低浓度溶解氧下猪粪固体有机物水解产酸研究

本文以猪粪为发酵原料,通过批式实验研究不同溶解氧(DO)浓度(0—0.26 mg.L-1)、发酵时间(3—12 d)和挥发性固体(VS)浓度(11.14—111.35 g.L-1)对猪粪固体水解酸化过程的影响,确定了低DO浓度下固体有机物优化水解产酸工艺条件:中温35℃,初始VS浓度37.11 g.L-1,初期的DO浓度0.1—0.26 mg.L-1.在此条件下,发酵时间3 d,DO浓度下降到0.10 mg.L-1以下.猪粪发酵液pH值由7.45±0.10降低到5.86±0.17,VS降解率(25.67±1.20)%,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)中乙酸(3895±91)mg.L-1、丙酸(2313±82)mg.L-1、正丁酸(1361±17)mg.L-1、正戊酸(540±11)mg.L-1.优化条件下的猪粪水解酸化液进行厌氧产甲烷发酵,发酵10 d内产气停止,低溶解氧水解酸化和厌氧产甲烷发酵累计时间仅为13 d,甲烷体积分数(69.5±0.2)%,VS产气率为(0.282±0.011)L CH.4g-1VS.研究结果表明,适当延长发酵时间能够增加VFA中乙酸的含量,初始VS浓度差异对发酵液VFA浓度和VS降解率的影响较显著,低溶解氧能够促进猪粪固体有机物水解过程.     

互花米草不同部位厌氧发酵特性

在中温条件下(35±1)℃,对互花米草茎、叶和整株分别进行批式中温厌氧消化实验,分析发酵过程中日产气量、累积产气量、甲烷含量、pH值、VFA、TS、VS及固形物的元素变化.结果表明:在TS负荷为6%的条件下,互花米草茎、叶、整株厌氧发酵均具有很好的产气特性.产气率为:叶(399ml.g-1TS)整珠(374m.lg-1TS)茎(366ml.g-1TS),甲烷含量为:茎(69.11%)整珠(68.87%)叶(66.21%).pH值、VFA、TS、VS及固形物的元素的变化特征差异不大.叶中可能含有更多被微生物利用的物质,成分的差异是造成这种结果的重要原因.     

沼液全量连续回流对稻秸厌氧发酵特性的影响

秸秆厌氧发酵沼气工程中合理的沼液回流可减少沼液排放量,降低后续沼液处置利用成本。以稻秸为底物,采用完全混合搅拌反应器(CSTR)半连续发酵方式,研究沼液全量连续回流对稻秸厌氧发酵特性的影响,旨在为明确沼液全量回流对秸秆厌氧发酵的影响机制、改进沼液全量回流技术提供科学依据。结果表明:在100%沼液回流条件下连续回流50 d时系统运行稳定,总固体(TS)产气率、挥发性固体(VS)产气率及容积产气率分别稳定在245 m L·g-1、300 m L·g-1及0.74 L·L-1·d-1。但随着运行时间延长,回流天数达85 d时,虽然发酵液pH值和沼气中φ(CH4)无明显变化,但系统产气效率明显受到抑制。产气受抑制阶段与产气稳定阶段相比,TS产气率、VS产气率及容积产气率分别下降到186 m L·g-1、226 m L·g-1及0.56 L·L-1·d-1,下降幅度达24%。进一步分析表明,沼液中ρ(NH4+-N)下降到185 mg·L-1,下降幅度为71%;主要金属离子总质量浓度增加到4.13 g·L-1,增加幅度为342%。初步判断沼液全量连续回用会因氮含量严重下降和盐分积累致系统产气量下降,但真实原因还有待进一步研究。     

添加蚓粪对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气特性的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,总固体(TS)含量为50g.kg-1,采用中温35℃批式发酵,考察了添加蚓粪对玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆单独发酵时,单位TS产气量为333.3mL.g-1,甲烷产量为202.0mL.g-1,并在反应初期出现酸化现象;蚓粪与玉米秸秆TS质量比为1:1进行发酵时,单位TS产气量为400.0mL.g-1,甲烷产量为269.6mL.g-1,相对于玉米秸秆单独厌氧发酵分别提高了20.0%和35.5%,且反应过程中未出现酸化现象。说明蚓粪适合作为玉米秸秆厌氧发酵产气的添加剂。     

