生态伦理:可持续发展的伦理基础

可持续发展是始源于人类所面面临的生态危机、以人与自然关系的协调发展为基本内容的一种生态化发展模式,它所面对和需要处理的是人类发展需求无限性与自然资源有限性这一矛盾,即人类对自然的价值取向、开发强度是否符合自然规律的问题.目前学界对它的研究已突破"经济-科技-政治"等实践层面,开始深入到"观念-价值-文化"等认识论、价值论领域.生态伦理是对人与自然关系的哲学反思中应运而生的一种革命性的伦理思想,本质上属于人类社会的"观念-价值-文化"领域,其理论构成、研究对象正契合人类的可持续发展.生态伦理作为可持续发展伦理基础是可持续发展的客观要求和必然选择:①生态伦理突破传统的道德定义,将伦理关怀的对象扩展到人与自然界关系的领域,为可持续发展奠定了坚实的思想基础,提供可靠的伦理前提;②生态伦理肯定自然价值和自然权利,直接回应了在可持续发展中人为何要尊重自然价值与权利这一理论课题,为人类对大自然的价值认同寻到理论根基,使可持续发展寻找到坚实的价值支点;③生态伦理在反思和批判传统道德评价标准的基础上,提出全新的道德评价标准,为现实的可持续发展战略的设计与安排提供伦理支持和辩护.     

循环经济建设的产业生态学方法

循环经济是按生态学原理和系统工程方法运行的具有整体、协同、循环、自生功能的复合生态经济.生态产业是一类按循环经济规律组织起来的基于生态系统承载能力,具有完整的生命周期、高效的代谢过程及和谐的生态功能的网络型、进化型、复合型产业.从传统工业经济向循环经济的转型需要一场生产方式、消费模式和生态影响方式的产业生态革命,其理论基础是经济生态、人类生态、景观生态和复合生态.产业生态转型的实质是变产品经济为功能经济,变环境投入为生态产出,促进生态资产与经济资产、生态基础设施与生产基础设施、生态服务功能与社会服务功能的平衡与协调发展.生态产业设计的原则包括横向耦合、纵向闭合、区域耦合、社会整合、功能导向、结构柔化、能力组合、信息开放、人类生态.产业生态系统是一类社会经济自然复合生态系统,具有生产、生活、供给、接纳、控制和缓冲的整合功能和错综复杂的人类生态关系,其方法论的核心在于时、空、量、构、序的生态整合.生态文化是循环经济的灵魂,指人与环境和谐共处、持续生存、稳定发展的文化,包括体制文化、认知文化、物态文化和心态文化.     

循环经济建设的产业生态学方法

循环经济是按生态学原理和系统工程方法运行的具有整体、协同、循环、自生功能的复合生态经济.生态产业是一类按循环经济规律组织起来的基于生态系统承载能力,具有完整的生命周期、高效的代谢过程及和谐的生态功能的网络型、进化型、复合型产业.从传统工业经济向循环经济的转型需要一场生产方式、消费模式和生态影响方式的产业生态革命,其理论基础是经济生态、人类生态、景观生态和复合生态.产业生态转型的实质是变产品经济为功能经济,变环境投入为生态产出,促进生态资产与经济资产、生态基础设施与生产基础设施、生态服务功能与社会服务功能的平衡与协调发展,生态产业设计的原则包括横向耦合、纵向闭合、区域耦合、社会整合、功能导向、结构柔化、能力组合、信息开放、人类生态.产业生态系统是一类社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,具有生产、生活、供给、接纳、控制和缓冲的整合功能和错综复杂的人类生态关系,其方法论的核心在于时、空、量、构、序的生态整合.生态文化是循环经济的灵魂,指人与环境和谐共处、持续生存、稳定发展的文化.包括体制文化、认知文化、物态文化和心态文化.     

生态文明建设要点探索

生态文明是继工业文明之后更高层次的文明,而环境保护是生态文明建设的主要内容。在综合分析生态文明建设的目标、任务、本质、路径、关键和保障等理论问题的基础上,提出生态文明建设的要点:生态文明建设的目标是人与自然和谐,核心任务是生态环境保护,本质是发展方式的转变,关键是科技创新驱动,保障是制度建设。认为通过生态文明建设,可最终实现人类社会的可持续发展。     

循环经济及其必然性

循环经济是人类经济社会发展的必然选择。循环经济本质上是生态经济，它倡导一种与环境和谐的经济发展模式，其基本指导原则是减量化(Reduce)、再利用(Reuse)、再循环(Recycle)。文章简要地讨论了循环经济的必然性及内涵，指出我国必须建立起一整套符合其范式要求的政治、法律、经济和文化体制。     

