麻疯树对铅胁迫的生理耐性研究

通过盆栽试验研究土壤中不同浓度（0、200、400、800、1 600和3 200 mg.kg-1）Pb胁迫对麻疯树生长、Pb吸收及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明,当土壤w（Pb）≥800 mg.kg-1时,麻疯树生长受到明显抑制;麻疯树植株不同部位Pb含量随土壤Pb浓度的升高而增加,且各部位Pb含量从高到低依次为根、叶和茎;当土壤w（Pb）≥800mg.kg-1时,麻疯树叶中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,以及可溶性糖、脯氨酸和酸溶性巯基（SH）含量均显著提高,而谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量仅在土壤w（Pb）为3 200 mg.kg-1时才显著增加;可溶性蛋白质含量随Pb浓度的增加呈倒＂W＂型变化,当土壤w（Pb）为400 mg.kg-1时,其含量最大;上述生理指标的变化可缓解重金属Pb对麻疯树的毒害。主成分分析结果表明Pb胁迫处理的聚类结果与各处理麻疯树生物量及生理指标的变化规律相吻合,POD活性和可溶性糖含量对缓解重金属Pb毒害的贡献较大。可见,麻疯树在Pb污染土壤修复中具有一定的应用前景。     

水分胁迫下内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内保护酶系统活力的影响

比较了两种不同的水分胁迫方式（田间干旱迫和温室渗透胁迫）下,内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶内SOD、POD和CAT活性以及MDA含量变化的影响,结果表明,当植物未遭受水分胁迫时,感染植株叶内SOD和POD活性明显高于非感染植株,在温室渗透胁迫下,随着胁迫强度和胁迫时间的增加,感染植株叶内SOD活性明显高于非感染植株,MDA含量大大低于非感染植株,而在田间干旱胁迫下,感染植株的这种优势表现得并不明显,图2表2参23     

PEG模拟干旱条件下尾叶桉和枫香苗木的生理响应

以尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)和枫香(Liquidambar formosana)幼苗为试验材料,利用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)人工模拟水分胁迫环境,设置三个胁迫强度处理(轻度胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫)和三个胁迫持续时间处理(持续12h、24 h、36 h),研究幼苗叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、脯氨酸质量分数、叶绿素质量分数、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和可溶性糖质量分数的变化,结果表明:经水分胁迫处理后,6种树种幼苗叶片相对含水量皆显现下降的趋势,水分胁迫处理12 h的尾叶桉叶片相对含水量下降幅度小于枫香;随着水分胁迫强度的加深及持续时间的延长,2种树种幼苗叶片内相对电导率呈波动性上升的趋势;脯氨酸质量分数都有明显的增加,枫香叶片内脯氨酸质量分数的变化幅度大于尾叶桉叶片;苗木叶片叶绿素质量分数出现不规则波动;尾叶桉的SOD活性胁迫12 h和24 h时在中度胁迫达到最大,胁迫36 h在轻度胁迫时达到高峰,而枫香的SOD活性经不同胁迫时间的胁迫处理后,在轻度胁迫时达到高峰;随胁迫强度的增加及胁迫时间的延长,尾叶桉叶片MDA含量有逐渐上升的趋势,枫香叶片MDA含量变化趋势表现为增加、下降、再增加;经水分胁迫处理12 h时,随着水分胁迫强度的加剧,尾叶桉的可溶性糖质量分数显著增加.而枫香的可溶性糖质量分数在中度时下降,水分胁迫处理24 h时2种苗木的可溶性糖质量分数波动,处理36 h时轻度胁迫后下降.结果表明,叶片相对含水量、SOD活性和可溶性糖质量分数可以作为评价苗木抗旱性的依据,尾叶桉的抗旱能力大于枫香.     

