聚合氯化铁-腐殖酸(PFC-HA)絮体的不同拓扑空间下分形维数的研究

通过对PFC混凝去除水中HA过程中所形成的PFC-HA絮体的研究结果表明,原水pH分另4为9.0、7.0和5.0时,最佳投药量下形成的絮体的平均沉降速度之间的比值为1.17:1.00:0.49,而且所有絮体的水平投影方向的平均直径与垂直投影方向的平均直径的比值均接近0.85.结合Logan公式和有效密度-长轴的双对数关系计算出的絮体三维空间的分形维数Df较为可靠,在本试验中3种pH的原水下形成的PFC-HA絮体的Df均小于2.0.絮体沉降速度的变化是质量分形维数Df、有效密度和粒径等因素的变化综合影响结果,因此,絮体的Df、有效密度各自的变化趋势有可能与沉降速度的不一致.原水pH=7.0时絮体的Df稍大于原水pH=9.0时絮体的Df,但比原水pH=5.0时絮体的Df大11.73%.可见,与原水pH=9.0时形成的絮体相比,原水pH=7.0时形成了稍微密实的小絮体,但原水pH=5.0时却形成了较为疏松的、很小的絮体.在本试验的图像分辨率下,PFC-HA絮体在一维拓扑空间下的分形维数D1比较低,一般都低于1.10.基于投影面积-长轴关系计算的二维拓扑空间的分形维数D2变化趋势为样品3稍大于样品2,样品1最小;然而基于投影面积一周长计算的二维拓扑空间的分形维数D2却呈现不同的变化趋势.另外,尽管PFC-HA絮体的Df小于2,但其与基于投影面积-长轴关系计算的二维拓扑空间的分形维数D2不相等,不符合Meakin的结论,这与本试验中CCD相机的分辨率和絮体样本数量有关.     

耐镉菌株的分离及其对Cd2+的吸附富集

采用梯度浓度驯化的方法,筛选分离出一株能高度耐镉和富集镉的菌株,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).该菌株在含Cd2+浓度4500mg/L的液体细菌培养基中能够生存,当Cd2+浓度为100mg/L时,pH值为6～8有利于提高菌株耐镉能力.Cd2+为低浓度时菌株积累Cd2+,菌体对Cd2+浓度为100mg/L的积累率达99.1%,冻干菌体对Cd2+的吸附量为8.786mg/g干菌体;当Cd2+浓度大于909mg/L时,菌体表现出外排Cd2+现象.红外分析和电镜观察表明,菌株细胞壁在吸附Cd2+中起重要作用,67.4%的Cd2+吸附在细胞壁上.     

紫萍干体对镉离子的生物吸附

研究不同的吸附时间、pH值、紫萍干体量以及Cd2+初始浓度下紫萍干体对Cd2+的吸附特性。结果表明,紫萍干体吸附Cd2+是一个快速的过程,前5min的吸附量达到最大吸附量的59.6%,30min达到吸附平衡;pH值对紫萍干体吸附Cd2+有显著的影响,最适pH值为7.0;随着干体量的增加,吸附率逐渐提高而吸附量则降低;随着Cd2+初始浓度的增加,吸附率逐渐降低而吸附量则提高。紫萍干体对Cd2+的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlish吸附等温线方程,最大吸附容量达52.6mg/g。     

聚合氯化铁-腐殖酸(PFC-HA)冷冻干燥絮体的表面微观形貌及其孔表面分形特征

采用低温急速冷冻-真空干燥技术制备了不同pH(9.0、7.0、5.0)原水在45.89mg·L-1(以Fe3 计,原水pH=9.0)或28.41mg·L-1(以Fe3 计,原水pH=7.0、5.0)投药量下混凝后形成的PFC-HA絮体的粉末样品,研究了它们的表面微观形貌和孔表面分形特征.SEM图像表明,PFC-HA絮体具有不规则的块、片状形貌,而且在原水pH=9.0或pH=7.0时形成絮体也存在簇状结构.3种样品对N2的吸附-脱附等温线上均存在滞后圈,但样品3的形状不同.它们的吸附量、BJH累积吸附孔体积与脱附平均孔径的大小顺序均为:样品3＞样品2＞样品1,即随原水pH的降低而升高,而且孔尺度分布曲线显示样品3的表面存在大孔.BET比表面积的变化趋势与它们不一致,且样品2的比样品3稍大,样品1的最小.基于分形FHH方程,采用吸附等温线和脱附等温线数据计算出样品1和样品2的孔表面分形维Ds数均在2.94左右,而样品3的均小于2.38.这些Ds值似乎不能完全表示出因孔表面粗糙性而导致的空间填充能力的大小,主要表达了3种样品的中孔甚至大孔的尺度分布引起的不规则性.本试验中采用热力学模型计算出的3个样品Ds值大都超过3,它们已经失去了维数的实际意义;但样品3因其吸附-脱附等温线上的滞后圈接近圆桶式的A类,如果缩小分形标度区间,可以得到与分形FHH方程计算出的Ds接近的值.     

