黔西南高砷煤热解过程中微量元素释放规律研究

采用高温箱式电阻炉对黔西南海子地区煤样进行热解,研究了在300~1200℃下慢速热解过程中,热解温度、元素赋存状态和灰分对微量元素释放规律的影响.结果表明,热解温度是影响煤失重和微量元素挥发的主要原因. As、Mo在900℃以上挥发较快; Pb热解前期挥发较快,450℃以上挥发缓慢;Sb随热解温度的升高缓慢增大.微量元素的挥发性还与赋存状态关系密切,有机态最为活泼;硫化物态和碳酸盐态在热解后期由于矿物的分解而逐步释放;硅酸盐态最稳定,基本残留在灰分中.灰分越高微量元素越不易挥发.     

煤热解过程中无机有害元素的变迁规律

在自行设计的加压密闭快速热解反应器中研究了神华和义马煤中Na、K、Pb和Mn等无机有害元素在氮气条件下随温度（300℃-700℃)的变化规律,进一步考察了热解气氛（氮气、氢气和二氧化碳）、压力对神华煤中这4种元素逸出规律的影响。结果表明：Na、K、Pb和Mn等元素在半焦中的残留量随温度的升高而减少,减少量随煤种而异,如在700℃时,神华煤中Na、K、Pb和Mn的析出率分别是义马煤的3、4．2、1．4和2．4倍;低压快速加氢热解有利于这4种元素的逸出。Pb是挥发性最强的元素,与热力学计算结果一致。     

褐煤燃烧过程中重金属元素分布特征及其对环境影响评价

针对云南小龙潭矿区褐煤及燃烧产物中重金属元素As、Cd、Sb、Pb、Hg的含量,通过室内模拟燃烧,研究了5种元素在煤燃烧过程中的分布行为,揭示了它们在燃煤产物中的分配富集特征,分析了这些元素产生的环境影响.结果表明,Hg的挥发性最强,在300℃下就有极高的挥发率,到500℃挥发殆尽,挥发性为Hg ＞As＞ Cd ＞Sb ＞Pb,而重金属的赋存状态对其挥发性有明显的影响.最后通过环境效应评价其燃烧过程的挥发对大气的影响发现在室内模拟燃烧下属重污染,这与室内试验挥发率较大有关,而电厂动态燃烧下为微污染,所以燃烧方式以及燃烧工况等对微量重金属的挥发性有明显的控制作用.     

热解温度对浒苔基生物炭重金属特征的影响

利用限氧控温炭化法制备浒苔基生物炭,探讨了不同热解温度(200、300、400、500和600℃)对生物炭产率、生物炭重金属(Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、As、Hg)总量及其水溶态重金属含量的影响。结果表明:生物炭产率随热解温度升高而降低。生物炭中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb含量较原料均有显著增加,而As和Hg含量均低于原料。总体上热解碳化可促进浒苔基生物炭中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd及As的挥发迁移趋势,但Pb则呈现富集趋势。此外,生物炭水溶态重金属含量低于原料,且热解温度与水溶态重金属含量呈负相关性,表明热解过程可降低这些重金属的溶出。     

市政污泥热解过程颗粒物中重金属分布

以深圳市某污水处理厂的污泥为原料,研究了污泥热解过程产生的颗粒物及其中8种重金属的分布规律.结果表明,颗粒物的生成速率分别在400~600℃和1000℃保温30min的两个区间内达到峰值.8种重金属的热挥发性由大到小依次为Cd > Zn > As > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cu > Cr,而其在颗粒物中富集能力大小顺序为Pb > As > Mn > Zn > Cd > Ni > Cr > Cu.颗粒物重金属在热解气中的体积浓度随热解过程呈上升趋势,Zn和Cd则在升温阶段（1000℃以前）达到峰值后开始降低.研究表明,污泥热解颗粒物富集的重金属超标,因而污泥热解尾气颗粒物的去除装置十分必要.     

水泥窑协同处置过程中重金属挥发流向规律模拟

采用自主研发的静态实验设备和小型水泥回转窑模拟装置,分别模拟静态和动态条件下生料中不同类型重金属在不同温度、反应时间下的挥发特性及流向规律。重金属Pb、Zn、Cd的挥发率均随着温度升高而逐渐升高,同温度下窑煅烧气氛下生料中Pb、Zn、Cd及As的挥发率均低于空气气氛下的挥发率;As挥发率随温度升高先逐渐升高后逐渐减少,重金属氯化物挥发率较高。添加重金属的生料粉在800℃以下的温度煅烧后,物料中主要的晶相为CaCO_3、SiO_2及金属氧化物,CaMg(CO_3)_2的衍射峰主要存在600℃以下。由800℃开始,CaCO_3发生分解,并出现CaO衍射峰;从1 000～1 400℃下,生料粉在重金属作用下逐渐生成较为复杂的化合物。在动态模拟条件下,熟料中As、Cd、Pb及Zn的平均固化率分别为85.48%、83.19%、84.49%、85.20%。绝大部分重金属均存在于熟料中,而挥发到大气中的重金属仅为0.002%～0.2%。     

