垃圾焚烧固化稳定化飞灰填埋处置面临的问题与对策

我国飞灰安全处置是生活垃圾焚烧污染控制及风险管理的薄弱环节,由于飞灰固化稳定化工艺的多样性,固化飞灰化学、物理、力学特性差异大,固化飞灰填埋设计标准、规范缺失,导致固化飞灰填埋处置存在扬尘大、刺激性气味强、渗滤液产量大、渗滤液组分复杂、渗滤液处理难、填埋场持续运行困难等一系列问题。基于实验测试研究成果,提出了固化飞灰的土工特性参数以及渗沥液水质典型指标的取值。通过分析提出了固化飞灰填埋场设计、运营管理、填埋作业工艺、雨污分流及渗滤液处理等相关优化建议,为固化飞灰安全填埋处置提供系统性解决方案。     

本期推荐

正本期"专论"栏目刊发了罗小勇、王艳明、龚习炜、徐辉撰写的《垃圾焚烧固化稳定化飞灰填埋处置面临的问题与对策》一文。该文提出的对策与建议对开展固化飞灰安全填埋处置相关研究具有参考价值。随着我国生活垃圾终端处置由填埋逐渐转变为焚烧,飞灰产量迅速增加,其安全处置已经成为生活垃圾焚烧全过程污染控制和风     

低水泥含量垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属离子蒸养固化实验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰)的矿物组成、微观形貌及其重金属浸出浓度进行了测试分析,结果表明,飞灰中Cd与Pb的浸出浓度远高于《生活垃圾填埋场控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)规定的限值,在进行安全填埋之前需固化处理。引入水泥蒸养固化技术,减少水泥掺量,增加粉煤灰掺量来处理飞灰。研究了不同配比下固化体的抗压强度以及不同飞灰掺量对固化体浸出浓度的影响。结果表明,蒸养后的固化体抗压强度基本都能达到安全填埋的要求,其重金属浸出浓度都低于GB 16889—2008规定的限值,可以进行安全填埋。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用研究进展

焚烧处理是解决日益增长生活垃圾的有效方法。垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰因含有大量的重金属等污染物而属危险废物，目前常采用的处理方法是填埋。本文就垃圾飞灰的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。从环境和技术的角度看，垃圾飞灰的预处理、水泥固化和玻璃化是目前飞灰综合利用的主要研究方向。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰综合利用研究进展

焚烧处理是解决日益增长生活垃圾的有效方法。垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰因含有大量的重金属等污染物而属危险废物 ,目前常采用的处理方法是填埋。本文就垃圾飞灰的综合利用研究现状进行了论述。从环境和技术的角度看 ,垃圾飞灰的预处理、水泥固化和玻璃化是目前飞灰综合利用的主要研究方向     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中Cd、Pb、Zn的螯合稳定与水泥固化处理

采用有机硫稳定剂(DTCR)与水泥对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰进行稳定/固化处理,研究了飞灰中Cd、Pb、Zn的浸出毒性和固化体的抗压强度,比较了螯合稳定与水泥固化对Cd、Pb、Zn的处理效果、养护时间对固化体抗压强度的影响,并对飞灰的结构形貌进行了分析。结果表明,在稳定固化过程中飞灰中发生了复杂的螯合、水化反应,重金属形态由不稳定态向稳定态转变,螯合稳定对Cd的处理效果最好,水泥固化更适用于Pb、Zn。固化时间大于7 d后,飞灰中的重金属以及固化体的抗压强度已较为稳定。螯合稳定协同水泥固化的处理效果优于单一的稳定或固化方法,飞灰在固化7 d后可同时达到重金属浸出毒性和抗压强度标准,满足安全填埋要求。     

满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属药剂稳定化研究

基于<生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准>(GB 16889-2008)对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰)的豁免管理规定,选用磷酸盐组合药剂和硫基螯合剂对飞灰进行重金属稳定化实验,考察了2类药剂对飞灰重金属的稳定效果.寻求达到最佳重金属稳定效果的药剂添加量,同时分析了稳定化飞灰进入生活垃圾填埋场时初期渗滤液中的重金属浸出情况.结...     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰高压压制技术开发及示范工程