镉胁迫对大豆花荚期生理生态的影响

为了探讨重金属胁迫对大豆繁殖期生理生态的影响,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了Cd2+胁迫对五月王和日本青两个大豆品系花荚期植株生长及叶片叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),活性、过氧化物酶(POD),活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明:(1)低质量分数Cd2+胁迫对2个大豆品系的花荚期植株生物量和植株高度均具有促进作用,但随着Cd2+质量分数的增加转而抑制大豆植株的生物量和高度的增加,且质量分数越高其抑制作用越明显.(2)不同质量分数Cd2+处理对花荚期大豆叶片叶绿素合成具有刺激效应,两个大豆品系结荚期的叶绿素含量随胁迫时间的延长呈先增加后降低的趋势.(3)短时间、低质量分数的Cd2+胁迫能增强大豆花荚期SOD活性,长时间、高质量分数的Cd2+胁迫能抑制大豆花荚期SOD活性.(4)随着Cd2+质量分数增加,五月王和日本青结荚期POD活性逐渐升高,但其时间效应有差异;随着胁迫时间的延长,日本青花荚期POD活性稳步提高,而五月王在长时间、高质量分数Cd2+胁迫下POD活性降低.(5)随着Cd2+质量分数和胁迫时间的递增,大豆MDA含量呈"先升后降"趋势.(6)大豆五月王和日本青花荚期对Cd2+耐受性存在较大差异,这主要是由二者的遗传学因素不同决定的而不是环境因素.     

大坞河流域重金属污染与五节芒光谱效应关系研究

以大坞河流域五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）可见一近红外光谱以及叶片样本Cu、Zn、Fe元素质量分数监测数据为基础，对研究区内五节芒中重金属质量分数特征、光谱特征及两者的相关性进行了探讨。结果表明：五节芒叶片中3种金属元素的质量分数都较高；从上游到下游，五节芒叶片中Cu质量分数整体呈逐渐降低的趋势，五节芒光谱反射率在可见光区和近红外区均增加，红边“红移”（向长波方向飘移）强度逐渐减小；同时，五节芒叶片中Cu质量分数与五节芒可见光区、近红外区光谱反射率积分值呈负相关性，与红边“红移”强度、土壤中Cu质量分数呈正相关。并由此得出五节芒光谱特征中A1、A2、S等3项指标能够较好反映土壤的Cu污染程度，经进一步深入研究，可以将五节芒作为监测矿区土壤Cu污染的指示植物。     

燕麦对盐碱胁迫的反应和适应性

研究了自然盐碱胁迫对燕麦植株生长、水势、渗透调节物质质量分数以及对K 、Na 选择性吸收的影响,结果表明,随着土壤盐碱胁迫的增强燕麦植株生长受抑,叶片和根系的水势较对照均有所降低,其中裸燕麦较皮燕麦水势下降幅度大,表明裸燕麦比皮燕麦对盐碱胁迫更敏感。燕麦叶片内脯氨酸和可溶性糖累积。随着土壤盐碱胁迫的增强植株对Na 的吸收增加,对K 的吸收受到抑制,从而使w(Na )/w(K )和SNa K 值升高。在盐碱胁迫下,燕麦是以合成和积累有机溶质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)以及吸收和积累无机离子(Na )来进行渗透调节,以适应盐碱胁迫。     

藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)对土壤铅胁迫的生理响应

为了解日益增加的城市土壤铅(Pb)胁迫对城市园林地被植物的影响,采用盆栽实验研究土壤Pb胁迫对藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)叶片生理特性的影响.结果显示,Pb胁迫处理降低了藿香蓟叶片的叶绿素总量及叶绿素a和b含量,质膜透性增大,丙二醛(MDA)含量上升.随着Pb浓度增加,同一时期内藿香蓟叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性均上升,但土壤Pb浓度超过750 mg kg-1或1 000 mg kg-1后保护酶活性开始逐渐下降.随着胁迫处理时间的延长,SOD活性在d 20、d 40和d 60时都高于胁迫处理d 7时的活性,POD活性是在d 20时急剧下降,CAT活性则在胁迫处理d 60时急剧下降.研究表明,藿香蓟能在一定程度上适应土壤Pb胁迫,但Pb胁迫浓度超过750 mg kg-1后将影响其生理代谢过程.图4参20     

