椰糠生物炭对热区双季稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

基于稻菜轮作模式,选择海南双季稻田为对象进行氧化亚氮（N₂O）和甲烷（CH₄）排放的原位监测,探究椰糠生物炭对该系统稻田温室气体排放的影响.试验设当地常规施肥对照（CON）、氮肥配施20 t·hm^-2生物炭（B1）、氮肥配施40 t·hm^-2生物炭（B2）及不施氮对照（CK）4个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测整个水稻种植季稻田N₂O和CH₄排放,并估算增温潜势（GWP）和温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明,早稻季N₂O排放动态与土壤矿质氮含量密切相关,排放集中在水稻苗期与分蘖期施肥后,各处理早稻季N₂O累积排放量为0.18~0.76 kg·hm^-2,相较于CON处理,生物炭处理减排18%~43%,其中B2处理达显著水平;生物炭可能通过促进N₂O的还原减少早稻苗期N₂O排放;提高土壤硝态氮含量而增加了早稻分蘖期N₂O排放.晚稻季N₂O排放集中在抽穗期和成熟期,累积排放量为0.17~0.34 kg·hm^-2,B1处理减排37%,B2增加3%,差异均不显著.稻田CH₄排放高峰出现在早稻季后期与晚稻季前期.各处理早稻季CH₄累积排放量为3.11~14.87 kg·hm^-2,CK较CON处理增排39%,生物炭处理可能提高土壤通气性限制早稻季产CH₄能力,B1和B2处理分别较CON减排28%和71%;晚稻季CH₄累积排放量为53.1~146.3 kg·hm^-2,排放动态与NH₄⁺-N含量极显著正相关,CK和B1分别较CON处理增加52%和99%,B2处理显著增加176% CH₄排放.早稻季B1和B2处理较CON分别增产12.0%和14.3%,晚稻季分别增产7.6%和0.4%.由于晚稻季甲烷排放的增加,施用生物炭增加了双季稻田总增温潜势（GWP）,其中高量生物炭达显著水平;不同施用量生物炭对双季稻田温室气体排放强度（GHGI）无显著影响.椰糠生物炭在热区稻田温室气体减排方面的应用仍需进一步研究.     

Effectiveness of national air pollution control policies on the air quality in metropolitan areas of China

Understanding the effectiveness of national air pollution controls is important for control policy design to improve the future air quality in China. This study evaluated the effectiveness of major national control policies implemented recently in China through a modeling analysis. The sulfur dioxide （SO2） control policy during the llth Five Year Plan period （2006-2010） had succeeded in reducing the national SO2 emission in 2010 by 14% from its 2005 level, which correspondingly reduced ambient SO2 and sulfate （SO42-） concentrations by 13%-15% and 8%-10% respectively over east China. The nitrogen oxides （NOx） control policy during the 12th Five Year Plan period （2011-2015） targets the reduction of the national NOx emission in 2015 by 10% on the basis of 2010. The simulation results suggest that such a reduction in NOx emission will reduce the ambient nitrogen dioxide （NO2）, nitrate （NO3-）, 1-hr maxima ozone （03） concentrations and total nitrogen deposition by 8%, 3%-14%, 2% and 2%--4%, respectively over east China. The application of new emission standards for power plants will further reduce the NO2, NO3-, 1-hr maxima 03 concentrations and total nitrogen deposition by 2%-4%, 1%-%, 0-2% and 1%-2%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the inter-provincial impacts of emission reduction in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Yangtze River Delta, which indicated the need to implement joint regional air pollution control.     

Modeling the impact of mitigation options on methane abatement from rice fields

The enhanced concentration of methane (CH₄) in the atmosphere is significantly responsible for the ominous threat of global warming. Rice (Oryza) paddies are one of the largest anthropogenic sources of atmospheric CH₄. Abatement strategies for mitigating CH₄ emissions from rice fields offer an avenue to reduce the global atmospheric burden of methane and hence the associated menace of climate change. Projections on population growth suggest that world rice production must increase to meet the population’s food energy demand. In this scenario, those mitigation options are advocated which address both the objectives of methane mitigation and increased production of rice simultaneously. In this paper, we have formulated a nonlinear mathematical model to investigate the effectiveness and limitations of such options in reducing and stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of CH₄ while increasing rice yield. In modeling process, it is assumed that implementation rate of mitigation options is proportional to the enhanced concentration of atmospheric CH₄ due to rice fields. Model analysis reveals that implementation of mitigation options not always provides “win-win” outcome. Conditions under which these options reduce and stabilize CH₄ emission from rice fields have been derived. These conditions are useful in devising strategies for effective abatement of CH₄ emission from rice fields along with sustainable increase in rice yield. The analysis also shows that CH₄ abatement highly depends on efficiencies of mitigation options to mitigate CH₄ emission and improve rice production as well as on the implementation rate of mitigation options. Numerical simulation is carried out to verify theoretical findings.     