以某生活垃圾焚烧电厂飞灰减容工程为例,对高压压制技术处置生活垃圾飞灰进行了研究,分析了螯合灰密度和压块无侧限抗压强度分别与作用压强的关系。通过调节原料含水率、原料温度、成型尺寸、压制压强,优化了飞灰高压压制主要工艺参数。经工程应用验证,该技术能够大幅提高飞灰密度,减容率达50%以上,成型率达到90%以上;飞灰压制成品能满足生活垃圾填埋场的浸出毒性标准。飞灰高压压制技术可有效提高填埋场的飞灰填埋库容效率,大幅延长现有填埋场的运营寿命。     

安全土地填埋技术在我国的应用

沈阳市固体废物处置中心对工业危险废物采用了安全土地填埋技术，它的主要特点是安全，工艺简单，可操作性强。能够杜绝危险废物渗析上渗污染地下水，同时又避名了危险废物污染环境卫生，本文主要以沈阳工业危险废物处置填埋场为例，介绍安全土地填埋的技术要求，设计要点等。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染物处理方法

随着垃圾焚烧技术在各个城市生活垃圾处理中的广泛应用,对生活垃圾焚烧的残余物,主要是飞灰的处理、处置,已成为困扰人们生产生活的重要难题之一。飞灰的处理是控制重金属污染的关键,目前处理垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染物的常用方法有：水泥固化法、化学药剂稳定法、飞灰热处理、化学浸提法等,生物淋滤法是近年新兴起来的金属浸提技术。经处理后的飞灰可进行填埋或资源化利用。因此,着重叙述了当前有关垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染的控制方法与处置技术的研究现状。     

Compressibility of municipal solid waste codisposed with fly ash

If a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill is used as the foundation for a construction site, the change in the loading conditions may cause considerable compression of the landfill. Therefore, reinforcement to compensate for the loose compression nature of a MSW landfill is a very important design factor for geotechnical engineers when considering the end-use of the landfill. In this study, we discuss a possible technique for stabilizing MSW landfills through the codisposal of municipal solid waste and fly ash. To estimate the stabilization based on the compression characteristics of the codisposed landfill, we performed tests using a large compression set and experimental cells. According to the test results, if the proportion of fly ash is increased, initial and long-term compression could be reduced.     

Batch test assessment of waste-to-energy combustion residues impacts on precipitate formation in landfill leachate collection systems

Disposal practices for bottom ash and fly ash from waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities include emplacement in ash monofills or co-disposal with municipal solid waste (MSW) and residues from water and wastewater treatment facilities. In some cases, WTE residues are used as daily cover in landfills that receive MSW. A recurring problem in many landfills is the development of calcium-based precipitates in leachate collection systems. Although MSW contains varying levels of calcium, WTE residues and treatment plant sludges have the potential to contribute concentrated sources of leachable minerals into landfill leachates. This study was conducted to evaluate the leachability of calcium and other minerals from residues generated by WTE combustion using residues obtained from three WTE facilities in Florida (two mass-burn and one refuse-derived fuel). Leaching potential was quantified as a function of contact time and liquid-to-solid ratios with batch tests and longer-term leaching tests using laboratory lysimeters to simulate an ash monofill containing fly ash and bottom ash. The leachate generated as a result of these tests had total dissolved solid (TDS) levels ranging from 5 to 320 mg TDS/g ash. Calcium was a major contributor to the TDS values, contributing from 20 to 105 g calcium/kg ash. Fly ash was a major contributor of leachable calcium. Precipitate formation in leachates from WTE combustion residues could be induced by adding mineral acids or through gas dissolution (carbon dioxide or air). Stabilization of residual calcium in fly ashes that are landfilled and/or the use of less leachable neutralization reagents during processing of acidic gases from WTE facilities could help to decrease the calcium levels in leachates and help to prevent precipitate formation in leachate collection systems.     

