壬基酚和短链壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在土壤中的降解研究

研究了壬基酚(NP)类内分泌干扰物在土壤体系和添加污水处理厂剩余污泥的土壤体系中的降解行为.结果表明,NP、壬基酚单氧乙烯醚(NPEO1)、壬基酚二氧乙烯醚(NPEO2)在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程,其降解速率随温度升高而升高.30℃时,初始浓度分别为100、50和100 mg·kg-1的NP、NPEO1和NPEO2可在45 d内完全降解.相同条件下,土壤中NP的降解速率大于NPEO1和NPEO2.体系中添加污泥促进了NPEO1和NPEO2的降解,同时抑制了NP的降解.     

有机磷农药乐果降解的研究现状与进展

有机磷农药一方面能有效防治农林病虫害,造福于人类,另一方面也给人类赖于生存的环境带来危害。有机磷农药在环境中的降解性能,是评价有机磷农药对环境危害影响的重要指标,有机磷农药在环境中的残留时间越长,对环境的污染及其对各种环境生物,甚至对人类的危害也越大。有机磷农药在环境中的降解,包括微生物降解、光化学降解、化学氧化降解和超声波降解。不同的降解方式,由于影响因素和相关机理的不同,各种降解特性存在着一定的差异。     

多重环境因子对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解的影响

氟胺磺隆作为普遍使用的一种磺酰脲类除草剂,已经对土壤和作物造成了危害,其环境行为受很多物理化学或生物因素的影响.为探明不同环境因素对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解程度的影响,通过实验室内模拟培养的方法,研究了土壤微生物、不同土壤类型、水溶性有机物（dissolved organic matter,DOM）、温度、土壤含水量等因素对氟胺磺隆在土壤中降解的影响.结果表明,各种环境因子：温度、湿度、土壤微生物和土壤类型等均在不同程度上影响了氟胺磺隆的土壤降解速率.土壤微生物量、土壤有机质和DOM的增加均有利于氟胺磺隆在土壤中的降解,并且土壤pH的降低,也会促进氟胺磺隆在土壤中的降解.其中,土壤微生物是影响氟胺磺隆土壤降解的主要因素.该研究结果将为一些生物和物理化学因子调节氟胺磺隆在土壤中消散提供初步数据.     

雌激素在地下环境中的归宿及其生态调控

综述了环境中典型的结合态与游离态类固醇雌激素的来源、危害以及环境归趋,探讨了其在地下环境（土壤和浅层地下水系统）中的吸附、微生物降解等迁移转化过程及其影响因素,总结了常见的环境雌激素处理方法与危害控制措施.最后,针对目前环境中类固醇雌激素在包气带与浅层地下水中的穿透过程及其生态效应研究工作的基础上,对未来相关方面的研究进行了展望.     

微生物降解石油烃的代谢机制及研究进展

石油烃类污染物是复杂的有机化合物,对生态环境和公众健康具有较大危害。目前微生物技术已成为修复石油烃污染环境的主要方法,微生物可利用目标污染物作为碳源,通过一系列的酶催化对其进行代谢降解。研究了微生物降解石油烃的代谢机制,可通过合理设计降解途径中关键步骤的酶,降低限制因素对石油烃微生物降解的影响,提高限速步骤的反应速度,从而提高对石油烃的降解率,以更好地应用于石油烃污染场地的修复。通过梳理总结石油烃的主要组成和结构、代谢途径、功能基因和关键酶种类,以及组学和合成生物学技术在石油烃降解代谢机制研究中的应用现状,为进一步优化提升微生物修复技术在石油烃污染领域的应用前景提供参考。     

环境微生物降解有机磷农药研究进展

微生物降解是有机磷农药在环境中去毒降解的主要方式，该文从环境微生物筛选、降解基因的识别、降解酶的种类及其特性、微生物降解底物特异性及微生物降解效果的评价等5个方面，综述了近年来有机磷农药微生物降解方面的研究进展，展望了微生物降解有机磷农药的研究方向。     

石油烃类污染物的微生物修复技术

石油作为重要能源之一,已被世界各国广泛使用,随之而来的石油烃污染已经对人类生存的土壤及水体环境造成了严重的危害,微生物降解是一种处理石油烃污染的理想方法。本文对石油烃类污染物的生物处理技术进行了较全面的介绍,综述了降解石油烃的微生物种类、微生物降解石油烃机理、影响因素以及微生物降解石油烃技术的应用等方面的研究进展,分析了现有研究中存在的不足,并对今后的研究趋势进行了展望。     

苯胺类化合物微生物降解研究进展

苯胺类化合物是广泛应用的化工材料,已经造成了严重的环境污染,并危及了人体健康.利用微生物方法处理环境中的污染物质目前备受青睐,它有着物理和化学方法不可比拟的优越性.对苯胺类化合物的微生物降解研究现状进行了系统的综述,包括具有降解苯胺类化合物能力的微生物类群、苯胺类化合物的降解途径及苯胺类化合物降解的影响因素,提出了苯胺类化合物生物降解研究中存在的问题和尚需进一步研究的方面.     

