步的深入研究提出了建议。     

城市污水回用健康风险评价

随污水回用量增加，其对人体健康可能产生的危害日益受到重视。利用风险评价技术对回用水的健康风险进行评估成为保证安全回用的关键。主要论述了污水回用健康风险评价的基本概念和方法。     

Soil irrigation with treated wastewater: A simple,reduced scale,evaluation method

A laboratory scale method is proposed in order to establish the advantages and disadvantages of reclaimed wastewater irrigation. Data on possible environmental impact (on groundwater and soils) of such irrigation practices are obtained by using lysimetric columns. At the same time it is possible to gather data about treated wastewater nutrient content.

Global results of percolating ions and vegatative growth on columns data are shown.     

Modelling the impacts of land-use and drainage density on the water balance of a lowland–floodplain landscape in northeast Germany

This study presents the modelling approach and impact assessment of different strategies for managing wetland water resources and groundwater dynamics of landscapes which are characterised by the hydrological interactions of floodplains and the adjacent lowlands. The assessment of such impacts is based on the analysis of simulation results of complex scenarios of land-use changes and changes of the density of the drainage-network. The method has been applied to the 198 km² Lower Havel River catchment as a typical example of a lowland–floodplain landscape. The model used consists of a coupled soil water and groundwater model, where the latter one is additionally coupled to the surface channel network. Thus, the hydrological processes of the variable saturated soil zone as well as lateral groundwater flow and the interactions between surface water and groundwater are simulated in an integrated manner. The model was validated for several years of significantly different meteorological conditions. The comparison of lateral and vertical water balance components showed the dominance of lateral flow processes and the importance of the interactions between surface water and groundwater for the overall water balance and the hydrological state of that type of landscape.The simulation of land-use change scenarios showed only minor effects of land-use change on the water balance and groundwater recharge. Changes of groundwater recharge were particularly small within the wetland areas being part of the floodplain where interactions between surface water and groundwater are most pronounced. Alterations in vertical groundwater recharge were counter-balanced by the lateral interaction between groundwater and surface water. More significant deviations in groundwater recharge and storage were observed in the more peripheral areas towards the catchment boundaries which are characterised by greater groundwater distance from the surface and less intense of ground water–surface water interactions.However, the simulation results assuming a coarsening of the drainage network density showed the importance of drainage structure and geometry for the water balance: The removal of the artificial draining ditches in the floodplain would result in significant alterations of total groundwater recharge, i.e., less recharge from winter to early summer and an increase of groundwater recharge during summer and autumn. Furthermore the different effects of groundwater recharge alterations on the dynamics of groundwater stages within the wetland areas close to the floodplains compared to the more peripheral areas could be quantified. Finally, it will be discussed that a well-adjusted co-ordination of different management measures is required to reach a sustainable water resources management of such lowland–floodplain landscapes.     

城市屋面雨水绿地水平流渗透净化研究

把城区屋面汇集的雨水径流通过绿地或人工土层净化后收集利用或渗透地下,既可涵养地下水,又截留处置了部分雨水,减轻了雨洪负荷和雨水径流对受纳水体的污染,是一种经济有效的雨水利用方案。但为保证雨水渗入地下后不污染土层和地下水源,本文研究了屋面雨水在天然和人工配制的两种土壤中水平流动的净化作用及其规律。为屋面雨水绿地渗透方案的工程实施提供技术依据。     

Chemical and isotopic investigation of groundwater in Tahta region,Sohag-Egypt

Chemical and isotopic investigations indicate that the recharge source for the groundwater in the Tahta district, adjacent to the Nile, is mainly from the Nile water seeping from irrigation channels. The water's chemical type is sodium bicarbonate, with values of oxygen-18 and deuterium close to that of Nile water. Another minor source of recharge to the far west of the Nile bank is palaeowater. This water's chemical type is sodium sulphate and sodium chloride. The change of water quality in some groundwater samples could be due to the extensive use of fertilizers to improve soil characteristics in new reclamation projects. In addition, these wells are slightly depleted in oxygen-18, deuterium and tritium. Recommendations for the periodic monitoring of groundwater quality for proper use are given.     

Development and application of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system in Xiamen,China

Urban ecological risk is one of the important factors that may restrict the social and economic development. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out a comprehensive assessment of ecological risks so that an ecological risk prevention and control plan can be scientifically formulated. In this paper, a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system of Xiamen was established based on local ecological properties and socioeconomic status. This indicator system covers seven indicators including air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, fresh water consumption, change in land use, occupation of key zones with ecological functions, and road network expansion. Based on this indicator system and in conjunction with the single factor assessment of ecological risks, this study constructed a model of comprehensive ecological risk assessment and forecasted the comprehensive ecological risk of Xiamen in 2020. The results showed that the comprehensive ecological risk level of Xiamen in 2020 is medium and the main stressors are the discharge of air and water pollutants. From the perspective of risk receptors, i.e. the ecosystem services, the risk posed to the ecosystem services associated to the maintenance of air quality and water purification is the highest. Therefore, this study proposed the recommendations on ecological risk prevention and regulation in Xiamen based on the comprehensive assessment of ecological risks, in the hope to provide scientific support for local ecological protection and sustainable development.