高分子重金属絮凝剂MAPEI处理含镉废水的研究

以聚乙烯亚胺、巯基乙酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂巯基乙酰聚乙烯亚胺(MAPEI),研究其处理含镉废水的性能,并对几个影响因素进行了考察。实验结果表明:①该絮凝剂对Cd2+有很好的捕集性能,最高去除率可达99.9%以上;②水中常见阳离子Na+、K+、Mg2+对Cd2+的去除起促进作用;③水中常见阴离子C l-、SO42-、NO3-对Cd2+的去除也起促进作用;④pH值在6.0至8.0范围内变化时,pH值越高去除Cd2+的效果越好;⑤Cd2+和致浊物质共存时,会相互促进彼此的去除。     

3种微生物吸附剂对低浓度Cd2+的吸附特性研究

从铬鞣污泥和活性污泥中筛选到3种微生物TP、MY和TQ,将其制备成微生物吸附剂对低浓度Cd2+的吸附特性进行研究.结果表明:在Cd2+初始浓度为5.0 mg/L的溶液中,吸附剂TP和MY最佳投加量和pH值为1.0 mg/L和7.0;TQ为2.0 mg/L和4.0 mg/L.TP、MY和TQ的最佳吸附温度是20℃.等温方...     

Zn、Cd单一及复合污染对黑麦草根分泌物及根际Zn、Cd形态的影响

采用根袋土培试验,研究了锌、镉单一及复合污染对重金属富集植物黑麦草生长、锌镉积累、根分泌物及根际Zn、Cd形态的影响.结果表明,锌镉共存下(8 mmol/kg Zn+2 mmol/kg Cd),黑麦草对锌、镉的吸收为协同效应;仅镉污染时(2 mmol/kg Cd),镉对植株吸收锌为抑制效应.黑麦草吸收的锌、镉主要集中在地上部,以锌、镉复合污染时植株地上部对锌、镉的富集量最大,分别达到3 108.72、73.97 mg/kg,具有作为土壤重金属锌、镉污染植物修复材料的潜力.根际的松结合态锌、镉（交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态）含量大于其非根际的松结合态锌、镉含量.Cd污染和Zn、Cd复合污染的根际和非根际土壤镉形态均以交换态>碳酸盐结合态>铁锰结合态>残渣态>有机结合态.Zn污染及Zn、Cd复合污染根际和非根际土壤各锌形态以铁锰结合态>碳酸盐结合态>残渣态>有机结合态>交换态,而Cd污染的根际和非根际的锌形态则以残渣态>铁锰结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态.Zn、Cd污染促进了黑麦草根系氨基酸的分泌,降低了根际土壤的pH值,以Zn、Cd复合污染根际土壤氨基酸总量最大,分别为对照、Zn和Cd污染的1.95、1.54和1.40倍,根际土壤的pH值最低(5.18).根际氨基酸含量在重金属胁迫下明显增加,可能与黑麦草适应重金属胁迫有关.根际pH值高于非根际是根际Zn、Cd有效性大于非根际的重要原因.     

锐态型纳米TiO_2光催化处理含镉废水的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备锐态型纳米TiO2,用XRD、SEM对粉体进行表征。在紫外光的作用下将自制纳米TiO2光催化处理废水中的Cd2+。考察反应时间、pH值、废水负荷、催化剂用量等因素对去除率的影响。实验结果表明:纳米TiO2光催化处理含镉废水的去除率高,含镉废水pH值、废水负荷、纳米二氧化钛浓度以及反应时间等因素影响含镉废水去除率。在优化的处理条件中:废水镉浓度为30mg/L,纳米TiO2投加量为3mg/L,含镉废水的pH为10,反应时间为2.5h,废水中镉的去除率可达99.52%。     

龙江河突发环境事件河流镉污染化学形态模拟

重金属污染突发水环境事件的应急处置和造成的环境损害与污染物的化学形态及其环境行为密切相关.以2012年初发生在我国广西的龙江河镉污染事件为例,采用Minteq软件尝试计算3种情景下河流水环境溶解态Cd的化学形态.结果表明,在天然背景条件下龙江河Cd浓度约为5mg/L时,水环境中Cd以Cd2+为主,并主要受DOC含量的影响.镉污染事件发生后若无应急处置措施,天然水体对Cd的络合缓冲能力极其有限,以Cd2+形式存在的Cd占75%以上,呈现严重的急性生态毒性.投加聚合氯化铝和碱性物质可以有效控制河流溶解态Cd含量,当pH值超过9.0时,以Cd2+存在的Cd迅速降低.Cd2+含量对河流pH值的参数敏感性最高,DOC其次,水温影响最小.事件处置结束后应密切关注絮凝体中Cd的再释放规律以及水体pH值及DOC对Cd形态的影响.     

生物表面活性剂茶皂素离子浮选去除废水中镉离子

对生物表面活性剂茶皂素作为离子浮选剂去除废水中镉离子的能力进行了研究,对影响去除率和富集比的物理因素(包括溶液初始pH值、C茶皂素CCd2+(摩尔比)、离子强度(NaCl和NaNO3))和动力学参数(包括浮选时间和通气量)进行了考察.C茶皂素CCd2+=2∶1,pH为6.0,通气量为0.15L·min-1时得到了最佳去除效果,去除率达到85.87%,Cd2+的富集比达到19.43;而在C茶皂素CCd2+=2∶1,pH为8.0,通气量0.15L·min-1时,Cd2+去除率达到70.97%,富集比高达32.17.随着溶液离子强度的增强,镉离子去除率和富集比显著降低.泡沫浓缩液中加碱回收Cd2+,回收率为79.62%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.