污灌对农田土壤微生物特性影响研究

污灌对农田土壤特性和农作物生长有重要影响,通过分析污灌对农田土壤微生物特性影响,为农田污灌的实际应用和标准制定提供理论依据。分别采用平板计数法和最大可能数(Most-Probable-Number,MPN)法,研究了污水灌溉对农田土壤中普通微生物(细菌、放线菌、真菌)和功能微生物(亚硝化细菌、硝化细菌、氨氧化细菌、反硝化细菌、好气性自生固氮菌、好气性纤维素分解菌)的数量和分布特性的影响,并对不同类群微生物数量与土壤理化性状进行相关分析。结果表明:污灌减少农田土壤放线菌、真菌、亚硝化细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量,增加细菌、氨氧化细菌和好气性纤维素分解菌的数量,其中细菌、好气性纤维素分解菌数量变化分别达显著水平(P0.05),氨氧化细菌变化达极显著水平(P0.01);污灌区大豆(Glycine max)、玉米(Zea mays)和水稻(Oryza sativa)根系土壤微生物数量分布差异很大,但都呈现真菌、好气性自生固氮菌和好气性纤维素分解菌数量变化显著的趋势(P0.05);污灌土壤中微生物含量与土壤理化性状相关分析表明,细菌、反硝化细菌和好气性纤维素分解菌与有机质显著正相关(r=0.843,P0.05;r=0.220,P0.05;r=0.843,P0.05),放线菌与全磷极显著负相关(r=-0.921,P0.01),亚硝化细菌和好气性自生固氮菌数量与氨氮含量显著正相关(r=0.973,P0.05;r=0.988,P0.05),氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌与有效磷含量显著负相关(r=-0.967,P0.05;r=-0.988,P0.05)。这说明污灌对农田土壤微生物和理化特性影响显著,对农作物会产生一定的影响。     

巢湖表层沉积物氮、磷、有机质的分布及污染评价

巢湖是中国第五大淡水湖,近年来富营养化问题严重,氮、磷、有机质增加是导致湖泊富营养化的重要驱动因素,而沉积物是湖泊氮、磷、有机质的主要归宿地。因此,了解巢湖沉积物氮、磷、有机质的含量及分布特征,对探明巢湖沉积物营养物质的污染状况及其富营养化控制与治理具有重要参考意义。在全湖布设了33个样点,对表层(0~10 cm)沉积物进行采样,分别采用重铬酸钾-硫酸硝化法、高氯酸-硫酸酸熔-钼锑抗比色法和烧失量法(550℃,焙烧5 h)测定沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)以及有机质(OM)含量,分析了TN、TP和OM含量的空间分布特征及相关性,并运用综合污染指数法和有机污染指数法评价其污染程度。结果表明,表层沉积物TN、TP和OM的含量范围(以下均称为范围)分别为64~3 005 mg?kg~(-1)、333~2 122 mg?kg~(-1)、1.79%~10.38%,均值分别为1 737 mg?kg~(-1)、691 mg?kg~(-1)、5.86%;空间上均表现为西湖区高于东湖区。Pearson相关性分析显示,表层沉积物OM与TN(r=0.75,P0.01),OM与TP(r=0.63,P0.01),TN与TP(r=0.66,P0.01)均呈显著正相关。综合污染指数范围为0.69~4.24,全湖平均值为1.83,有机污染指数范围为0.01~1.42,全湖平均值为0.63,两种指数法均显示巢湖表层沉积物TN、TP和OM污染严重,且西湖区污染较东湖区严重。     

低浓度Pb^2＋对Cd^2＋污染下冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤水解酶活性及与根微域土壤生化特征关系的影响