垃圾焚烧厂焚烧底灰的处理研究

系统地研究了常州市环境卫生综合厂垃圾焚烧车间的底灰。研究结果表明，根据中国现行的污染控制标准，该厂的底灰属于一般废物，可以以建筑垃圾的方式处理。但对底灰的分选和分类研究结果表明，底灰含有一定量的未燃烬的有机废物，也有一些可回收利用的废物。因此，底灰应该先分选后，再对无利用价值的渣土作填埋或其他处置。     

粉煤灰的改性及其在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中的应用研究

实验采用物理方法和化学方法对粉煤灰进行改性,并用改性粉煤灰深度处理垃圾渗滤液。通过扫描电镜和X-射线衍射对改性前后粉煤灰的表面结构和主要晶相组成进行分析,同时考察其在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中的吸附效果。结果表明,改性后粉煤灰的比表面积和孔隙度增大,吸附能力增强。通过比较,吸附能力最强的改性粉煤灰是将引发剂A与粉煤灰以质量比为1∶9的比例混合,在800℃下恒温焙烧2 h所制得的改性粉煤灰,该改性粉煤灰对垃圾渗滤液中COD和色度的去除率可达到67.3%和87.3%,相对于改性前去除率提高了96.0%和57.8%。     

Arrested municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash as a source of heavy metals to the UK environment

Arrested fly ash samples from most currently operating municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators in the UK have been analysed for a range of elements. Some of the more important heavy metals ranged in concentration as follows: Cd, 21-4646 (median = 271) mg kg(-1); Cu, 296-1307 (642) mg kg(-1); Cr, 44-1328 (574) mg kg(-1); Ni, 45-2204 (74) mg kg(-1); Pb, 447-9704 (4337) mg kg(-1); and Zn, 2285-13,500 (9232) mg kg(-1). These concentrations represent considerable enrichments relative to median UK soil concentrations. Enrichment ratios (defined as median fly ash: median UK soil) were as follows: Mn 1.6; Co 2.6; Ni 3.3; Ba 11; Sr 11; Cr 15; Cu 35; Pb 108; Zn 113; Cd 387. It is estimated that MSW incinerator ash contributes c. 15 t Cd and 241 t Pb to UK landfill sites per annum. These figures compare with previous studies by Hutton & Symon (Hutton, M. & Symon, C. (1986). The quantities of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic entering the UK environment from human activities. Sci. Total Environ., 57, 129-50.) which estimated that annual inputs to UK landfills from coal fly ash are c. 60 t Cd and 1270 t Pb. However, it is argued that metals associated with MSW ashes are potentially of greater environmental significance than in coal ashes, because they are much more available and present at much higher concentrations.     

Extraction of heavy metals from MSW incinerator fly ash using saponins

An extraction process with saponins was evaluated for removing heavy metals from MSW (municipal solid waste) incinerator fly ashes. Two different fly ashes, A and B, were treated on a laboratory scale with three triterpene-glycoside type of saponins, M, Q, and T, in the pH range 4-9. The results were compared with those of the HCI and EDTA treatment. The treatment with saponins extracted 20-45% of Cr from the fly ashes. Saponins were also effective in extracting Cu from fly ash A attaining 50-60% extraction. Saponin T extracted 100% of Pb from fly ash A at pH around 4. The extraction of Zn with the saponin treatment was similar to that of the HCl treatment. Further, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were fractionated by sequential extraction to investigate the effect of saponins on each fraction. Extraction behavior of other elements during the saponin treatment was also studied. The leaching test on the residues received after the saponin treatment showed that the fly ashes were successfully detoxified to meet the landfilling guideline.     