生态补偿对农户绿肥种植行为惯性产生的激励机制：基于倾向得分匹配的估计

促进农户绿肥种植行为惯性产生,是在不增加政府财政负担的情况下保障以绿肥应用为基础的农业环境目标实现的前提。利用湖南、江西、广西、安徽、河南5省(区)1 217户农户调查数据,基于倾向得分匹配(PSM)方法,分析生态补偿政策实施对农户绿肥种植行为惯性产生的影响逻辑和影响程度。研究显示,生态补偿政策能够显著促进农户绿肥种植行为惯性的产生。与未接受过政府生态补偿的农户相比,接受过生态补偿的农户绿肥种植行为惯性产生的可能性增加21.8%。生态补偿可以通过两条路径实现惯性激励:一是生态补偿→收入效应→行为惯性,二是生态补偿→环境知识→行为惯性。此外,年轻、受教育程度高、规模经营和耕地自然条件良好的主体更可能产生绿肥种植行为惯性。据此,提出以评估、重塑生态补偿标准和补偿方式为核心,通过设计科学的生态补偿制度,并综合考虑农户禀赋异质性的影响,构建绿肥种植行为惯性产生机制,可以改善农户绿肥种植的可持续性。     

陕西省生态环境评价指标体系构建研究

随着陕西省城镇化、工业化以及农业现代化的快速发展,创造物质财富的同时,频繁的人类活动和机械设备过度使用等因素,导致生态环境严重被破坏,对社会和经济稳定可持续发展造成一定影响.以陕西省为研究对象,从自然环境、生态人文、廉政经济以及生态工业4个方面选取一级指标,具体细化为11个二级指标与21个三级指标,以此构建陕西省生态环...     

论在E—learning教学中建构主义理论的教学观与教师观

科学技术飞速发展促进了教育技术的发展,E—learning的出现与广泛应用,对传统教学方式产生了革命性的影响,教师受到了前所未有的挑战．教师的教学念、教师观、知识结构、教学行为都必须来一个彻底的转变,通过文献研究和行为研究,证明建构主义理论的教学观与教师观能够有效地指导E—learning英语教学．参9．     

农户经营行为及其对生态环境的影响

20世纪70年代我国农村实行了家庭联产承包责任制,使农户成为了农业生产经营最基本单元,对农户经营行为的研究是解决“三农”问题的基础。农户不合理的经济活动与生态环境恶化有着直接的、必然的联系。从农户的经营行为动机出发,分析影响农户经济行为的主要因素及其对生态环境的影响已成为热点问题。农户经营行为与环境保护的矛盾主要表现在三个方面:(1)农户经营行为的短期性与环境影响的长期性;(2)农户经营行为的个体性与环境资源的共享性;(3)农户经营行为的针对性与环境政策的普适性。今后进一步研究的热点领域包括四个方面,其一是农户经营行为的政策影响机制研究;其二是对农户经营行为的环境影响过程的跟踪研究;其三是对农户经营行为环境影响的定量模拟研究;其四是探讨基于生态环境保护的农户经营行为最佳模式。改善生态环境的根本在于建立人类与自然界的和谐关系,使人们在追求经济效益的同时,考虑社会效益和生态环境效益。     

文化视野下的生态旅游经济观——经济内涵的生态道德新探

文化的终极目标是服务社会,把本身潜在的生产力转化成现实的生产力.生态道德的第一要义应当而且必须是从长远的角度维护良好的社会经济秩序,促进地方经济的和谐发展.生态旅游经济是一种“可持续”的经济模式,它将经济效益、生态效益和生态保护三者结合起来,对于避免急功近利的经济模式具要重要意义.生态旅游经济必然是道德理性的经济,是人与自然的和谐发展,应促进人与自然、人与人、人的自身和谐,将旅游经济提升到一个“天人合一”的最高境界.     

