对电力行业环保补助资金管理方式的分析探讨

一、前言 1982年,国务院颁布了《征收排污费暂行办法》,在我国正式建立了排污收费制度,对实行排污收费的目的、排污费的征收、管理和使用作出了统一规定。明确规定     

排污费征收使用管理条例(草案)原则通过

20 0 2年 1月 30日 ,国务院总理朱基主持召开国务院第 5 4次常务会议。会议审议并原则通过了《排污费征收使用管理条例 (草案 )》。大家认为 ,排污收费制度是我国环保法律规定的一项重要制度 ,也是世界各国的通行做法。实行这一制度 ,对于防治环境污染、改善环境质量具有重要意义和作用。随着我国环保事业的发展和财政管理体制的改革 ,现行排污收费制度在实施中也出现了一些新的情况和问题 ,为了进一步规范排污费的征收、使用、管理、严格执行“收支两条线”的规定 ,需要规定《排污费征收使用管理条例》。会议决定 ,《排污费征收使用管理…     

我国排污收费制度的发展与电力行业缴费状况

介绍我国排污收费制度的发展、作用，排污收费法规体系、收费标准制定原则、排污费使用管理，以及电力行业缴费情况。     

泥质活性炭在污水处理中的应用

探索了泥质活性炭用于污水处理的效果。以污水处理厂污泥为原料制备的泥质活性炭用于城市污水处理厂污水的处理,探索了泥质活性炭的投加量、吸附时间、溶液p H值等影响因素对污水COD,TN及TP去除率的影响规律。结果表明,对于污水处理厂初沉池出水,泥质活性炭投加量为15 g/L、吸附时间30 min、酸性条件下,污水TN去除率可达70%,在中性条件下COD去除率可达95%;投加量15 g/L、中性条件下,吸附时间5 min时,TP去除率可达96%,其出水的各项指标均满足GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中一级A标准。由于泥质活性炭用料廉价,不仅解决了污水处理厂污泥处置问题,还可用于污水的处理,具有良好的应用前景。     

MFBR工艺处理农村生活污水的工程应用分析

针对当前农村生活污水低碳氮比现状和处理难题,研发了拥有自主知识产权的MFBR泥膜共生污水处理工艺,并形成了一套分散式农村生活污水处理一体化设备,该设备集缺氧池、厌氧池、移动床曝气池、固定床曝气池及沉淀池于一体。研究考察了MFBR一体化设备用于处理湖南省某村庄生活污水的性能,结果表明：稳定运行后出水水质均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918—2002）一级A标,运行成本根据处理量在0.25～0.4元/m3。该设备可根据项目要求增减化学除磷系统,设备结构简单,运行成本低,对低碳氮比的生活污水处理效率高。     

小区生活污水处理工艺设计及工程应用

分析了小区生活污水处理装置的工艺特性，比较了常用的曝气设备和填料，并总结了应用生物接触氧化工艺处理住宅小区生活污水的工程经验。实践表明：该工艺运行可靠，操作简便，出水各项污染物指标均达到了国家规定的排放标准。     

自净式生活污水净化技术

在无需提升泵，曝气设备条件下，利用微生物作用而使生活污水得以净化的技术，解决了和般生活污水处理厂需投入大量人力，物力，财力并易异常现象等问题。运行结果表明；出水水质稳定，可靠，投资省，运行，管理费用低，社会，环境效益明显，有广阔的应用前景，是一项值得推广的技术。     

沧州炼油厂改炼胜利原油扩改工程环保设施通过省环保局验收

1999年 1 2月 1 0日沧州炼油厂顺利通过了由河北省环保局主持的沧州炼油厂改炼胜利原油扩改工程环境保护设施验收。沧州炼油厂改炼胜利原油扩改即“七三五”工程自 1 996年开始建设 ,历经 3a时间 ,总投资 7亿多人民币 ,先后完成了 1 50 t/ a常减压装置改造 ,建成了50万 t/ a的延迟焦化装置、1 5万 t/ a重整装置、6 0万 t/ a汽柴油加氢装置以及与主体工程相配套的50 0 0 t/ a硫磺回收装置 ,完成了原污水处理场的改造。三同时环保项目除投资 1 70 0万元的硫磺回收装置和投资 2 4 0 0万元的 50 0 t/ a的污水处理场外 ,还投资 50 0万元对原酸性…     

中英化工环保技术交流

根据我化工部与英国文化委员会商定的化工环保技术交流计划,英国曼彻斯特大学理工学院化工系环保专家班克斯(Charles Banks)博士和 Biwater Treatment 公司工业部经理克鲁克(Philip Crook)先生,应化工部邀请于1991年4月14日至28日来华参观、讲学。他们参观了北京东方化工厂,北京化工研究院环保所,吉林化工公司的污水处理厂、染料厂含硫废水处理装置和炼油厂污水处理装置,南京化工厂污水处理     

对年产五万吨腈纶厂环保管理现代化的探讨

作者从大庆石化总厂腈纶厂环保管理的实际出发,采用理论与实际相结合的方法,对实现环保管理现代化进行了论述。提出其必要条件是:①认真执行“三同时”政策;②强化环保管理措施;③建立环境保护综合管理网络;④组织好日常环保管理;⑤环保管理手段现代化。并认为只有实现了这五大环保管理要点所制定的目标,才能实现环保管理现代化。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.     