Real-time measurements of landfill atmospheric ammonia using mobile white cell differential optical absorption spectroscopy system and engineering applications

ABSTRACT

The real-time measurement of atmospheric ammonia at municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and adjacent areas is necessary for landfill management and the health of nearby residence. Continuous, fast, and real-time monitoring of landfill odor gases is a challenge, especially for ammonia. To our knowledge, this was the first study for the characteristics and seasonal variabilities of atmospheric ammonia at a whole landfill using a Mobile White cell Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MW-DOAS) system, which also simultaneously offers high sensitivity and fast response. Results show that atmospheric ammonia levels at various landfill areas were significantly dependent on the characteristics of areas, such as municipal solid waste-related areas, leachate-related areas, sludge-related areas, and fly ash-related area, the atmospheric ammonia peak or average level at the active leachate pool of the active MSW site was the highest among all areas of the whole landfill, and the ammonia concentrations at the closed MSW landfill sites were low and dependent on the ages. Moreover, it was found that the seasonal variabilities of ammonia concentrations at most of those areas were significantly dependent on the ambient temperature, and ambient temperature variation caused the atmospheric ammonia level at the active leachate pool and active MSW landfill site in the summer survey to raise 3.5 times and 5.58 times than in the winter survey, respectively.

Implications: Continuous, fast, and real-time monitoring ambient ammonia at or nearby a landfill is critical for landfill operators and local EPAs. This study demonstrates that the mobile White cell Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MW-DOAS) system is an effective tool for real-time monitoring ambient ammonia of a whole landfill. The results in this article provided a guideline to the characteristics and seasonal changes of ambient ammonia at various types of areas of a whole landfill as well as the impact of age to ambient ammonia at the closed landfill areas.     

典型危险废物的工程力学特性

掌握填埋废物的工程力学特性是确保危险废物填埋堆体稳定性的重要前提条件,因此,针对6种典型危险废物的工程力学特性开展了调查研究.研究结果表明,污泥类危险废物的含水率和有机质含量远高于非污泥类危险废物,而前者的比重则显著低于后者.污泥类危险废物的渗透系数相对较小,比污染土壤和飞灰炉渣混合物的渗透系数小1个数量级,比滤池填料的渗透系数小2个数量级.不同危险废物的无侧限抗压强度排序为:飞灰炉渣混合物(314.3 kPa)和滤池填料(278.9 kPa)＞污染土壤(124.9 kPa)＞杭州氧气厂污泥(68.6 kPa)、锌铬污泥(71.4 kPa)、油泥(58.4 kPa).不同危险废物的粘聚力排序为:飞灰炉渣混合物(40.8 kPa)、滤池填料(31.1 kPa)＞污染土壤(20.9 kPa)＞杭州氧气厂污泥(1.94kPa)、锌铬污泥(3.10 kPa)、油泥(1.81 kPa).此外,不同危险废物的内摩擦角差异相对较小,其变化范围在18.8°～35.0°之间.综合分析可知,飞灰炉渣混合物和滤池填料的工程力学特性较好,而污泥类危险废物的工程力学特性则较差.     

Experimental study on the removal of PAHs using in-duct activated carbon injection

This paper presents the incineration tests of municipal solid waste (MSW) in a fluidized bed and the adsorption of activated carbon (AC) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). An extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was used to analyze the concentrations of the 16 US EPA specified PAHs contained in raw MSW, flue gas, fly ash, and bottom ash. The aim of this work was to decide the influence of AC on the distribution of PAHs during the incineration of MSW. Experimental researches show that there were a few PAHs in MSW and bottom ash. With the increase of AC feeding rate, the concentrations of three- to six-ring PAHs in fly ash increased, and the concentration of two-ring PAH decreased. The total-PAHs in flue gas were dominated by three-, and four-ring PAHs, but a few two-, five-ring PAHs and no six-ring PAHs were found. PAHs could be removed effectively from flue gas by using in-duct AC injection and the removal efficiencies of PAHs were about 76-91%. In addition, the total toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PAH in raw MSW, bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gas were 1.24 mg TEQ kg-1, 0.25 mg TEQ kg-1, 6.89-9.67 mg TEQ kg-1, and 0.36-1.50 microg TEQ Nm-3, respectively.