水葫芦不同部位的厌氧消化特性

对水葫芦整株、茎和根分别进行批式中温厌氧消化实验,分析发酵过程中pH值,VFA,TOC,TS,VS和固形物的元素及其红外光谱特征.结果表明:在TS负荷为2.0%的条件下,水葫芦整株具有很好的产气特性,TS产气量和VS产气量分别为173.80 ml·g~(-1)和262.40 ml·g~(-1)VS,茎和根的TS产气量仅为整株的84.23%和36.03%,VS产气量仅为整株的79.13%和42.05%;整株的甲烷含量、生物转化率和固形物中H的分解率均较茎和根高;TS和VS分解率均以茎最高,整株次之,根最低;发酵过程中各处理的pH值,VFA,TOC以及固形物中的C,N的分解率差异不大.固形物的红外光谱表明,水葫芦整株直接厌氧发酵更有利于碳水化合物的分解,发酵后根产生最多的碳酸盐类物质,这与根的物质组成有关.因此,将水葫芦整株直接厌氧发酵是完全可行的,且较茎和根具有更好的发酵效果.     

中温干式发酵对互花米草产气和结构特性的影响

利用渗滤床中温、干式发酵互花米草,考察其技术可行性和产气特性;通过元素分析、XRD和FT-IR分析,考察干式发酵及石灰堆沤预处理后互花米草物化性质的变化.研究结果表明,中温、干式发酵互花米草在技术上是可行的,60d单位累积产气最为178.4 mL·g-1VS(0℃,1.01×105Pa),总TS与VS去除率分别为59....     

压滤处理对水葫芦不同部位厌氧发酵的影响

为提高水葫芦的厌氧产气性能,将水葫芦整株、茎和根压滤,分别将压滤前后的水葫芦根、茎和整株以及压滤液接种进行中温批式厌氧消化实验,考察了发酵过程中产气量、pH值和挥发性脂肪酸的变化情况.结果表明,压滤处理明显提高了水葫芦各部位的厌氧产气能力,压滤后的水葫芦整株、根和茎的TS产气量分别为271.93、87.29和330.83 ml·g-1TS,较压滤前分别提高了75.33%、92.04%和72.95%;压滤处理对水葫芦各部位发酵过程中pH和挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响不大;水葫芦各部位压滤液的厌氧产气能力均较差,不适合进行厌氧发酵产气.因此,将水葫芦压滤后厌氧发酵是一种提高水葫芦厌氧生物转化率的可行的方法.     

两相厌氧发酵互花米草的特性

利用两相(固态水解酸化相+湿式发酵产甲烷相)发酵互花米草,通过尿素的添加来调整厌氧发酵互花米草的碳氮比,考察两相厌氧发酵互花米草的特性;并利用FTIR考察水解发酵前后互花米草结构的变化.研究结果表明,由于固态水解渗滤液对尿素的淋滤,产生高浓度的氨氮溶液,抑制了湿式发酵产甲烷反应器中的甲烷菌;通过53 d的两相发酵互花米草,单位挥发性固体(VS)累积产气量仅为98.6 mL.g-1(0℃),转化率是理论产气量的17.5%;游离性氨(FA)浓度超过55 mg.L-1,就会严重抑制高温甲烷菌;红外光谱分析表明,石灰堆沤预处理对互花米草结构改变较小;只有大幅度的强化预处理,才能显著提高互花米草发酵的产气量.     

光照对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响

在中温(35℃)条件下,应用批式单相厌氧消化技术,考察了光照对互花米草厌氧消化过程的影响.结果表明,光照对互花米草厌氧发酵有一定的促进作用,产气量提高了10.87%.这种促进作用主要发生在发酵前期,对pH值、丙酸的影响不大,可延长有机酸高峰持续时间,提高系统中某些喜光微生物的活性,促进微生物对纤维素结晶区的破坏以及互花米草中木质素碎片的溶出.     

