酵母菌株Pseudozyma rugulosa对合成染料脱色的初步研究

通过筛选实验,从土壤中分离出一株对活性艳红KBP具有明显脱色效果的酵母菌株,鉴定为Pseudozymarugulosa.采用含50mg·l-1活性艳红K2BP的液体培养基同步培养脱色,发现该菌株在9h时对活性艳红K2BP的脱色率为99%.此外,该菌株对另外九种染料的脱色率在22%—98%之间.其中,对偶氮染料——弱酸艳红B、活性黑KNB和活性红M3BE的脱色率都达到了96%以上,对三苯甲烷染料——酸性媒介漂蓝B的脱色率达到了89%.     

絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)对活性艳红K-2BP的脱色作用

絮凝剂P(AM-DMC)对染料活性艳红K-2BP具有很好的脱色及去除CODCr性能,脱色率和CODCr去除率分别为97.18%、75.7%。脱色效果受絮凝剂用量、电荷密度、特性粘度、外加盐浓度及溶液pH值影响。红外光谱、可见吸收光谱及电荷量分析表明,P(AM-DMC)对活性艳红K-2BP的絮凝脱色过程中电荷中和起着重要作用,絮凝剂分子中的—N+(CH3)结构与染料分子中的-SO3-发生化学反应,同时也有分子间氢键形成,从而使水中染料分子聚集沉降。     

七种染料对鲤鱼肝微粒体芳烃羟化酶的诱导

以鲤鱼肝微粒体为实验体系,研究了七种染料化合物对其芳烃羟化酶（AHH）的诱导,发现七种染料都可诱导AHH的活性,随染料浓度增大AHH的活性升高。七种染料对AHH活性诱导能力大小为：酸性红B＞派拉丁蓝RRN＞普拉红B＞活性艳红K－2BP＞活性艳红K－2G,媒介大红S－80＞分散红E－4B,与其毒性大小相关。     

膨胀石墨对活性艳红X-3B染料的吸附脱色

研究了以膨胀石墨(250 mL/g)为吸附剂,对活性艳红X-3B染料的吸附脱色作用,探讨了影响吸附的因素,结果表明:膨胀石墨对活性艳红X-3B染料的吸附率高,当膨胀石墨用量适当时,低初始浓度、低pH值有利于活性艳红X-3B染料的吸附脱色,温度高低对活性艳红X-3B染料的吸附脱色无明显影响。     

一株新的高效偶氮染料脱色菌Paenibacillus dendritiformis GGJ7及其脱色作用

从刚果红染料中分离到一株刚果红高效脱色菌,经16S r RNA基因序列(NCBI accession No.KY655213)鉴定,该菌株属于类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus),将该菌株命名为Paenibacillus dendritiformis GGJ7(简写为GGJ7).将其运用于偶氮染料脱色,并研究不同营养条件、不同培养条件(温度、pH、溶解氧)和不同染料下的脱色性能.结果表明,GGJ7对刚果红脱色效果远高于以前工作中分离到的YRJ1、YRJ2等8株同样具有脱色功能的细菌;该菌株脱色的最佳条件为30℃、pH 7、25 g/L LB培养基厌氧培养;其脱色机理以生物降解为主,且脱色过程符合一级反应动力学方程:-ln(A_t/A_0)=0.6058t-0.1082.经测试,GGJ7对多种偶氮染料的脱色率高达95%,其中50 mg/L甲基橙、25 mg/L藏花猩红和25 mg/L甲基红仅需1 h,50 mg/L橙黄G和50 mg/L橙黄G6仅需3 h,50 mg/L刚果红仅需4 h.可见GGJ7是一株高效偶氮染料脱色菌,具有处理印染废水的开发应用潜能.     