采用盆栽试验法探讨了Cd^2＋、低于国家“土壤环境质量标准”规定的II类土壤环境基准值300mg-kg^-1干土时的Pb^2＋与Cd^2＋复合处理对冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤磷酸酶、转化酶和脲酶活性及与根微域土壤微生物数量和生化特征关系的影响特征。结果表明：（1）Cd^2＋对冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性表现为显著抑制效应;而低浓度Pb^2＋主要表现为协同Cd抖污染抑制根微域土壤水解酶活性效应;（2）Cd^2＋处理下,磷酸酶活性与微域土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关;转化酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈显著负相关,与有机质呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及微生物量碳表现为极显著正相关;（3）Pb^2＋／cd^2＋处理下,碱性磷酸酶活性与微生物量碳表现为显著正相关;转化酶活性与全氮含量表现为显著负相关,与有机质含量呈极显著正相关;脲酶活性与全氮呈极显著正相关,与有机质为极显著负相关,总体来讲,Cd^2＋／Pb2＋与Cd^2＋处理之间酶活性与生化特征的关系存在明显差异;同时Pb^2＋／Cd^2＋处理下磷酸酶、转化酶和脲酶活性与土壤微生物数量之间的相关性特点与Cd^2＋处理下也明显不同。     

玉米/花生间作条件下土壤环境因子的相关性和主成分分析

玉米/花生间作具有明显的间作优势,对作物生长和产量均有促进作用。为了阐明玉米/花生间作效应机制,测定了玉米/花生间作根际土壤养分含量、酶活性和微生物数量的变化规律,并对这些环境因子进行相关性和主成分分析。结果表明,与单作玉米和单作花生相比,玉米/花生间作显著提高了根际土壤的全氮、有效氮、有效磷含量以及脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,促进了间作玉米根际土壤细菌和微生物总数量显著增加。相关分析表明,有效磷含量与脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),脲酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性显著正相关(P<0.05),真菌和放线菌数量显著正相关(P<0.05)。总钾含量和p H值、蔗糖酶活性呈显著负相关(P<0.05),蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。主成分分析获得3个主成分,解析贡献率分别为48.981%,43.617%和7.402%。第一主成分主要是放线菌、真菌、有效磷等组成,第二主成分主要为有机质和p H,第三主成分主要是总氮和细菌。经标准化后计算栽培措施得分显示:间作花生得分最高1.937,其次是间作玉米1.008,两者均显著高于单作玉米和单作花生。该研究表明玉米/花生间作系统的生态环境优于单作系统,机制解析为玉米/花生间作可明显促进土壤有效氮磷含量、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性及微生物数量的增加,进而改善土壤微生态环境。     

刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖环境中可培养细菌与理化参数的动态及其相关性分析

随着刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)人工养殖业的快速发展,刺参病害日渐突出.养殖环境微生物和理化参数作为养殖生态系统的重要组成部分,其变化规律及其相关性研究对防治刺参病害具有重要意义.本研究于2012年4月至2013年4月,对山东省即墨市刺参养殖池塘水体中4种可培养细菌(总异养菌、弧菌、硝化细菌、硫化细菌)、4项理化参数(温度、pH、盐度、溶解氧)和沉积环境中6种可培养细菌(总异养菌、弧菌、硝化细菌、硝酸盐还原菌、硫化细菌、硫酸盐还原菌)、6项理化参数(温度、pH、氧化还原电位、硫化物、有机碳、总氮)的动态变化进行了监测,并分析了不同细菌类群的数量及其与沉积物中5项理化指标间的相关性.结果显示:水中大多数细菌类群的周年变化呈夏季高、冬季低的趋势,与温度的变化趋势基本一致,弧菌的变化幅度较异养菌大;硝化细菌较硫化细菌高一个数量级,但变化趋势一致;水体的pH与溶解氧均在夏季高温出现最低值,与温度变化趋势相反;沉积物中异养菌数变化不大,弧菌数量在夏季和冬季出现两个高值.氮循环相关细菌的数量高于硫循环相关细菌.相关性分析结果显示,刺参养殖池塘沉积物的pH与氧化还原电位呈显著正相关(P0.05),二者与硫化物含量均呈极显著负相关(P0.01).硫化物含量与总异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和硝化细菌均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与硫化菌和硝酸盐还原菌呈显著负相关(P0.05),总氮含量与硝化细菌正相关性显著(P0.05).各类细菌数量之间也存在一定的相关性:总异养菌与硝化细菌、硫酸盐还原菌之间、硝化细菌与硫酸盐还原菌之间均存在极显著正相关性(P0.01),弧菌与总异养菌、硝化细菌之间存在正相关性,硝酸盐还原菌与硝化细菌之间、硫酸盐还原菌与硫化细菌之间存在负相关性.本研究表明刺参养殖池塘环境中多项理化参数和细菌数量之间相关性显著,其关系错综复杂,可为防治刺参病害提供理论依据.     