成都市PM2.5中有毒重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

2009年4月至2010年1月在成都市城区采集PM2.5样品.采用X射线荧光光谱法分析20种元素,并重点分析As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Sb 7种有毒重金属元素.采用富集因子法、地累积指数法、相关性分析法和美国环保局暴露模型分别讨论了有毒重金属的污染特征、来源和健康风险.结果表明:成都市PM2.5中有毒重金属浓度处于较高水平,分别是:As(40.5±30.3),Cd(9.5±13.2),Cr(17.9±10.5)、Mn(137.6±84.3),Ni(5.1±4.1),Pb(320.5±186.0)和Sb(11.0±16.0)ng/m3.As严重超标,Cd和Pb也有超标现象.多数元素均在冬季达到最大值,夏季达到最小值.Cr、Mn、Ni污染程度较低,属于轻微污染,As、Cd、Pb、Sb的污染程度极高.PM2.5中有毒重金属主要来源于土壤尘及其扬尘,机动车排放和煤燃烧,冶金及机械制造和刹车磨损.Mn对儿童、成人均产生较严重的非致癌健康风险,分别为6.01、2.59、2.46,As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Sb的非致癌风险值均小于1,健康影响较小.As、Cr对人体有致癌健康风险.     

热解温度对污泥基生物炭结构特性及对重金属吸附性能的影响

鉴于污泥基生物炭作为重金属吸附剂的研究还缺乏足够的数据,为探讨不同热解温度对生物炭结构性质及其对水体重金属吸附能力的影响,在缺氧条件下于300~900℃范围内以城市污泥为原料制备生物炭,利用元素分析、比表面积测定、电位测定和红外光谱分析等方法对生物炭的理化性质和结构特征进行表征,并选用900℃生物炭进行了吸附重金属Pb、Cr和Cd的试验研究.结果表明:① 300~900℃缺氧条件下制备的生物炭产率为44.39%~69.41%,污泥呈弱酸性（pH为6.35）,热解后的生物炭呈碱性（pH为7.7~10.58）.② 900℃生物炭中w（H）、w（N）大幅降低,分别比干污泥中减少89.50%和77.16%,而w（C）降低29.22%,固碳作用显著.热解后生物炭比表面积明显增大,700和900℃生物炭比表面积分别达到58.48和87.55 m2/g,最佳制备温度为700~900℃.③ 热解后的生物炭具有大量极性基团,热解温度越高,酸性基团越少,碱性基团含量增多.④ 热解作用使生物炭zeta电位升高,吸附能力增强.⑤ 900℃生物炭吸附Pb、Cr和Cd的最佳pH为7~8,对Pb、Cr和Cd的最大吸附量分别为2.38、2.48和1.16 mg/g.⑥ 各因素对生物炭吸附重金属的影响顺序,对于Pb和Cr表现为生物炭投加量>热解温度;对于Cd,表现为生物炭投加量>pH.研究显示,污泥基生物炭对Pb、Cr的吸附能力高于Cd,影响生物炭吸附行为的主导因子为生物炭投加量,影响Pb和Cr吸附的次要因子为生物炭热解温度,而影响Cd的次要因子为pH.生物炭吸附重金属的主要机理是离子交换吸附、络合反应、表面沉淀和竞争性抑制作用.      

磷酸对八宝景天热解过程中As、Pb迁移转化的影响

本文利用管式炉在不同温度下对八宝景天进行直接热解和磷酸预处理热解,研究了As、Pb的迁移特性和形态分布.结果表明：生物炭中As的回收率随温度升高波动,Pb的回收率随温度升高先增大后减小,As、Pb的回收率均在500℃时达到最大,分别为66.2%和73.08%.添加8%磷酸后As、Pb回收率在一定温度范围内增加,并在300℃时达到最大值,分别为83.75%和92.78%.热解温度由300℃升到600℃时,生物炭中As的稳定形态（F4+F5）由不足20%增加到70%左右,Pb的最稳定形态（F5）由3%增加到32%.添加8%磷酸热解后,生物炭中As的稳定性小幅增加,500和600℃时F5分别增加20%和5%;Pb的稳定性显著增加,（F4+F5）均达到90%以上.磷酸添加量对重金属形态分布无明显影响.实验结果表明采用磷酸预处理用于修复植物热解可提高生物炭中重金属As、Pb的回收率及稳定性,并可降低其生态风险指数.     

北京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性重金属污染特征

于2011年冬季使用SASS采样器在清华大学采集PM2.5样品,并对其中重金属和水溶性重金属(As?Cd?Cr?Cu?Mn?Pb和Zn等)以及无机离子进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间水溶性重金属浓度较高,As?Cd?Cr?Cu?Mn?Pb和Zn平均浓度依次为8.42,3.18,1.99,7.84,30.82, 49.27,412.81ng/m3.Cd和水溶性As平均浓度超过《环境空气质量标准》中建议浓度限值.水溶性重金属在重污染期间易出现富集,灰霾和采暖期间As?Cd?Cr?Cu?Mn?Pb和Zn平均浓度都有增加趋势.水溶性重金属的逐日变化趋势与重金属和PM2.5有较好的一致性.水溶性重金属在重金属中比重:50%￡Zn和As;20%相似文献   

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.