珍稀濒危植物金丝李的生境特征及致濒原因分析

采取查阅资料、走访和实地调查相结合的方法,调查了金丝李(Garcinia paucinervis)的地理分布、生境和资源现状,对其分布区气候特征、土壤营养状况和群落植被等进行分析;采用主成分分析法,找出影响金丝李分布的主要环境因子与群落特征因子,并探讨金丝李的致濒原因,为金丝李种质资源的有效保护、引种驯化等提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)金丝李主要分布在广西西北部、西南部、南部和云南东南部的石灰岩岩溶地貌山地上,跨越北纬22°27′58″~25°9′10″、东经103°55′58″~108°40′3″,海拔在194~830 m之间,其中海拔200~400 m分布较为常见。大多分布点位于山体的中、下部,坡度多为35~45°,分布较集中,且多为生境保持良好之地,种群内个体一般不到100株,大树和有结实的植株极少。(2)金丝李多分布在年均温20~22℃范围地区内,性喜暖热、雨量充沛的环境,喜疏松、湿润的中性或微碱性石灰土,肥力中等以上。(3)金丝李群落植被状况良好,植物种类多样,桂西北的群落有亚热带性质;桂西南、桂南和滇东南的群落则富有热带性质。(4)金丝李在资源的竞争中难以取得优势地位;群落植被遭到破坏,生境受人为干扰严重;各种群在不同年龄层次断层,种子萌发率低,种群天然更新能力弱等为金丝李濒危的主要原因。     

秦皇岛近海养殖对潮间带微生物群落多样性的影响

潮间带微生物群落在驱动海岸带生态系统物质循环和能量流动中具有重要作用,近海养殖造成的环境问题日益凸显,但其对潮间带微生物群落结构的影响还缺乏研究。采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）的分子生物学技术,研究秦皇岛养殖区与旅游区潮间带沉积物中微生物多样性的差异,分析养殖区微生物的16S rRNA基因文库的组成特征。结果表明：养殖区的微生物群落结构与旅游区形成较大的差异,DGGE图谱中养殖区的特有条带主要集中于γ-变形菌纲（γ-proteobacteria）,还分布于α-变形菌纲（α-proteobacteria）,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）,放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。影响潮间带微生物的群落结构的主要环境因子包括温度、盐度、pH和NO3-浓度,影响率达55.2%。对差异最大的洋河大桥南养殖区（Q1站）的微生物样品建立克隆文库分析群落结构,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌群,占总群落的60%,其中γ-变形菌纲是主要存在的微生物纲,其余菌群包括放线菌门、拟杆菌门、蓝藻菌门（Cyanobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的微生物。养殖区海岸带微生物群落中出现了与环境污染和赤潮密切相关的菌群,如拟杆菌门、肠杆菌属（Enterobacteriaceae）和α-变形细菌红细菌目（Roseovarius）的微生物。     

珍稀濒危植物金花茶地理分布与生境调查研究

为了对珍稀濒危植物金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)进行有效保护,通过实地调查和相关资料分析,对其地理分布与生境进行了系统的调查研究。调查结果表明:(1)金花茶主要分布在广西西南部的防城、南宁、隆安、扶绥等县(市)。位于北纬21°30′～22°55′,东经107°36′～108°33′区域内。金花茶的垂直分布高度在12～450m之间,以海拔200～300m之间的范围较为常见。(2)金花茶为喜暖热植物,对热量要求较高,属热带性树种。金花茶不能忍耐阳光直射,为喜荫耐荫植物,要求的光合有效辐射一般小于photons12.8μmol?m-2?s-1。(3)金花茶群落植物组成种类多样,且多属热带性树种。组成群落主要科有橄榄科(Burseraceae)、山榄科(Sapotaceae)、大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、桑科(Moraceae)、藤黄科(Guttiferae)、无患子科(Sapindaceae)、番荔枝科(Annonaceae)、梧桐科(Sterculiaceae)的种类。研究结果摸清了金花茶的地理分布和主要生态特性,为金花茶的引种驯化和种质资源的保存提供科学依据。     

松嫩平原区域农业生态类型分区初探

一、概况 松嫩平原是松花江、嫩江两大水系侵蚀冲积而成的大型盆地平原,分布于吉林、黑龙江两省境内。本文涉及的仅是黑龙江境内部分(简称松嫩平原,下同)。该区位于东经122°24′—128°19′,北纬45°08′—48°58′;面积10多万平方公里,占全省总面积的21.8％。     