连作茶树根际土壤酸度对土壤微生物的影响

为了解连作茶树根部土壤酸化对微生物生物量及区系的影响,以不同种植年限黄金桂茶树根际土壤为研究对象,分析茶树根际土壤p H值对土壤微生物量、微生物数量和微生物类群的影响以及土壤微生物对土壤酸度响应的敏感性趋势.结果显示,茶树根际土壤的微生物生物量碳、微生物呼吸强度、微生物生物量氮及细菌、放线菌、氨化细菌、亚硝酸细菌、反硝化细菌、好气性自生固氮菌、好气性纤维素分解菌的数量随着茶树树龄的增加呈现下降趋势,且与茶树根际土壤p H值呈现极显著正相关(P0.01),而真菌、嫌气性纤维素分解菌、硫化细菌的数量呈现上升趋势,且与茶树根际土壤p H值呈现极显著正相关(P0.01).敏感性分析结果显示,不同微生物指标响应茶树根际土壤p H值变化的趋势为微生物呼吸强度(8.721 8)细菌(8.428 7)微生物量碳(7.955 2)硫化细菌(7.726 8)放线菌(5.780 0)真菌(4.740 8)嫌气性纤维素分解菌(4.065 0)氨化细菌(3.760 6)好气性自生固氮菌(2.368 3)反硝化细菌(2.340 6)微生物量氮(2.324 2)亚硝酸细菌(2.219 8)好气性纤维素分解菌(1.772 0).综上表明,茶树根际土壤酸化显著影响了土壤微生物数量变化,不同的微生物指标响应土壤酸度的敏感性存在一定差异.(图3表3参32)     

冰封期湿地沉积物碳、氮、磷分布及污染评价

为研究冰封期湿地沉积物污染的变化规律和主要来源,采集了包头南海湿地南海湖中20个点位的沉积物,研究分析总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的空间分布特征,并对其污染进行评价.结果表明,随着采样深度的增加,沉积物污染物的含量均在逐渐降低,且在表层中累积明显;水平分布主要受进出水口、人类活动、水体流动、外源输入、沉积物-水界面物质交换等影响,呈现一定规律.沉积物中C/N均值为10.44,说明南海湖有机物主要以外源有机质为主.此外,由相关性分析得出,沉积物中TOC、TN、TP含量两两具有极显著正相关关系(P0.01,n=20),由此说明C、N、P具有同源性.由评价结果可知,高寒旱区湖泊与其他平原浅水湖泊的碳、氮、磷沉积特征存在明显差异.     

安徽沱湖表层沉积物营养盐及重金属分布特征

为了加深对淮河流域过水性湖泊沉积物特征的了解,于2018年8月对沱湖表层沉积物进行调查,测定了营养盐(总氮、总磷)、有机质和4种重金属(镉、铜、铅、铬)的含量,并使用沉积物质量评价标准、有机指数评价法、潜在生态风险指数法对营养盐和重金属污染进行了生态风险评价。结果表明：(1)总氮、总磷、有机质的平均含量分别为(2 535.00±987.97)、(672.99±159.09)和(47.90±19.89)g·kg^-1。(2)总氮和有机质含量的高值区出现在湖泊开阔区和黑鱼沟入湖湖湾,总磷含量的最高值出现在湖泊北部上游过水通道(T2)。(3)镉、铜、铅、铬的平均含量分别为(0.95±0.26)、(25.16±4.00)、(23.03±5.60)和(86.65±17.76) mg·kg^-1。(4)4种重金属元素含量的最高值均出现在黑鱼沟入湖湖湾,低值区则出现在沱河、唐河入湖口和湖泊北部上游过水通道(T2)。(5)表层沉积物受到一定程度的有机污染,且以有机氮污染为主,污染较严重的区域分布在湖泊开阔区和黑鱼沟入湖湖湾。(6)表层沉积物重金属污染具有强生态风...     