生态危机的社会伦理根源

从人与自然的关系实际上是人与人之间的利益关系的论点出发,揭示了生态危机发生实质是人类为了获取自身利益的最大化,对自然资源无止境的索取和争夺而导致的;论证了生态危机发生的社会伦理根源是技术理性的扩张导致科学技术的异化、消费主义的盛行加重了对自然的消耗与污染、功利主义的漫延导致代际自然资源分配不公;提出了要缓解人与自然日趋紧张的关系,解决生态危机,不仅要依靠科技、经济手段,最根本的还是要从改变人们的社会伦理观出发,用价值理性自觉地调适技术理性的非理性倾向、改变物质主义的生活方式、摒弃发展理念的功利主义,从而调节好人与人之间的利益冲突,处理好人与自然的＂物质变换＂关系。     

Trophy hunters’ willingness to pay for wildlife conservation and community benefits

In the face of fundamental land‐use changes, the potential for trophy hunting to contribute to conservation is increasingly recognized. Trophy hunting can, for example, provide economic incentives to protect wildlife populations and their habitat, but empirical studies on these relationships are few and tend to focus on the effects of benefit‐sharing schemes from an ex post perspective. We investigated the conditions under which trophy hunting could facilitate wildlife conservation in Ethiopia ex ante. We used a choice experiment approach to survey international trophy hunters’ (n = 224) preferences for trips to Ethiopia, here operationalized as trade‐offs between different attributes of a hunting package, as expressed through choices with an associated willingness to pay. Participants expressed strong preferences and, consequently, were willing to pay substantial premiums for hunting trips to areas with abundant nontarget wildlife where domestic livestock was absent and for arrangements that offered benefit sharing with local communities. For example, within the range of percentages considered in the survey, respondents were on average willing to pay an additional $3900 for every 10 percentage points of the revenue being given to local communities. By contrast, respondents were less supportive of hunting revenue being retained by governmental bodies: Willingness to pay decreased by $1900 for every 10 percentage points of the revenue given to government. Hunters’ preferences for such attributes of hunting trips differed depending on the degree to which they declared an interest in Ethiopian culture, nature conservation, or believed Ethiopia to be politically unstable. Overall, respondents thus expressly valued the outcomes of nature conservation activities—the presence of wildlife in hunting areas—and they were willing to pay for them. Our findings highlight the usefulness of insights from choice modeling for the design of wildlife management and conservation policies and suggest that trophy hunting in Ethiopia could generate substantially more financial support for conservation and be more in line with conservation objectives than is currently the case.     

海南生态文化建设的战略

面对严重的全球性生态危机与困境，寻找新型的人与自然关系成为人类的共同呼声。时代呼唤生态文化，生态文化是人与环境和谐共处、持续生存、稳定发展的文化。是海南生态省建设的四大内容之一。从体制文化、企业文化、认知文化和心态文化4方面对海南生态文化建设战略作了探讨。     

全球化视阈下的生态伦理学研究述论

作为人类文化的重要创新,生态伦理学研究推动了将道德延伸到自然界,通过协调各方利益,规范人类的环境态度和行为,重建人与自然的和谐关系,从而保证人类整体事业的繁荣。生态学所描述的仅仅自然界的自然生态,虽然其基本原理为生态伦理学所吸纳,但后者并非生态加伦理如此简单而已,它的研究对象更为广阔,也更为复杂。人始终是伦理学关怀的主体,其出发点是人,最终的对象也必然是包含人在内的整个自然。在伦理学层面上,人首先是社会性的,其次才是生物性的,在这一方面中国自古以来便形成了良好的生态文化传统。生态伦理的思想若要深深扎根当前所有人的心中,必须首先在全社会形成浓厚的生态文化,使环境保护的理念真正落到实处。以生态伦理为核心的生态文化必将成为人类社会生态文明建设的指南。21世纪继往开来的中国的生态伦理学应该具有清晰的价值定位,不仅需要超越生态学的全自然视角,突出人的社会性,而且需要体现社会主义的制度特征,构建自己的生态伦理话语体系。     

Rural Development and Sustainable Wildlife Use in Peru

Abstract: Tropical conservation has seen a convergence between conservation projects and rural development, with both approaches promoting participation of local people in sustainable resource use. But there is a discord between rural development and sustainable use of wildlife. Implementing more sustainable use of wildlife usually means decreased economic benefits for rural people, especially over the short term. In contrast, rural-development projects are often mandated to generate income for rural people over the short term. We examined this dilemma through an integrated economic and harvest analysis of the costs associated with converting unsustainable hunting to more sustainable hunting in the Peruvian Amazon. Our analysis suggests that a change in hunting practice would have significant economic costs for rural people and would result in a 36% decrease in the economic benefits they derive from wildlife hunting. In contrast, converting unsustainable hunting to more sustainable hunting would have little effect on meat markets in the urban center of Iquitos, Peru, with markets losing only 3.6% of their economic value. There would be no economic costs for the international pelt trade. If rural-development projects absorb the short-term economic costs, they can help people convert unsustainable wildlife use to more sustainable use and assist rural people in realizing the long-term benefits of more sustainable hunting. But many rural-development projects would need to change their mandate for short-term income generation to incorporate the realities of sustainability.     