云南玉溪烟区轮作与连作土壤细菌群落多样性比较研究

为评价云南玉溪烟区轮作和连作对土壤细菌群落多样性影响,从土壤中直接提取土壤细菌总DNA,用细菌16S rDNA特异性引物进行PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE),每个处理样品3次重复,在DGGE图谱中相似性较高,基本聚在一起,从整体证明了试验操作方法较为精确.从泳道分析图可知,轮作土壤细菌群落各泳道条带数量13～29条不等,平均为21条.连作土壤细菌群落各泳道条带数量从4～20条不等,平均为12条.从每条泳道的条带数方面和光密度值分别进行细菌群落多样性各指标的比较,结果表明,轮作处理细菌群落丰富度指数均大于连作处理,轮作香农-威纳和辛普森指数(1/D)均大于连作,表明轮作微生物多样性较连作高,轮作方式可以提高植烟土壤细菌群落的多样性.     

转双价抗真菌病害基因大豆对根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

采用传统的平板计数法和变性梯度凝胶电泳技术,对转chi+rip(几丁质酶和核糖体失活蛋白)双价抗真菌基因大豆转基因G0431以及其亲本非转基因大豆黑农35种植后的根部土壤可培养细菌(含芽胞杆菌、产荧光假单胞菌)、真菌、放线菌进行平板计数及细菌和真菌的群落结构分析.结果表明,二者根部土壤可培养细菌(含芽胞杆菌和产荧光假单胞)、真菌和放线菌的数量并无显著差异;此外,变性梯度凝胶电泳图谱的聚类分析结果显示,时间变化是造成根部土壤细菌和真菌群落结构变化的主要因素,而同一时间内转基因G0431和黑农35根部土壤的细菌和真菌群落结构之间并无显著不同.在大豆的整个生长期内,根部土壤细菌群落多样性指数为5.32～5.37,群落分布均匀度指数为0.91~0.95;根部土壤真菌群落多样性指数为4.78～4.91,群落分布均匀度指数为0.81～0.89.以上结果说明,几丁质酶和核糖体失活蛋白双价基因的导入并没有对大豆根际可培养细菌(含芽胞杆菌和产荧光假单胞)、真菌和放线菌的数量以及细菌和真菌的群落结构产生显著影响.图4表2参22     

中条山铜尾矿坝面土壤细菌群落的结构特征

微生物在尾矿废弃地土壤发育、营养物质循环、有毒物质降解等生态恢复过程中发挥重要作用.采用Illumina Mi Seq测序的方法,分析中条山十八河尾矿废弃地不同恢复阶段(1-45年)的细菌群落结构,并结合植物群落、土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性,探讨细菌群落结构与功能变化的调控机制.结果表明,不同恢复年限的尾矿坝,土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性和植物群落结构发生梯度变化.在这一环境梯度下,不同恢复年限的细菌群落结构具有显著差异,其中优势细菌主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteri)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes).细菌群落组成与环境因子和植物群落多样性显著相关.细菌优势科的相对丰度主要与重金属(Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn)含量相关,鞘脂单胞菌科(Sphingomonadaceae)的相对丰度与重金属(Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn)含量极显著正相关.恢复45年、15年的土壤中细菌多样性最高,且群落组成相似,恢复1年的土壤中细菌丰度较高,而多样性最低.本研究表明,土壤理化因子、重金属含量和植物群落结构是造成土壤中细菌群落结构变化的关键因素;鞘脂单胞菌科对重金属具有一定的耐受性,因此可作为重金属污染区域生态恢复的理想菌种.     

放牧强度对环青海湖地区高寒草原土壤微生物群落碳代谢特征的影响

为了解青藏高原环青海湖地区放牧对土壤微生物群落碳代谢特征的影响,于2010年在青海省刚察县(N37°21′10″,E100°4′49″)高寒草原,设置围栏封育的禁牧对照组(CK)和牧草利用率分别为30%(G3)、40%(G4)、50%(G5)、60%(G6)和70%(G7)的5个放牧强度控制处理实验,于2014年7月采集土壤样品,运用Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析环湖地区土壤微生物群落碳源代谢特征的分布特征和变化规律.结果显示:(1)研究区域的土壤微生物主要利用碳源类型为氨基酸类和碳水化合物类;(2)放牧处理下土壤微生物群落主要碳源利用类型与利用率相似,与禁牧组显著不同;(3)禁牧和G4处理下土壤微生物的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Mc Intosh指数显著高于G3和G6、G7草原,与土壤有机碳和全氮含量变化规律相似.以上研究结果表明,放牧活动能显著影响环青海湖地区高寒草原土壤微生物群落代谢特征,禁牧和中度放牧(G4)有利于维持较高的土壤微生物群落多样性.     