不同生态类型富营养化湖泊沉积物中有机质赋存形态

以藻型湖泊(太湖)、草藻型湖泊(南四湖)、草型湖泊(白洋淀)湖泊沉积物为研究对象,采集了11个表层沉积物样品,测定沉积物中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量并利用物理分组方法,研究了3种不同生态型湖及同一湖泊不同区域沉积物中总有机质(OM)、轻组有机质(LFOM)和重组有机质(HFOM)的赋存特征.结果表明,南四湖沉积物中总氮、总磷和总有机质含量显著高于太湖和白洋淀;尽管太湖、南四湖和白洋淀沉积物中总有机质含量较高,但是轻组有机质(LFOM)含量较低,分别占总有机质的0.95%—1.08%、0.21%—1.37%和1.4%—1.78%;重组有机质(HFOM)含量较高,分别占总有机质的83.83%—87.4%、94%—98.98%和88.2%—98.3%,表明3种不同生态型湖泊沉积物中所含有机质绝大部分为难分解的重组有机质,轻组有机质基本矿化分解.相关性分析表明,轻组有机质(LFOM)、重组有机质(HFOM)与总有机质(OM)之间均呈现显著正相关关系.     

不同生态区土壤溶磷微生物的分布特征及影响因子

研究了盐渍区、重金属污染区和磷矿区土壤中溶磷微生物的数量、组成及与部分土壤化学因子的关系。结果表明,溶磷微生物在不同生态区土壤中的分布各不相同,磷矿区土壤中溶磷微生物数量和种群丰度普遍高于重金属污染区和盐渍区,但优势种属间数量差异不明显。重金属污染土壤中溶磷细菌比例较高,但种群单一,主要以巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)为优势种,重金属污染区溶磷细菌比例与土壤重金属综合污染指数呈显著正相关(P<0.01),溶磷细菌丰度与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。盐渍土中溶磷细菌比例小,优势种群为巨大芽孢杆菌、假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonassp.)和黄单胞杆菌属(Flavobacteriumsp.),其数量和种群丰度分别与有机质和有效磷含量呈显著相关关系(P<0.05)。     

中国东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮总磷基准阈值研究

受人类活动的影响,东部浅水湖泊沉积物中总氮、总磷负荷很高,当外来污染源得到控制时,底泥中的营养盐会逐渐释放出来,对湖泊水质与生态系统影响很大。为合理削减湖泊内源污染,控制沉积物中营养盐向上覆水体释放,研究制定东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值,分别测定了100个湖泊的896个表层沉积物样品和8个典型湖泊11个柱芯的沉积物总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）含量,分析了沉积物TN、TP浓度剖面分布特征。通过频度分布法对100个湖泊沉积物总氮总磷的污染状况进行评价,通过背景值比较法确定了8个典型湖泊沉积物的TN、TP背景值。结果表明,100个湖泊的表层沉积物TN浓度范围在479.70~5 573.65 mg·kg-1,TP浓度范围在248.44~1000.33 mg·kg-1,不同湖泊表层沉积物中TN、TP值差异较大。8个典型湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷含量整体上表现出随着深度增加而下降变化趋势,在深层沉积物中含量保持稳定。所调查8个湖泊TN均值为1443.83 mg·kg-1,变化范围为247.45~3719.46 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TN均值表现为：沱湖〉焦岗湖〉花园湖〉七里湖〉北民湖〉大通湖〉城东湖〉瓦埠湖;TP均值为519.62 mg·kg-1,变化范围为225.41~1944.89 mg·kg-1,各湖泊中TP均值表现为：北民湖〉大通湖〉七里湖〉焦岗湖〉沱湖〉瓦埠湖〉城东湖〉花园湖。不同湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值差异很大。通过对100个湖泊表层沉积物TN、TP的频度分析发现,沉积物营养盐含量上25%点位对应的TP质量浓度398.51mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为1106.24 mg·kg-1,沉积物营养盐含量下25%点位对应的TP质量浓度664.58 mg·kg-1,TN质量浓度为2916.66 mg·kg-1。通过互相之间的比较分析,推荐采用背景值比较法确定的各湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷背景值均值与频度分步法25%点位对应的总氮值和40%点位对应的总磷值作为东部浅水湖泊沉积物总氮、总磷基准阈值。因此,?     