镉在五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)不同种群细胞中的分布及化学形态

通过营养液培养,以种子分别来自粤北大宝山矿区和惠州博罗非矿区的2个五节芒种群为试验材料,并采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法,比较研究了Cd在2个种群根、茎和叶片中的亚细胞分布及化学形态.结果表明,五节芒2种群各部位的Cd主要富集在细胞壁和以液泡为主的可溶组分,在叶绿体、细胞核和线粒体中的分布较少;2种群根、茎、叶的亚细胞各组分Cd含量由高到低的次序均为:细胞壁组分(F1),可溶组分(F4),细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2),线粒体组分(F3).Cd在五节芒矿区种群根、茎、叶中的含量均显著高于非矿区种群.提高Cd处理质量浓度,对于非矿区种群,Cd在细胞壁(F1)和可溶组分(F4)的分配比例下降,在细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2)与线粒体组分(F3)的分配比例卜升;而对于矿区种群,Cd在细胞壁(F1)的分配比例上升,在可溶组分(F4)、细胞核和叶绿体组分(F2)与线粒体组分(F3)的分配比例下降,细胞壁对Cd的同持作用增强.五节芒2种群根中Cd的化学形态存在着明显差异:低Cd(5 mg·1-1)处理下,矿区种群根中的Cd以水提取态、氯化钠提取态和醋酸提取态为主,各占36.41%、28.15%和17.04%,其它形态所占比例较少;而非矿区种群根中的Cd以氯化钠提取态、水提取态和醋酸提取态所占比例较大,各占31.58%、23.15%和20.85%.提高Cd处理质量浓度,矿区种群根中的氯化钠提取态为优势形态,所占比例提高到41.29%,水提取态所占比例也提高到38.25%.其他提取态所占比例均有不同幅度下降;而非矿区种群根中氯化钠提取态Cd含量比例下降到21.45%,各化学形态的在分配比例上表现为平均化趋势.因此,细胞壁同持、可溶组分的液泡区隔化和向活性较弱的结合形态转移可能是五节芒矿区种群耐Cd的主要机制.     

韶关矿产资源开采地区土壤生态系统的微生物生态效应研究

韶关地区大宝山铁多金属矿产资源的开采给环境带来了严重的危害。采选冶产生的废液及固体废弃物堆积的淋滤酸水,携带浸滤出的大量重金属离子排入下游河道,严重影响矿区及酸水流域的生态环境。通过对该铅锌矿区土壤重金属分布、土壤微生物数量与植物重金属积累特征进行采样分析研究,结果表明：铅锌矿区土壤各重金属元素质量分数均高于对照土壤,矿区土壤均受到不同程度的污染;五节芒（Miscanthusfloridulus）植物中的元素质量分数表现为Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd,Zn与土壤元素的相关性最为显著,其次为Pb;与对照土壤相比,矿区土壤微生物总数下降了68．43％-80．32％,各主要生理类群数量均呈下降趋势。矿区土壤生态系统处于不利于有益微生物的繁殖和活动的境地,从而大大削弱了土壤中C、N营养元素循环速率和能量流动。     

过表达IbOr基因甘薯增强抗盐性的生理机制

明确转基因甘薯对盐胁迫响应的生理机制,开发种植耐盐性强甘薯对有效利用盐渍化土地和缓解能源危机具有重要的理论与实践意义.以过表达IbOr基因甘薯及其非转基因甘薯为实验材料,通过室内水培试验,研究150mmol/L NaCl胁迫不同时期甘薯叶片光合参数和抗氧化酶活性等变化规律.结果显示,随着盐胁迫时间延长,甘薯叶片中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量及叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度、蒸腾速率都显著降低,但转基因甘薯降低幅度更小.盐胁迫3 d后,转基因甘薯叶片中O_2—·和MDA含量分别为61.23μg/g FW和22.51μmol/g FW,而非转基因植株叶片中O_2—·和MDA含量分别达到80.56μg/g FW和31.92μmol,分别是转基因甘薯的1.31和1.42倍,相比于非转基因植株,盐胁迫后转基因甘薯叶片中具有较低水平的O_2—·和MDA含量.甘薯叶片中SOD、POD和CAT的活性在胁迫后都表现出先升高后降低趋势,且转基因甘薯的酶活性显著高于非转基因甘薯.Na~+含量在盐胁迫后也显著升高,胁迫9d后,转基因和非转基因植株叶片中Na~+含量分别达到25.44 mg/g DW和35.08 mg/g DW,分别是处理前的11.47倍和14.83倍,并且转基因甘薯Na~+含量显著低于非转基因甘薯.以上结果说明盐胁迫下转基因甘薯具有较低的活性氧含量并且膜脂的损伤较小,保持了相对较高的叶绿素含量且含较高类胡萝卜素含量进而维持相对较强的光合作用;转基因甘薯抗盐性的增强很可能通过提高甘薯抗氧化胁迫的能力来实现.     