山东省山区建设的生态学对策

山东地处黄河下游,位于北纬34°20′—35°30′,东经114°45′—122°45′之间,属温带季风气候区,年平均气温11—14℃,极端最低气温为-18℃—-24℃,极端最高气温为34—42℃,≥10℃的积温一般在3,800—4,600℃;年降水量在600—800mm左右,多集中在6、7、8三个月,约占全年降雨量62％;相对湿度在60％以上;干燥度一般1.0—1.5左右。山地丘陵55,900km~2,占全省土地总面积的35％,按地质构造与岩石组成,分为砂石山(岩浆岩)与青石山(沉积岩)两大类,砂石山占山丘面积的73％,青石山约占山丘面积的27％。 山东的山区主要集中在鲁中南山区与胶东半岛两个地区。鲁中南山区包括泰山、沂山、     

黄河三角洲不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫的群落特征

对黄河三角洲不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫的群落特征进行了研究.结果表明:不同演替阶段湿地土壤线虫总数为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地.土壤线虫呈明显的表聚性,除光板地外,其他3种群落土壤线虫总数表层与下层差异极显著.土壤线虫总数在0～10 cm和10～20 cm的土层最大值都出现在白茅群落,最小值都出现在光板地,其中白茅群落与柽柳群落、翅碱蓬群落、光板地之间差异极显著,柽柳群落、翅碱蓬群落、光板地之间差异不显著.植物寄生线虫为优势类群,其数量与土壤线虫总数变化表现出相同的规律.食细菌线虫和捕食-杂食线虫数量在0～10 cm土层依次为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地;食细菌线虫数量在10～20 cm土层为柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>白茅群落>光板地,捕食-杂食线虫个体密度较低.食真菌线虫的个体密度在各类型各土层湿地中都很低.土壤线虫多样性依次为白茅群落>柽柳群落>翅碱蓬群落>光板地.     

Cadmium,copper, and zinc in carrots in Japan

Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in carrots obtained from different regions throughout Japan were assessed in a baseline study on the contents of trace metals in foods. These three metals were measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The geometric mean contents (with one geometric standard deviation indicated in parentheses) of Cd, Cu, and Zn were 0.02 (2.2), 0.7 (2.1), and 2.4 (1.6) mg?kg^?1 wet weight in carrots obtained in Japan. While there was a close relationship among the contents of the three metals in the carrots grown in Cambisols and Gleysols, a significant relationship was recognized only between the contents of Cd and Zn in those grown in Andosols and Fluvic Gleysols. Cd and Zn are classified as 2B metals in the periodic table of elements, and the authors speculate that the similarity of the metal characteristics between Cd and Zn may be responsible for the close relationship in the contents of the two metals, with no relation to the soil type.     

Residues of PCDD,PCDF, and PCBs in some marine organisms in Lake Temsah,Ismailia, Egypt

Residues of PCDDs/F, non-ortho, mono-ortho PCBs, and other PCBs were monitored in the tissues of mullet fish, bolti fish, bivalves and crab taken from Lake Temsah, at Ismailia, Egypt.

Results showed that 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDD and 1,2,3,7,8 Penta CDD were the most frequently detected PCDD congeners. Similarly, 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDF, 1,2,3,7,8 Penta CDF and 2,3,4,7,8 Penta CDF were the most frequently detected PCDF congeners. No relationship was apparent between the concentrations of detected PCDDs congeners and the degree of chlorination, except with crab samples in which an increase in the chlorination coincided with a decrease in the concentrations of the congeners.