海洋沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的来源与微生物降解

作为典型的持久性有机污染物的多环芳烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs),其在环境中的累积及对环境和生物的危害已经引起了广泛地关注.本文系统地论述了海洋沉积环境中PAHs和PCBs的来源、分布、微生物降解过程及其控制因素.已有的结果表明,PAHs和PCBs的分布受输入源、季节因素、沉积物的粒度和沉积物中总有机碳含量的影响.其中,输入源是决定沉积物中PAHs和PCBs含量高低的最重要的因素.通常情况下,沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的浓度在夏季丰水期比冬季枯水期低.沉积环境中的PAHs和PCBs的含量与沉积物颗粒粒径和总有机碳含量具有一定的相关性.微生物降解过程受其化学结构、其它碳源、能源以及环境条件的影响,低分子量和化学结构简单的化合物容易被微生物降解,外加葡萄糖或乙酸盐,降解程度加深,外加氮源降解程度较差,如果仅以PAHs作为碳源,微生物降解作用几乎不发生;环境的温度和pH值影响降解的方式、程度和速率.由于海洋环境的复杂性以及PAHs和PCBs的多变特征,海洋沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的行为机制远未搞清,PAHs和PCBs与海洋碳循环的关系至今尚未涉及,这些复杂的过程将是海洋沉积物中PAHs和PCBs进一步研究的方向.     

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的微生物降解研究进展

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEOs)是一种重要的非离子表面活性剂,广泛应用于日常生活和工业生产中,其具有环境雌激素效应和生物累积性,进入环境后对人类和生态系统具有潜在危害。微生物降解APEOs与其他处理方法相比,具有低成本、可持续以及无二次污染等优点。重点从APEOs降解菌株的选育、降解特性、降解机理及其处理工艺和影响因素展开综述,提出未来可从APEOs完全降解菌株筛选、功能基因鉴定与验证、APEOs废水生物强化处理实际应用以及其在污泥中的积累等方面开展相关研究。     

Fate and degradation of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment process

In order to explore the biodegradation behavior of nonylphenolic compounds during wastewater treatment processing, two full-scale wastewater treatment plants were investigated and batch biodegradation experiments were conducted. The biodegradation pathways under the various operational conditions were identified from batch experiments: shortening of ethoxy-chains dominated under the anaerobic condition, whereas oxidizing of the terminal alcoholic group prevailed over the other routes under the aerobic condition. Results showed that the anoxic condition could accelerate the biodegradation rates of nonylphenolic compounds, but had no influence on the biodegradation pathway. The biodegradation rates of nonylphenol (NP) and short-chain nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPnEOs, n: number of ethoxy units) increased from the anaerobic condition, then the anoxic, finally to the aerobic condition, while those of long-chain NPnEOs and nonylphenoxy carboxylates (NPECs) seemed similar under the various conditions. Under every operational condition, long-chain NPnEOs showed the highest biodegradation activity, followed by NPECs and short-chain NPnEOs, whereas NP showed relatively recalcitrant characteristics especially under the anaerobic condition. In addition, introducing sulfate and nitrate to the anaerobic condition could enhance the biodegradation of NP and short-chain NPnEOs by supplying more positive redox potentials.     

Sorption of biodegradation end products of nonylphenol polyethoxylates onto activated sludge

IntroductionRecently ,nonylphenolpolyethoxylates (NPnEO (n :numberofethoxyunits(EOs) )havebecomeaproblematicissueforthereasonthatthesecompounds,animportantgroupofnonionicsurfactants ,havebeenusedwidelyinvariousindustriesasflocculants,dispersants,emulsifie…     

1株壬基酚降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从给水处理系统长期运行的颗粒活性炭上分离到1株可以以壬基酚(NP)为唯一碳源生长的好氧细菌F-10,利用Sherlock微生物鉴定系统(MIS)分析,初步鉴定为红球菌属中的红串红球菌.通过摇瓶实验考察了温度、pH、NP初始浓度、细菌投量、金属离子等因素对F-10降解NP性能的影响,得出最佳降解条件是温度30℃,pH值6.0,在该条件下,2%菌投量对1 mg/L NP去除率达到了62%,且降解过程满足一级动力学模型,速率常数(k)为0.086 5 d-1,半衰期(t1/2)为8.0 d;此外,菌的降解速率与NP的初始浓度关系不大,而与菌量呈正相关;增加溶液中NH4、Mn2 、Mg2 、NaCl浓度或加入葡萄糖、醋酸钠和酵母膏等底物对菌降解NP均有促进作用;而Ca2 、Cu2 、Fe2 和磷酸盐的作用则相反;同时混合菌体系的降解性能要优于纯菌.     

