海上溢油事故应急反应系统的框架研究

一旦发生海上溢油事故,溢油事故应急反应系统将有效地组织溢油事故的各种应急处理,以确保海洋生态系统的安全和减少经济损失。文章对海上溢油事故应急反应系统的总体框架进行了分析,并详细介绍了以溢油信息收集子系统、溢油模拟子系统、环境与资源信息数据库、溢油应急指挥中心及溢油应急处理系统五大部分为主体的框架及其主要功能。该框架可作为建立海上溢油事故应急反应系统的基础。     

溢油污染处置技术现状分析

大规模的海洋溢油常常导致非常严重的环境污染事件和生态灾难,溢油事故应急是世界应急技术领域面临的重大技术难题。文章通过引用典型事故案例和国内事故概况说明了溢油事故的巨大风险及其危害,分析油品入水、扩散、漂移以及着陆四个不同事故演化阶段的污染特征,系统梳理溢油事故应急的物理、化学和生物处置方法,并通过对比各类方法的适用范围和优缺点,总结当前溢油应急处置技术、应急能力以及环境适应性等方面存在的不足,提出加强溢油应急处置能力应该在提高应急装备能力、开发新技术产品、建立全球联动机制等方面加强努力。     

基于溢油风险管控的应急物资储备布点研究

根据中国石油天然气集团有限公司油气主业溢油污染风险防控需求,在总结分析溢油风险重点设施、敏感区域的基础上,确立了潜在重大溢油事故区域,优选应急物资布点分析模型,优化应急物资储备方案,在覆盖主要溢油风险应急需要条件下,力求做到溢油应急物资储备维护费用最小,对合理配置溢油应急物资和快速应对重大溢油事故具有一定的指导意义。     

海上溢油应急处置技术探讨

海上溢油事故不仅给企业造成巨大经济损失,如果处置不当还将引发严重的环境污染事故。文章基于对大连"7.16"及BP"4.20"溢油污染事故处理方法分析,探讨了国内外海上溢油应急技术的发展概况,并结合中国石油企业海上溢油应急建设实际情况,探究了中国石油企业海上溢油应急处置的关键技术问题。为中国石油企业海上溢油应急管理建设和应急技术发展提供参考。     

胜利油田海洋溢油回收装置与回收方法研究

通过对胜利油田海洋应急中心在溢油应急守护、溢油回收及海上环保巡逻检查等方面的描述,找出与国外发达国家的差距,并提出响应的改进措施。同时还以埕岛油田附近海域发生的溢油事故为例,进行了溢油回收方式的探讨。     

涉水油田储罐溢油风险量化评估技术研究

文章分析了储罐溢油发生的事故原因、影响机制,通过细化影响因子,整合数据模型,从涉水油田储罐溢油频率、环境受体影响、溢油泄漏后果、溢油风险等级等方面构建了储罐溢油风险模型,通过实际运算案例对方法进行验证,提出熟练运用模型,夯实基础信息强化体系管理,加强人员培训提升安全意识等强化储罐 溢油风险管理的建议。通过评估潜在风险,有助于各涉水油田企业、港口码头、海事部门、应急部门采取相应风险管控措施,减少事故发生的可能性,提升安全生产管理水平、保护生态环境。     

中国石油突发事件应急体系及运行特征

分析了中国石油天然气集团公司(简称中国石油)大陆业务面临的安全环保突发事故风险,介绍了中国石油应急体系的应急组织、应急救援队伍、应急预案体系、应急物资保障、应急技术支持情况。阐述了中国石油在井控、管道应急抢维修、消防、海上(溢油)方面的应急队伍组织结构及突发事故发生后的应急体系运行机制。通过采取自主型突发事件应急体系,主要依靠自有力量完成事故应急工作。     

远海溢油应急策略研究

在远海海域开展石油勘探开发风险极大,一旦发生事故,不但造成人员和财产损失,而且伴随着溢油事故,还会造成海洋及沿海环境的破坏。文章描述了海域划分、定义及特点。指出远海石油勘探开发具有受海洋环境影响大、高风险、高投资、需求人员素质高等特点。针对高风险特点做出了具体描述,包括井喷、火灾爆炸、船舶溢油、管道泄漏等多个风险。文章针对溢油风险进行研究,提出应急处置原则,分别做出溢油跟踪、溢油围控、溢油清除及后勤保障的处置策略,同时对应急所需物质提出要求,为远海溢油处置提供技术支持。     

溢油分离回收的神妙武器

20世纪90年代以来,国内外在陆上和海域不断发生溢油事故,由此造成重大的资源损失和环境污染。文中介绍了欧美国家对此采取的应急措施和使用的应急装备,论述了日本世界化工股份公司溢油分离回收机的工作原理、结构特点和适用环境。     