pH对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢过程的影响

餐厨垃圾具有含水率高、有机物含量高、易腐败等特点,若处理不当,必然造成资源浪费和环境污染。餐厨垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化处理是环境科学领域近年来关注的热点与难点。为解决餐厨垃圾的减量化问题,同时产生清洁能源——氢气,利用自制小型序批式厌氧发酵产氢反应装置,以蒸煮餐厨垃圾为发酵底物,接种污水处理厂剩余污泥进行厌氧发酵产氢,在底物与接种物质量比为4:1,温度为37℃的条件下,研究p H对蒸煮餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响。结果表明,厌氧发酵底物中乙酸和丁酸是挥发性酸(VFA)中主要的组成部分,占总挥发性酸的80%以上,同时含有少量的丙酸,属于典型的丁酸型发酵。初始p H为9.0时,厌氧发酵效果最佳,累积产气量和产氢量最大,分别为748 m L和371 m L;在整个厌氧发酵过程中氢气的体积分数最高可达80.5%,平均产氢速率为10.31 m L·h~(-1),单位产氢量(以VS计)为72.9 m L·g~(-1),总固体(TS)和挥发性固体(VS)的去除率分别高达26.6%和34.4%;脱氢酶的活性呈现出先增强后减弱的趋势,产氢速率与脱氢酶的活性呈正相关;发酵反应进行到16 h时,脱氢酶的活性最好,此时产氢速率最大,为19.2 m L·h~(-1)。因此,调节初始p H为9.0,可以提高餐厨垃圾产氢效率,实现餐厨垃圾减量化和产生清洁能源的双重目标。     

Fermentative hydrogen production from beet sugar factory wastewater treatment in a continuous stirred tank reactor using anaerobic mixed consortia

A low pH, ethanol-type fermentation process was evaluated for wastewater treatment and bio-hydrogen production from acidic beet sugar factory wastewater in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with an effective volume of 9.6 L by anaerobic mixed cultures in this present study. After inoculating with aerobic activated sludge and operating at organic loading rate (OLR) of 12 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1, HRT of 8h, and temperature of 35°C for 28 days, the CSTR achieved stable ethanol-type fermentation. When OLR was further increased to 18 kgCOD?m^-3·d^-1 on the 53rd day, ethanol-type fermentation dominant microflora was enhanced. The liquid fermentation products, including volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ethanol, stabilized at 1493 mg·L^-1 in the bioreactor. Effluent pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and alkalinity ranged at 4.1–4.5, -250–(-290) mV, and 230–260 mgCaCO₃?L^-1. The specific hydrogen production rate of anaerobic activated sludge was 0.1 L?gMLVSS^-1·d^-1 and the COD removal efficiency was 45%. The experimental results showed that the CSTR system had good operation stability and microbial activity, which led to high substrate conversion rate and hydrogen production ability.     

气相色谱-质谱联用测定母乳中合成麝香

建立了凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)柱和硅胶柱净化,气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)测定母乳中合成麝香的分析方法.实验结果表明:GC/MS在0.01μg.ml-1到1μg.ml-1的浓度范围内对4种常见合成麝香(佳乐麝香HHCB、吐纳麝香AHTN、二甲苯麝香MX和酮麝香MK)均有良好的线性响应,4种合成麝香的基质加标回收率为76%—115%,相对标准偏差为2.8%—7.4%.利用信噪比(5/1)确定该方法的定性检测限,HHCB,AHTN,MX为5ng.g-1脂重,MK为4ng.g-1脂重,定量检测限为定性检测限的2倍.采用上述方法分析了上海母乳样品中合成麝香的浓度和分布特征,发现母乳中普遍存在这4种合成麝香,浓度分别为HHCB92±70;AHTN16±12;MX26±22;MK16±14ng.g-1脂重,与欧美国家的污染水平相比,总体含量偏低.     

Effect of different gas releasing methods on anaerobic fermentative hydrogen production in batch cultures

Decreasing hydrogen partial pressure can not only increase the activity of the hydrogen enzyme but also decrease the products inhibition, so it is an appropriate method to enhance the fermentative hydrogen production from anaerobic mixed culture. The effect of biogas release method on anaerobic fermentative hydrogen production in batch culture system was compared, i.e., Owen method with intermediately release, continuous releasing method, and continuous releasing+ CO₂ absorbing. The experimental results showed that, at 35°C, initial pH 7.0 and glucose concentration of 10 g·L^-1, the hydrogen production was only 28 mL when releasing gas by Owen method, while it increased two times when releasing the biogas continuously. The cumulative hydrogen production could reach 155 mL when carbon dioxide in the gas stream was continuously absorbed by 1 mol·L^-1 NaOH. The results showed that acetate was dominated, accounting for 43% in the dissolved fermentation products in Owen method, whereas the butyrate predominated and reached 47%–53% of the total liquid end products when releasing gas continuously. It is concluded that the homoacetogenesis could be suppressed when absorbing CO₂ in the gas phase in fermentative hydrogen production system.     