In PCDF congeners, detected residues have had a reversed relationship with chlorination increase. In PCDD congeners, Octa CDD had the highest detected concentrations in the two fish species, while in the bivalves and crab, 2,3,7,8 Tetra CDD had the highest concentrations. The mullet fish had the highest total PCDDs concentration, at 0.398?pg/g fresh weight, followed by crab at 0.395?pg/g fresh weight, then bivalves and bolti fish at 0.187 and 0.062?pg/g fresh weight, respectively. In all the examined organisms, the total concentrations of PCDFs were much higher than the total concentrations of the PCDD congeners. The WHO–TEQ values were 11.92, 39.12, 25, and 3.6?pg/g fresh weight, for mullet fish, bolti fish, bivlaves and crab, respectively. The concentration of the mono-ortho congeners CB 118 was the highest detected of all non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs congeners, with values of 0.382, 0.022, 0.231 and 0.357?ng/g fresh weight, in mullet fish, bolti fish, bivalves and crab, respectively. The WHO–TEQ concentrations were 0.799, 0.003?pg/g fw, 0.05?pg/g fresh weight, 0.676?pg/g, and 0.799?pg/g fresh weight, for the same species, respectively. The total concentration of PCBs 28, 52, 95, 99, 101, 105, 110, 118, 138, 146, 149, 151, 153, 170, 177, 180, 187 were 6.86?ng/g fresh weight for mullet fish, 0.2?ng/g fresh weight, for bolti fish, 2.72?ng/g fresh weight for bivalves and 2.8?ng/g fresh weight for crab, respectively.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster, Crassostrea Gigas, and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground, Taiwan

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^-1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^-1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^-1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.     

Metal Concentration in Oyster,Crassostrea Gigas,and Sediment in Ann-Ping Mariculture Ground,Taiwan

Abstract

This study was to assess the metal contamination in oyster tissue grown in the Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan. the information generated from this work also revealed general metal pollution problem for Taiwan's oyster farmers. Oysters, Crassostrea gigas, and surficial sediments collected from ten locations in Ann-ping mariculture ground in Taiwan for metals concentration (Cu, Zn, Pd, Cd, Fe and Mn) were performed. Analytical results indicated that the yearly averaged oyster copper concentrations (μg g^?1, wet weight) in oyster soft parts from Ann-ping increased from 21.3±4.1 in 1993; 24.1±6.8 in 1994; 36.8±11.9 in 1995 to 43.9±23.1 μg g^?1, wet weight, in the 1996 raising season. the mean oyster copper concentration reached a level of 50 μg g^?1, wet weight, in December 1996. This increasing trend of metal concentration in oyster tissue indicates a potential pollution source which may pose a potential disaster as green oyster incidence, which occurred on the Charting coast in 1986, in Taiwan. Sediment samples in Ann-ping mariculture ground were also collected and examined. the seasonal variation of the copper concentration in surficial sediment from Ann-ping did not show an increasing trend as observed in oyster tissue.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

MHC, health, color, and reproductive success in sand lizards

Good genes are genetic elements that contribute to lifetime reproductive success, regardless of an individuals additional genotype. Their existence is debated, and most work has targeted their viability benefits to the offspring of choosy females. In the present study, we analyze a case of potential good genes effects in adult male sand lizards (Lacerta agilis). We show that males with a particular RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) MHC genotype (O-males), as opposed to those that lack this genetic element (NO-males), have less ectoparasites under increasing physiological stress (indexed by baseline corticosterone level), and are not constrained by parasites at production of status coloration. Furthermore, O-males are more successful at mate acquisition and guard their partners longer. Ultimately, they have a higher genetic reproductive success as assigned by microsatellites.Communicated by W. Cooper     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Platinum pollution in road dusts,roadside soils,and tree barks in Seoul,Korea

This study presents the level of platinum in urban environment in and around Seoul, the capital city of Korea. Road dust, roadside soil, and tree bark samples were collected from the sites of various traffic volumes and from control sites in the suburbs. The above samples were analyzed for Pt by ICP-MS and other heavy metals by ICP-OES. Platinum levels in road dusts and roadside soils from Seoul were in the range of 3.8–444 ng/g (av. 115.0 ng/g) and 0.7–221 ng/g (av. 49.7 ng/g), respectively, whereas those in the suburbs were in the range of 2.3–5.2 ng/g (av. 3.9 ng/g) in road dusts and 0.4–5.1 ng/g (av. 2.4 ng/g) in roadside soils. The highest Pt levels in road dusts were found from major roads with high traffic volume. The remarkable difference in average Pt level between heavy traffic roads (av. 132.2 ng/g) and light traffic roads (av. 22.8 ng/g) reflects that an important source of Pt in roadside environment is automobile catalytic converter. High Pt level in road dust was found from the site of erratic stop–start driving condition, for example, 178 ng/g Pt in road dust around a vehicle crossing gate. Platinum level in tree barks ranged from 0.9 to 4.5 ng/g, which indicates the existence of Pt-containing particulate matter in the atmosphere. Road dusts with high Pt level were enriched in traffic-related heavy metals.