溢油应急综合研究进展

从溢油应急管理体系、溢油应急物资、溢油应急处置技术、溢油综合评估、溢油预测预警和应急决策支持系统等方面,系统梳理了国内外海上溢油应急处置的研究现状,并对溢油应急管理作出展望。提出未来我国应在溢油风险防控、溢油综合应急平台、溢油应急处置和溢油生物修复等方面加强管理和技术研发工作,不断提升我国溢油应急综合能力。     

Decision Support System for Managing Oil Spill Events

The Mediterranean environment is exposed to various hazards, including oil spills, forest fires, and floods, making the development of a decision support system (DSS) for emergency management an objective of utmost importance. The present work presents a complete DSS for managing marine pollution events caused by oil spills. The system provides all the necessary tools for early detection of oil-spills from satellite images, monitoring of their evolution, estimation of the accident consequences and provision of support to responsible Public Authorities during clean-up operations. The heart of the system is an image processing–geographic information system and other assistant individual software tools that perform oil spill evolution simulation and all other necessary numerical calculations as well as cartographic and reporting tasks related to a specific management of the oil spill event. The cartographic information is derived from the extant general maps representing detailed information concerning several regional environmental and land-cover characteristics as well as financial activities of the application area. Early notification of the authorities with up-to-date accurate information on the position and evolution of the oil spill, combined with the detailed coastal maps, is of paramount importance for emergency assessment and effective clean-up operations that would prevent environmental hazard. An application was developed for the Region of Crete, an area particularly vulnerable to oil spills due to its location, ecological characteristics, and local economic activities.     

浅谈突发溢油事件应急处置技术及装置的应用

概述了海洋溢油应急处置的技术方法,分析了溢油应急处置装置设备的应用特点,为海洋溢油应急处置工作提供理论依据。     

Planning for the Human Dimensions of Oil Spills and Spill Response

Oil spill contingency planners need an improved approach to understanding and planning for the human dimensions of oil spills. Drawing on existing literature in social impact assessment, natural hazards, human ecology, adaptive management, global change and sustainability, we develop an integrative approach to understanding and portraying the human dimensions impacts of stressors associated with oil spill events. Our approach is based on three fundamental conclusions that are drawn from this literature review. First, it is productive to acknowledge that, while stressors can produce human impacts directly, they mainly affect intermediary processes and changes to these processes produce human impacts. Second, causal chain modeling taken from hazard management literature provides a means to document how oil spill stressors change processes and produce human impacts. Third, concepts from the global change literature on vulnerability enrich causal models in ways that make more obvious how management interventions lessen hazards and mitigate associated harm. Using examples from recent spill events, we illustrate how these conclusions can be used to diagrammatically portray the human dimensions of oil spills.     

浅谈防止海上油田地质性溢油的几个因素

油田在注水开发过程中由于注水工艺不完善、注水水质不达标、注采比不合理、井控措施无效等因素会导致地质性溢油事故的发生。文章主要针对注水性油田在开发过程中可能会导致地质性溢油的几个关键因素进行探讨,为注水性油田开发风险防范和环境保护提供参考。     

水上溢油环境风险源确定研究

依据泄漏进水域的最大油品量、水域环境敏感性等两个主要因素,研究确定了江苏油田水上(临水)设施环境风险源等级,并针对不同的风险源阐述了降低风险等级的技术方法和预防措施,为加强江苏油田环境风险防患、提高应急处理能力提供了依据。     

Policy And Practice Collective Response to Oil Spill Hazards in the Eastern Niger Delta of Nigeria

This paper outlines the main elements of a comprehensive, territorial, hazard amelioration strategy for the oil spill pollution areas of the Eastern Niger Delta of Nigeria. After documenting the extent and type of damage, an argument is presented in favour of urgent action and the need for planning. It is argued that present oil spill pollution laws are coercive and militant and do not encourage communities in the Eastern Niger Delta to act as pressure groups for a clean environment. The paper posits that environmental damages resulting from oil spills can be minimized through co-operative action between and amongst stakeholders-government,oil companies and community representatives. The paper therefore calls for a collective response.     

A港区海上溢油事故数值模拟预测

为研究A港区溢油事故的影响,通过MIKE21软件建模、并综合考虑风向、风速和潮流等因素设定6种不同情景进行模拟预测。结果显示,在不利风条件下,72 h油膜扩散距离为0.7~39.50 km,扫海面积可达0.03~142.97 km²,风场对油粒子的漂移和扩散起决定性作用,潮流场次之。通过模拟预测,为加强区域溢油应急联动、充分利用周边溢油应急资源,做好溢油应急防范提供参考。     

安塞油田拦油、收油技术实践与探索

文章结合安塞油田在应对原油泄漏后针对不同河道、干沟及所处的地形、地貌特点开展应急抢险中拦油、收油处置的措施,总结了取得的经验及成效。同时介绍了自制、改良后的拦油和收油工具以及在抢险中的实用效果。