Transvalued Species in an African Forest

Abstract: We combined ethnographic investigations with repeated ecological transect surveys in the Dzanga‐Sangha Dense Forest Reserve (RDS), Central African Republic, to elucidate consequences of intensifying mixed use of forests. We devised a framework for transvaluation of wildlife species, which means the valuing of species on the basis of their ecological, economic, and symbolic roles in human lives. We measured responses to hunting, tourism, and conservation of two transvalued species in RDS: elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Our methods included collecting data on encounter rates and habitat use on line transects. We recorded cross‐cultural variation in ideas about and interactions with these species during participant observation of hunting and tourism encounters and ethnographic interviews with hunters, conservation staff, researchers, and tourists. Ecologically, gorillas used human‐modified landscapes successfully, and elephants were more vulnerable than gorillas to hunting. Economically, tourism and encounters with elephants and gorillas generated revenues and other benefits for local participants. Symbolically, transvaluation of species seemed to undergird competing institutions of forest management that could prove unsustainable. Nevertheless, transvaluation may also offer alternatives to existing social hierarchies, thereby integrating local and transnational support for conservation measures. The study of transvaluation requires attention to transnational flows of ideas and resources because they influence transspecies interactions. Cross‐disciplinary in nature, transvalution of species addresses the political and economic challenges to conservation because it recognizes the varied human communities that shape the survival of wildlife in a given site. Transvaluation of species could foster more socially inclusive management and monitoring approaches attuned to competing economic demands, specific species behaviors, and human practices at local scales.     

Toward a new understanding of the links between poverty and illegal wildlife hunting

Conservation organizations have increasingly raised concerns about escalating rates of illegal hunting and trade in wildlife. Previous studies have concluded that people hunt illegally because they are financially poor or lack alternative livelihood strategies. However, there has been little attempt to develop a richer understanding of the motivations behind contemporary illegal wildlife hunting. As a first step, we reviewed the academic and policy literatures on poaching and illegal wildlife use and considered the meanings of poverty and the relative importance of structure and individual agency. We placed motivations for illegal wildlife hunting within the context of the complex history of how wildlife laws were initially designed and enforced to indicate how hunting practices by specific communities were criminalized. We also considered the nature of poverty and the reasons for economic deprivation in particular communities to indicate how particular understandings of poverty as material deprivation ultimately shape approaches to illegal wildlife hunting. We found there is a need for a much better understanding of what poverty is and what motivates people to hunt illegally.     

生态住宅和生态住区(Ⅰ)背景、概念和要求

阐述了生态住宅和住区的产生背景,提出生态住宅和住区是按生态学原理规划、设计、建设和管理的具有较完整的生态代谢过程和生态服务功能,人与自然协调、互惠互利、可持续发展的人居环境。以一树形图表示建设生态住宅和生态住区所倡导的5大主题,即健康(人的身心和环境健康)、自然和环境保护、生态良性循环、风水(所选居住地与自然环境间存在的地理和生态关系)、生态文明。认为营建生态住宅和生态住区是一类由许多相互联系、相互作用、相生相克、互为因果的成分和技术组成的生态工程。     

Understanding complex drivers of wildlife crime to design effective conservation interventions

In conservation understanding the drivers of behavior and developing robust interventions to promote behavioral change is challenging and requires a multifaceted approach. This is particularly true for efforts to address illegal wildlife use, where pervasive—and sometimes simplistic—narratives often obscure complex realities. We used an indirect questioning approach, the unmatched count technique, to investigate the drivers and prevalence of wildlife crime in communities surrounding 2 national parks in Uganda and combined scenario interviews and a choice experiment to predict the performance of potential interventions designed to tackle these crimes. Although poverty is often assumed to be a key driver of wildlife crime, we found that better-off households and those subject to human–wildlife conflict and those that do not receive any benefits from the parks’ tourism revenue sharing were more likely to be involved in certain types of wildlife crime, especially illegal hunting. The interventions predicted to have the greatest impact on reducing local participation in wildlife crime were those that directly addressed the drivers including, mitigating damage caused by wildlife and generating financial benefits for park-adjacent households. Our triangulated approach provided insights into complex and hard-to-access behaviors and highlighted the importance of going beyond single-driver narratives.