壬基酚异构体的雌激素效应研究进展

壬基酚是一种内分泌干扰物,可以对人类和动物机体正常的内分泌功能产生影响。以往进行的壬基酚雌激素效应研究多以工业壬基酚为研究对象,很少以单一的壬基酚异构体作为受试化合物。而工业壬基酚是由不同异构体组成的混合物,不同结构壬基酚异构体的雌激素活性存在差异。文章综述了国内外壬基酚及异构体雌激素效应研究的现状,包括各种雌激素活性体外测定方法与结果、壬基酚异构体结构与雌激素活性的相关性等,分析了文献中不同实验条件下壬基酚雌激素活性测定结果产生差异的原因,提出了壬基酚雌激素效应研究的展望。     

Biodegradation of synthetic surfactants by river microorganisms

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Seasonal variations in the concentration and removal of nonylphenol ethoxylates from the wastewater of a sewage treatment plant

In this study, we investigated the occurrence and fate of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) in a full scale sewage treatment plant, which applied an Anaerobic/Oxic process. Concentrations of NP, NP1EO and NP2EO in the wastewater were measured during the period spanning a whole year. The results showed remarkable seasonal variation in the concentrations of the compounds. The NPnEO compounds were most abundant in winter, with the total concentrations of influent NP, NP1EO and NP2EO ranging from 3900 to 7000 ng/L, 4000 to 4800 ng/L and 5200 to 7200 ng/L, respectively. Regarding the total removal efficiencies of the three types of short-chain NPnEO compounds, different trends were exhibited according to different seasons. The average removal efficiency of NP for the different seasons ranked as follows: winter > summer > autumn > spring; NP2EO concentrations decreased as follows: summer > autumn > winter > spring, while NP1EO concentrations reduced according to: spring > summer > autumn > winter. We also investigated the contribution ratio of individual treatment units in the A/O process, with the findings suggesting that the anaerobic treatment unit plays an important role in the elimination of short-chain NPnEOs from the wastewater.     

Vertical distribution of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sedimentary core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China

The vertical profiles of nonylphenol （NP） and nonylphenol ethoxylates （NPEOs） were investigated in a sediment core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China using high sensitive LC-MS and GC-MS metthods In this core, relatively high concentrations of NP and NPEOs occurred in the surface sediment （≤40 cm）, with the maximum value of NP and NPEOs reaching 3539 and 12735 mg/g, respectively, whereas, no NP or NPEOs were detected in deeper sediments （〉40 cm）. The high concentrations of NP and NPEOs in the surface layers suggested recent inputs in this area. NPEOs with short ethoxy chains （NPnEO, n=0-3） were dominant in the NPEO mixture with percentages from 54% to 78%, which were similar to the distribution of homolog NPEO in effluents from nearby sewage treatment plants （STPs）, indicating that the channel received the effluents from these STPs. The sewage treatment ratio was quite similar to that found in North America before the 1980s. Finally, the concentrations of NP and NPEOs were related to the total organic carbon （TOC） （p〈0.001）, suggesting that TOC was an important factor for vertical distribution of NPEOs and NP from the Beipaiming Channel.     

水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的测定及去除方法研究进展

随着内分泌干扰物的危害不断得到人们的重视,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的研究成为了水处理的热点。目前检测水样中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的主要方法是采用GC-MS和HPLC,预处理主要采用固相萃取。近年来倍受关注的深度处理工艺如活性炭、树脂吸附法,以及光催化降解和生物降解法能有效的去除水中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚。     

Toxicity of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol and its biodegradation by the alga Cyclotella caspia

Alkylphenols (APs), the breakdown products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates that are widely used as surfactants, have been proven to exert estrogenic effects. With industrial development, higher concentrations of APs are discharged into aquatic environments. Nonylphenol (NP), the most noxious AP, is included in the blacklist of several countries. The toxicity of NP to the alga Cyclotella caspia and the biodegradation of NP by C. caspia were studied in the laboratory. The median effective concentration at 96 hr (96 hr EC50 ) of NP for C. caspia was found to be 0.18 mg/L. Five toxicity and three degradation indices were selected for toxicity and biodegradation experiments, respectively, in five or three concentrations of NP set by the 96 hr EC50 of NP. The algal growth rate and chlorophyll a contents decreased as NP concentration increased. The main manifestations of morphological deformity of the cells included volume expansion and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions (lipid droplets). The abnormality rate of the cells increased with NP concentration and time, and was 100% at 0.22 and 0.26 mg/L of NP after 192 hr of culture. Superoxide dismutase activity initially increased and then declined at a higher NP toxicity of greater than 0.18 mg/L. After 192 hr of culture, the biodegradation rates of NP by C. caspia with initial concentrations of 0.14, 0.18, and 0.22 mg/L were 37.7%, 31.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. The kinetic equation of C. caspia biodegradation on NP was correlated with algal growth rate and initial NP concentration.