Continuous biohydrogen production from diluted molasses in an anaerobic contact reactor

An anaerobic contact reactor (ACR) system comprising a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with settler to decouple the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from solids retention time (SRT) was developed for fermentative hydrogen production from diluted molasses by mixed microbial cultures. The ACR was operated at various volumetric loading rates (VLRs) of 20–44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 with constant HRT of 6 h under mesophilic conditions of 35°C. The SRT was maintained at about 46–50 h in the system. At the initial VLR of 20 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate dropped from 22.6 to 1.58 L·d^-1 as the hydrogen was consumed by the hydrogentrophic methanogen. After increasing the VLR to 28 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1 and discharging the sludge for 6 consecutive times, the hydrogentrophic methanogens were eliminated, and the hydrogen content reached 36.4%. As the VLR was increased to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield increased to 42.1 L·d^-1 and 1.40 mol H₂·molglucose-consumed^-1, respectively. The results showed that a stable ethanol-type fermentation that favored hydrogen production in the reactor was thus established with the sludge loading rate (SLR) of 2.0–2.5 kgCOD·kgMLVSS^-1·d^-1. It was found that the ethanol increased more than other liquid fermentation products, and the ethanol/acetic acid (mol/mol) ratio increased from 1.27 to 2.45 when the VLR increased from 28 to 44 kgCOD·m^-3·d^-1, whereas the hydrogen composition decreased from 40.4% to 36.4%. The results suggested that the anaerobic contact reactor was a promising bioprocess for fermentative hydrogen production.     

水华蓝藻厌氧发酵工艺技术研究

以太湖水华蓝藻为底物,用改进的CSTR(continuous stirred tank reactor)工艺,研究了不同有机负荷条件下蓝藻厌氧发酵相关参数与蓝藻藻毒素的去除效果.结果表明:在(35±1) ℃条件下,逐步提高有机负荷,系统运行稳定,有机负荷最高可达3.53 kg·m-3·d-1,此时最大容积产气率达0.89 m3·m-3·d-1,COD去除率在70%左右,甲烷体积分数达60%以上.不同负荷条件下,出料中藻毒素(MC-RR、MC-LR)检测均为阴性,已达无害化处理要求,表明该工艺可以有效处置水华蓝藻,实现能量回收与无害化处理的目标.     

土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅的GF-AAS测定及其分布特性

采集不同苦丁茶树的根、茎、叶及对应的土壤样品,经过清洗、烘干、研磨等预处理后,采用高压密封罐加热消解,加入磷酸氢二铵作为基体改进剂,通过氘灯扣除背景,以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)测定样品中的铅,铅浓度在0.000—60.000ng.ml-1时与吸光度呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数r=0.9999,检出限为0.200ng.ml-1,方法精密度RSD5%,回收率93%—107%.用上述方法研究土壤-苦丁茶树系统中铅的分布表明,各种苦丁茶树及土壤中铅的分布具有类似规律,即土壤中铅含量远高于茶树中,茶树的地下部分含量分布为:吸收根主根,地上部分为:枯叶茎老叶嫩叶,其中嫩叶中铅含量远低于限量指标(Pb≤5.0μg.g-1),对茶叶服用的安全性有利.     

添加剂对污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

在间歇培养条件下,研究了还原型辅酶Ⅱ（NADPH）、乙酰辅酶A（Acetyl Co A）和对氨基苯甲酸（PABA）3种添加剂对污泥厌氧消化性能的影响.结果表明,3种微生物活性促进剂均能促进污泥厌氧消化产气.其中,NADPH的促进效果最为显著,消化第35 d,产甲烷量比对照组高15.90%.在污泥含固率为3%、未调初始pH（pH=6.7）和温度35℃的厌氧消化条件下,NADPH的最佳添加量为50 mg.L-1,消化第36 d,污泥累积产甲烷量127.13 mL.g-1VSS.在含固率3%、初始pH=8.5、温度55℃和NADPH添加量为50 mg.L-1的工艺条件下,污泥厌氧产气效果最佳,消化第30 d时累积产甲烷量达158.02 mL.g-1VSS.