Transformations of nitrogen at the interface between the topsoil and an impervious clay subsoil

Much work has been done on gaseous emissions and leaching of nitrogenous compounds from whole soil profiles and also from soil surface measurements which are assumed to be mainly due to topsoil activity. In soils with an impervious clay subsoil, the boundary between the topsoil and subsoil may provide an interface for microbial activity, including N transformations. In this study, we investigated movement and transformations of two reactive N species (nitrate and urea) at the subsoil interface using a series of replicate, intact soil blocks, under two contrasting watering regimes. We measured fluxes in both liquid and gaseous phases and demonstrated that nitrate reaching the subsoil interface does not necessarily leach into water systems, but may denitrify immediately and could, therefore, add to atmospheric pollution through N₂O production. On the other hand, ammonium reaching the subsoil interface either directly, or after mineralization, appears to be more mobile than expected and has the potential to pollute watercourses.     

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Measured Urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

We have studied particulate matter (PM) concentrations,PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, measured in an urban air qualitymonitoring network in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area during1997–1999. The data includes PM₁₀ concentrationsmeasured at five locations (two urban traffic, one suburbantraffic, one urban background and one regional backgroundsite) and PM_2.5 concentrations measured at twolocations (urban traffic and urban background sites). Theconcentrations of PM₁₀ show a clear diurnal variation,as well as a spatial variation within the area. Bycontrast, both the spatial and temporal variation of thePM_2.5 concentrations was moderate. We have analysedthe evolution of urban PM concentrations in terms of therelevant meteorological parameters in the course of oneselected peak pollution episode during 21–31 March, 1998.The meteorological variables considered included wind speedand direction, ambient temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, atmospheric pressure at the ground level,atmospheric stability and mixing height. The elevated PMconcentrations during the 1998 March episode were clearlyrelated to conditions of high atmospheric pressure,relatively low ambient temperatures and low wind speeds inpredominantly stable atmospheric conditions. The resultsprovide indirect evidence indicating that the PM₁₀concentrations originate mainly from local vehiculartraffic (direct emissions and resuspension), while thePM_2.5 concentrations are mostly of regionally andlong-range transported origin.     

Methane generation from corncobs treated with xylanolytic consortia

Consortia were developed for the treatment of corncobs for use as a feedstock in a biogas fermentor. The treatment of corncobs with xylanolytic consortia enhanced the production of methane and biogas. All five consortia developed produced the maximum biogas and methane at a 6% loading rate and 20 days hydraulic retention time (HRT). The maximum biogas yield of 0.59m³/kg volatile solids (VS) with a methane content of 62% was produced with the KK-10 consortium. This was apparently due to a maximum hemicellulose degradation of 88%.     

Recovery of Acidified Lakes: Lessons From Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Over 7,000 lakes around Sudbury, Ontario, Canada were acidified by S deposition associated with emissions from the Sudbury metal smelters and more distant S sources. Air pollution controls have led to widespread changes in damaged Sudbury lakes, including increased pH and decreased concentrations of SO₄, metals and base cations. While chemical improvements have often been substantial, many lakes are still acidified, although water quality recovery is continuing. Biological recovery has been observed in some lakes among various groups of organisms including fish, zooplankton, phytoplankton and zoobenthos. Generally, however, biological recovery is still at an early stage. Lakes around Sudbury are also showing that the recovery of acid-damaged lakes is closely linked to the effects of other major environmental stressors such as climate change, base cation depletion and UV-B irradiance. Future studies of the recovery of acid-damaged lakes around Sudbury, and in other regions, will need to consider the interactions of these and other stressors.     

Preparation and Biodegradation of Starch/Polycaprolactone Films

Starch granules were modified with trisodium trimetaphosphate (TSTP) and characterized by P³¹-NMR, FTIR and DSC. Seventy-micron films were prepared from modified starch and polycaprolactone blends by solvent casting technique. Three different types of films—PCL (100% polycaprolactone), MOD-ST/PCL (50% modified starch and 50% polycaprolactone blend) and NONMOD-ST/PCL (50% nonmodified starch and 50% polycaprolactone blends)—were prepared, and their thermal, mechanical, and morphologic properties were investigated to show the increased performance of PCL with the addition of starch and also the effect of modification. It was observed that with the addition of starch the Young's modulus of polycaprolactone was increased and became less ductile, whereas tensile strength and elongation at break values decreased. Biodegradation of these films was inspected under different aerobic environments with the presence of Pseudomonas putida, activated sludge, and compost. It was observed that whereas P. putida had almost no effect on degradation during 90 days, with the presence of activated sludge, considerable deformation of films was observed even in the first 7 days of degradation. In a compost environment, degradation was even faster, and all polymer films were broken into pieces within first 7 days of degradation and no film remained after 15 days.