Analysis of the trade-off between economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, China

Lake eutrophication leading to water pollution is a major global concern. In recent years, rapid economic growth and the increase in the intensity of resource exploitation in China have caused the influx of nitrogen and phosphorus into lakes. This in turn has led to more severe lake eutrophication, more frequent outbreaks of algal blooms, and the degradation of lake ecosystems. An effective plan balancing economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions is greatly needed. The design and implementation of such a plan requires the collection and analysis of pertinent data. In this paper, we use the environmental computable general equilibrium (ECGE) model to identify the most effective way to balance economic growth with the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions. For the multiregional analysis, we use social accounting matrices (SAMs) and a provincial trade matrix based on the assumptions of the gravity model. We consider the Poyang Lake Watershed as a case study to illustrate the utility of the model. Based on present conditions in the Poyang Lake Watershed, restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from sectors with the highest emissions is more effective for balancing economic growth and the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions than restricting nitrogen and phosphorus emissions from all sectors.     

太湖典型入湖河道中氨氮去除研究

入湖河流是湖泊营养物质的一个重要来源,因此入湖河道水质的改善是控制湖泊富营养化的关键。文章采用自行研制的新型仿生填料直接布设在河道内的生物接触氧化法,在不影响河流生态结构和原有使用功能的前提下,对河流微污染水体进行氨氮的去除研究。研究结果显示,氨氮的净去除率在5.35%~39.91%,其中最高为7月的39.91%,最低月为12月的5.35%。试验期间生物膜的平均厚度为0.8~1.1mm(雨后略厚),生物膜内的微生物主要是一些贫营养微生物,数量少,因此形成的生物膜较薄,生物膜由表及里几乎全是好气层。同时,根据氨氮去除率与硝化菌的数量关系也可以看出试验河段内氨氮的去除主要是靠硝化菌的硝化作用来完成的。     

大气氮湿沉降对青山湖富营养化的影响

针对大气湿沉降氮的区域通量问题,通过2008年春、夏季对临安青山湖区湿沉降中氮素化学形态的分析,揭示了大气氮湿沉降的时间分布特征,通过估算大气氮湿沉降的输入通量,研究湿沉降对湖区水体富营养化的贡献.结果表明,春季青山湖降水总氮浓度范围为(1.30±0.02)—(9.80±0.85)mg.L-1,其中铵态氮占总氮比例最高,为40.7%,硝态氮和有机氮的比例分别为33.5%和25.8%;雨水氮浓度随着降雨强度的增大呈显著下降趋势,铵态氮和硝态氮所占的比例随着降雨的进行会逐渐升高,而有机氮的比例却有不断降低的趋势;青山湖春季大气氮沉降负荷为6.64 kg.hm-2,雨水中平均的氮浓度为(4.86±0.65)mg.L-1,严重超过了水体富营养化0.2 mg.L-1的阈值,对青山湖水生生态系统造成潜在的威胁.     

The Effects of Predation by Nile Perch, Lates niloticus L., on the Fish of Lake Nabugabo, with Suggestions for Conservation of Endangered Endemic Cichlids

As in Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga, most of the native fish species of Lake Nabugabo have either been depleted or have disappeared since Lates niloticus , Nile perch, and Oreochromis niloticus , a tilapiine, were introduced. L. niloticus, O. niloticus, Schilbe intermedius, Brycinus jacksonii , and Rastrineobola argentea are the only species still abundant and widespread in the lake. Of the five haplochromine species endemic to Lake Nabugabo, at least one has vanished and the remaining ones are very rare. The prey of the Nile perch in Lake Nabugabo, with the exception of the prawn Caridina nilotica , which is absent from the lake, are similar to those the predator switched to in Lakes Victoria and Kyoga after haplochromines had been depleted. These consist of ephemeropterans—especially Povilla , the anisopteran nymphs R. argentea , tilapiines, and juvenile Nile perch. Three small lakes adjacent to Lake Nabugabo—Lake Kayanja, Lake Kayugi, and Lake Manywa—contain large numbers of Oreochromis esculentus and two haplochromine species previously known only in Lake Nabugabo. These three lakes should be designated conservation areas for the cichlids and other native species that were previously abundant in Lakes Victoria, Kyoga, and Nabugabo. The swamps around these lakes should be protected so that the Nile perch does not spread into them. Further research should be carried out to ensure the preservation of the endemic species.     