三明铅锌矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对福建三明典型矿区尤溪铅锌矿、大田铅锌矿以及尤溪铅锌矿冶炼厂等进行了调查,研究这些矿区重金属含量较高的区域如采矿区、尾砂库、洗矿排水沟以及铅锌矿冶炼厂厂区和排水沟冲积扇区域土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,在此基础上,对在这些区域自然定居的16种优势植物体内的三种重金属元素的耐性、富集特性进行了分析。结果表明：该矿区的主要优势物种为禾本科和菊科植物,其中笔管草（Equisetum ramosissimum）、一年蓬（Erigeron annuus）和五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）的地上部重金属富集量较大,对矿区周边污染土壤修复有潜在应用价值;乌蕨（Stenolomachusana）、千金子（Bochloe dactyloides）、二歧飘拂草（Fimbristylis dichotoma）、柔枝莠竹（Microctegium Vimineum）、短叶水蜈蚣（Kyllingabrevifolta）、狗娃花（Heteropappushispidus）适用于污染程度较高且植物萃取技术难以实施的重金属污染矿业废弃地。矿区植物地上部zn含量平均值最高,为1225．74mg·kg-1,植物地上部Pb含量范围在52．78-2137．11mg·kg-1,平均为521．39mg·kg-1;一年蓬地上部cd含量达到了119．51mg·kg-1,超过了超富集植物的临界值100mg·kg-1,转运系数为1．3,是潜在的Cd超富集植物。     

三明铅锌矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对福建三明典型矿区尤溪铅锌矿、大田铅锌矿以及尤溪铅锌矿冶炼厂等进行了调查,研究这些矿区重金属含量较高的区域如采矿区、尾砂库、洗矿排水沟以及铅锌矿冶炼厂厂区和排水沟冲积扇区域土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd的含量,在此基础上,对在这些区域自然定居的16种优势植物体内的三种重金属元素的耐性、富集特性进行了分析。结果表明:该矿区的主要优势物种为禾本科和菊科植物,其中笔管草(Equisetum ramosissimum)、一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)和五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)的地上部重金属富集量较大,对矿区周边污染土壤修复有潜在应用价值;乌蕨(Stenoloma chusana)、千金子(Bochloe dactyloides)、二歧飘拂草(Fimbristylis dichotoma)、柔枝莠竹(Microctegium Vimineum)、短叶水蜈蚣(Kyllinga brevifolia)、狗娃花(Heteropappus hispidus)适用于污染程度较高且植物萃取技术难以实施的重金属污染矿业废弃地。矿区植物地上部Zn含量平均值最高,为1225.74mg·kg-1,植物地上部Pb含量范围在52.78～2137.11mg·kg-1,平均为521.39mg·kg-1;一年蓬地上部Cd含量达到了119.51mg·kg-1,超过了超富集植物的临界值100mg·kg-1,转运系数为1.3,是潜在的Cd超富集植物。     

Phenolic compounds in leaves of Salix species and hybrids growing under different soil conditions

The leaves of eight Salix species/hybrids were collected from two sites with different soil conditions including metal concentrations to investigate the concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb, phenolic profile and antioxidant scavenging activity. Cu, Zn and Pb, phenolic content and scavenging activity in leaves from the control area (lower concentration of metals in soil) (site C) were lower than in plants cultivated in site G (higher concentration of metals in soil). The content of Cu, Pb and Zn in leaves was in the range 9.21 (site G)–52.36 (site G), 0.41 (site C)?12.03 (site C) and 27.23 (site C)–214.44 (site G) mg?kg^?1, respectively. Total phenolic content ranged between 18.19 (site C) and 84.71 (site G) mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry matter. Total flavonoid content was between 7.98 (site C) and 54.48 (site G) mg catechin g^?1?d.m. The scavenging effect on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl˙ ranged between 33.6% (site C) and 56.3% (site G). Phenolic acids, myricetin and quercetin were quantified in leaves. The results show that phenolics are involved during adaptive mechanisms under elevated content of Cu, Pb and Zn in soil. Changes in the phenolic composition in leaves can be suggested as indicators of metal stress in Salix plants.     