印染废水脱色新方法的研究

本文报道了用复极性粒子群电极进行可溶性染料废水脱色新方法的研究。用此方法可使浓度高达100—400ppm的染料液(阳离子艳蓝、活性艳红、直接嫩黄、弱酸红、亚甲基蓝等)的脱色率达99％以上,可使含有直接、活性、阳离子、酸性等各类染料的高色度混合溶液处理到近于无色透明,COD_(cr)与BOD_5的去除率达80％以上。实验说明,本法具有高效能,低能耗、使用寿命长、再生容易的特点。     

微酸多年卧孔菌产漆酶条件优化及其在染料脱色中的应用

微酸多年卧孔菌(Perenniporia subacida)产漆酶能力对生物漂白等研究具有重要意义.通过单因子和正交试验确定了微酸多年卧孔菌(菌株号:Dai 8224)的最适产酶条件:麦芽糖20 g/L,酵母浸粉5 g/L,pH 5.4,Cu2+2.0 mmol/L,培养温度24℃,转速160 r/min,接种量1.5%(V/V),此时酶活最高可达1.945 U/mL.单独使用微酸多年卧孔菌漆酶粗酶液对染料具有很好的脱色效果.该菌株对于50 mg/L杂环类染料中性红的脱色率可达98.3%,对偶氮染料刚果红的脱色率次之,为91.57%,对亚甲基蓝和铬天青的脱色率也都在80%以上.此外,其催化中性红脱色的最佳底物浓度为60 mg/L,脱色率达到99.42%,其中,生物降解作用占55.92%,菌体吸附作用占43.5%.结果表明该菌对多种染料脱色具有较大的应用潜力.图4表3参31     

阳离子聚电解质强化絮凝去除活性染料的研究

选用三种活性染料分别配成模拟染料废水,用阳离子聚电解质(PDADMAC)强化絮凝去除活性染料.结果表明,PDADMAC去除活性染料的机理为聚电解质络合絮凝.PDADMAC的阳离子度高,分子量低,疏水性大,脱色去除效果较好.而且,活性染料的脱色去除率随活性染料色度的深浅而不同,表现为活性黑K-BG＞活性艳红K-2BP＞活性嫩黄K-6G.     

复合脱色絮凝剂的制备及其在活性艳红X-3B染料废水处理中的应用

以双氰胺和甲醛为主原料,在添加改性剂的条件下制备了改性双氰胺-甲醛缩聚物,并直接与硫酸亚铁复合成脱色絮凝剂;以活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色率和CODCr去除率为考核指标,探讨了硫酸亚铁投加方式、复合质量比、pH等因素对活性艳红X-3B处理效果的影响。研究结果表明,在一定投加量下,复合脱色絮凝剂处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色率和COD去除率分别为99%和约75%左右。     

高含量漆酶食用菌菌渣的筛选及其染料脱色作用

食用菌菌渣(Spent mushroom substrate,SMS)指食用菌出菇后的培养基废弃物,富含菌体蛋白、生物酶、多糖等营养物质,是潜在的生物质资源,用于肥料、饲料、生物修复等领域.我国是全球第一大食用菌生产国,大量菌渣资源一直没有得到科学有效地利用,并造成环境污染.以工厂化、实验室和农业栽培的杏鲍菇、平菇等9种常见食用菌菌渣为材料,进行高产漆酶菌渣筛选,并进一步利用高活性菌渣,对孔雀石绿、活性艳蓝、甲基橙、活性红和活性黑5种染料进行脱色脱毒研究.结果显示,新鲜工厂化杏鲍菇菌渣漆酶活性为7.55×104 U/g.其不同高度菌渣柱对染料脱色的结果显示,15 cm高菌渣脱色效果最佳,对5种染料的脱色率分别为100%、98.60%、72.82%、61.97%和43.73%.全波长光谱扫描显示,孔雀石绿、活性艳蓝经处理后流出液的染料最大光吸收峰显著降低甚至消失.进一步利用其菌渣漆酶粗提物进行染料脱色研究,30℃孵育24 h脱色率分别为81.24%、49.43%、37.62%、26.34%和13.54%.以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为靶标,对酶促染料降解产物进行了毒性研究,结果显示产物毒性均低于未处理染料.本研究表明工厂化杏鲍菇菌渣具有高漆酶活性,能用于孔雀石绿、活性艳蓝等染料废水的脱色、脱毒,具有重要经济和生态价值.(图4表4参43)     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.