Contamination levels and state assessment in the lakes of the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon (North-Eastern Sicily,Italy)

The Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon, located in North-Eastern Sicily (Italy) and composed of six lakes, is subject to continuous environmental changes. An integrated study focusing on sediment features and levels of contamination was carried out for three of the six lakes, which are of ancient origin: Verde, Mergolo della Tonnara and Marinello. A high primary production (26.89 μg l^?1) was detected at Lake Verde; texture classification showed a typical grain size in the sediments of all lakes; the study of macronutrients highlighted 17.08 of total carbon in sediments from Lake Mergolo della Tonnara; toxic elements were detected at higher concentrations in the sediments of Lake Marinello in comparison to the others, while arsenic was found in high concentrations in all the samples tested, especially in Lake Verde, with a mean value of 17.25 mg kg^?1 dry weight (d.w.). All the organic contaminants, except 4, 4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, were below the detection limits in the sediments. Minimal microbiological contamination was found in both water and sediment samples. In the latter, we isolated several bacterial strains thriving in the presence of arsenic, which play a role in the biogeochemical cycle of arsenic. These preliminary results, obtained for the first time using a multidisciplinary approach, provide general information about the Oliveri-Tindari Lagoon area.     

Distribution of Trace Metals in the Surface Sediments of Two Pristine Subalpine Lakes in Taiwan

Sediment cores were collected from two remote subalpine lakes: the rather shallow (1.5 m) Little Ghost Lake at 2040 m elevation and the deeper, Great Ghost Lake (40 m) at 2150 m elevation. Different early diagenesis of metals were observed. the seasonally anoxic hypolimnion drives the annual iron redox cycle and causes the remobilization of metals in the mobile fractions of sediments in the Great Ghost Lake. These result in the redistribution of metals in the mobile fractions of sediment and poor correlation between metal concentrations. in the Little Ghost Lake, the shallow water column is always oxic with less change of metals in the mobile fractions of sediments. As a result, most metals have strong positive correlations with each other.

The distributions of metal/Al ratios, total metal contents and acid-leached metal concentrations in the near-surface sediments of these two lakes suggest that the anthropogenic inputs from the atmospheric fallouts in recent decades are one of the major factors affecting the distributions of metals such as cadmium, lead and, to a lessor extent, zinc. the Pb-206/Pb-207 ratios confirm the anthropogenic lead input in these surface sediments.     

Distribution of Trace Metals in the Surface Sediments of Two Pristine Subalpine Lakes in Taiwan

Sediment cores were collected from two remote subalpine lakes: the rather shallow (1.5 m) Little Ghost Lake at 2040 m elevation and the deeper, Great Ghost Lake (40 m) at 2150 m elevation. Different early diagenesis of metals were observed. the seasonally anoxic hypolimnion drives the annual iron redox cycle and causes the remobilization of metals in the mobile fractions of sediments in the Great Ghost Lake. These result in the redistribution of metals in the mobile fractions of sediment and poor correlation between metal concentrations. in the Little Ghost Lake, the shallow water column is always oxic with less change of metals in the mobile fractions of sediments. As a result, most metals have strong positive correlations with each other.

The distributions of metal/Al ratios, total metal contents and acid-leached metal concentrations in the near-surface sediments of these two lakes suggest that the anthropogenic inputs from the atmospheric fallouts in recent decades are one of the major factors affecting the distributions of metals such as cadmium, lead and, to a lessor extent, zinc. the Pb-206/Pb-207 ratios confirm the anthropogenic lead input in these surface sediments.     

广州市区人工湖泊PFU原生动物群落群集过程及其对水质差异的指示作用

应用PFU法(GB／T12990-91)对广州市区主要湖泊——流花湖、荔湾湖和麓湖的原生动物群落与水质进行研究．结果表明：用PFU法所测定和计算的原生动物群集的种类数、植鞭虫指数、群集参数(SeqG、T90%)、群落多样性指数d和群落污染值(CPV)等都能较好地指示3个人工湖泊水质的差异，水质由优到劣的排列顺序为麓湖＞荔湾湖＞流花湖．流花湖、荔湾湖和麓湖目前虽仍处于富营养状态，但清污截流等对城市湖泊污染的综合治理措施可以减少湖泊外部营养物负荷及沉积物内负荷，降低水体的营养盐含量，有助于原生动物群落的恢复．图3表3参16