Comparative study of heavy metal distribution in some coastal seaweeds of Alexandria, Egypt

The distribution of Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentration in five algae species (Enteromorpha intestinalis, Enteromorpha linza, Ulva lactuca, Corallina mediterranea, Pterocladia capillacea) collected from three areas having different types of metal contamination along Alexandria coastal waters (Egypt) were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The recovery study was carried out using a Certified Reference Material TORT-2. The obtained heavy metal contents indicate that different species demonstrate various degree of metal accumulation. Enteromorpha intestinalis (green algae) recorded the highest levels of Fe and Mn while Corallina mediterranea (Calcareous red algae) recorded the highest concentration of Pb, Ni, and Cd in the three areas under study. According to the present study, filamentous algae (Enteromorpha intestinalis) showed the ability to concentrate greater amount of trace elements than the foliaceous ones (Enteromorpha linza). In each area, mercury concentration has nearly the same value for all species under study.     

Determination of metal accumulation in deposited street dusts in Amman, Jordan

Street dust samples (120 in total) were collected under stable weather conditions during the hot, dry season (August and September) of 2004 from six different localities (industrial, heavy traffic, medium traffic, light traffic, low traffic and rural) in greater Amman, the capital of Jordan. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni in the dusts were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The high concentrations of Pb, Fe and Zn in the street dust samples were related to both anthropogenic (industrial sources combined with traffic sources) and natural sources. Surprisingly, the concentrations of Cd in the dusts were low. Correlation coefficient analysis and principle component analysis identified three main sources of these elements and the corresponding distributions. The elements Pb, Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu and Ni were mainly derived from industrial sources, with Pb and Zn additionally derived from traffic sources. The street dusts were found to have highly elevated levels of Zn, particularly along the main trunk roads, indicating that the Zn in the street dusts may be derived from traffic sources, especially vehicle tyres. The concentrations of metals in the different street dust samples were found to vary depending on the density of traffic.     

Miscanthus × Giganteus straw and pellets as sustainable fuels

In this paper we present, for the first time, data on the combustion of Miscanthus × Giganteus straw and pellets. We found that the heating value of Miscanthus is 17.744 MJ/kg. The gaseous emission indices of SO₂, NO _x and total organic carbon (TOC) in the exhaust are reported and compared with the European standards for biomass boilers. On the basis of our results, it is possible to evaluate a net energy yield between 152 and 326 MJ/hectare/year for the cultivation of Miscanthus with an energy balance estimated to be in the range of 7.7–15.4. According to the presented results, it seems reasonable to consider Miscanthus as a promising candidate as alternative fuel.     

人发铅、锌含量的研究

从山西省临汾市及其效区,收集了1518份健康人的头发样品（年龄从新生儿到70岁）,用原子吸收光谱法测定其锌（Zn)和铅（Pb）的含量,结果表明：女性头发中锌的含量高于男性,而男性头发中铅的含量高于女性,从婴儿组（＜1岁）到青春发育组（15－19岁）,发锌含量随着年龄的增长而增加,从青春发育组到老年组（61－70岁）,发锌含量随着年龄的增长而降低,新生儿头发中含铅量量低,从新生儿到幼儿期91－2岁）,发铅含量随着年龄的增长而增加,从幼儿期开始,随着年龄增长,发铅含量不断下降,这些结果意味着,人体中铅与锌可能是相互拮抗的,结果还表明,城市居民（除新生儿外）的发铅含量高于郊区居民的发铅含量,然而,城市和郊区居民的发锌含量未见差异。     

A century-long trend of metal pollution in the Sheyang River,on the coast of Jiangsu (China), reconstructed from sedimentary record

In order to reveal the historical context of metal element accumulation under the economic boom during the last decades in eastern China, concentrations of nine metal elements, radionuclides (²¹⁰Pb), Pb isotope ratios (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb) and sedimentary characteristics were investigated in two sediment cores collected from the Sheyang River. The sediments have recorded the heavy metal deposition and thus allow establishing a connection between the temporal evolution of the heavy metal pollution and historical changes in industrial and urban discharges. Enrichment factors (EFs) were calculated to estimate the level of contamination in these sediments. A significant anthropogenic enrichment of Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr and Zn was highlighted, which were identified from anthropogenic discharges from cities and industrial sources, according to a cluster analysis. According to the annual variation in GDP growth rate, industrial growth rate, ratio of ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb and EFs, it was obvious that sedimentary accumulation of metals has a close relationship with anthropogenic activities. In the pre-industrial period, natural inputs prevailed with lower EF and constant ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios around 0.82. However, during 1980–1995, the rapid industrial development caused a gradual increase in EFs and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb (>0.83). Our results disinterred the evolution of anthropogenic metal inputs in the last century into the Sheyang River.