废水中硫酸盐生物还原技术研究

在上流式厌氧污泥床中,利用硫酸盐还原菌还原青霉素生产废水中的SO₄2-, 当进水SO₄2-为 2.0 g/L,SO₄2-容积负荷为10 kg/(m3·d)时,SO₄2-去除率为76%。试验结果表明:COD/SO₄2-和容积负荷是影响SO₄2-还原效果的主要因素。      

微生物电解系统生物阴极的硫酸盐还原特性研究

针对传统硫酸盐生物还原方法中供氢体系能耗大和氢气利用率低的特点,构建双极室微生物电解系统(microbial electrolysis system,MES),研究了微生物利用阴极作为电子供体去除废水中硫酸盐及电子利用的特性.外加电压为0.8 V时,MES生物阴极在36 h内SO2-4平均去除量为109.8 mg·L-1,平均还原速率可达73.2 mg·(L·d)-1.运行时MES的最高电流密度为50~60 A·m-3,电子回收率为(43.3±10.7)%,约90%的电子被用于还原SO2-4.微生物利用MES阴极产生的H2作为电子供体还原SO2-4,主要还原产物为溶解态的S2-和气态的H2S,还原过程主要发生在前12 h.对MES施加不同外加电压的实验显示,外加电压为0.8 V时的SO2-4去除率和电荷量都比0.4 V时高;但0.4 V情形下MES的电子回收率可达到70%,且周期结束时阴极H2低于检出限,推测微生物可以直接利用阴极的电子从而提高了能量效率.实验结果最终表明,微生物可利用MES的阴极进行代谢去除废水中的SO2-4,阳极微生物产生电子降低了系统能耗,这为含硫酸盐废水的高效低耗处理提供了新的研究思路.     

节水灌溉和控释肥施用耦合措施对单季稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

以我国华东地区典型单季稻水稻田(江苏宜兴)的原柱状土为研究对象,通过两年土柱观测试验,研究不同灌溉管理模式(长期淹水CF、间隙灌溉Ⅱ、控制灌溉CI)和氮肥施用(不施氮CK、尿素Urea和控释肥CRF)耦合措施对水稻生长期内CH4和N2O排放和产量的影响,以期优选典型单季稻田减排增效的水肥管理模式.结果表明,两种节水灌溉方式(CI和Ⅱ)均显著影响稻田土壤CH4和N2O排放量及二者的综合温室效应(GWP)和排放强度(GHGI),与CF相比,Ⅱ和CI均显著提高了 N2O排放量(P＜0.05),降低了 CH4排放量(P＜0.05),进而二者的GWP和GHGI分别显著降低28.9％～71.4％和14.3％～70.4％(P＜0.05);两种节水灌溉模式相比,CI较Ⅱ模式呈现较好的CH4减排优势,排放总量降低了 57.7％～91.8％,而二者的N2O排放量无显著性差异(P＞0.05),最终CI对GWP和GHGI的减排效应略优于Ⅱ模式2.0％～56.2％.施用氮肥(Urea和CRF)均显著促进N2O排放18.4％～2547.8％(P＜0.05),其中CRF处理N2O排放量均略高于Urea处理32.7％～78.6％,但无显著性差异(P＞0.05);CH4排放总量对施氮处理的响应随水分管理模式的不同而不同,总体而言,施用CRF较Urea对稻田土壤GWP和GHGI均无显著影响(P＞0.05).相关分析表明,2018年CF模式的Urea处理和Ⅱ模式的Urea、CRF处理中N2O排放通量与田面水NH4+-N浓度分别呈现显著(P＜0.05)和极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01),而二者在2019年CI模式的CK和CRF处理中呈现相反规律;2018年CI模式下CK、CRF处理的N2O排放通量与田面水NO3--N浓度呈极显著的正相关关系(P＜0.01).节水灌溉和氮肥施用对水稻产量均呈显著影响(P＜0.05),与CF相比,两种节水灌溉模式(Ⅱ、CI)水稻产量均下降了 14.7％～37.7％;CRF处理较Urea处理略提高水稻产量2.5％～7.4％(P＜0.05).综合考虑稻田土壤GWP、GHGI和水稻产量,节水模式与控释肥施用对稻田土壤减排增产的耦合效应仍有待进一步研究.     

不同氮、磷肥用量下双季稻田的CH4和N2O排放

以红壤双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对2009年水稻生长期内不施肥（CK）,平衡施肥（BF）、减氮磷一（DNP1）、减氮磷二（DNP2）和增氮磷（INP）等5个处理的CH4和N2O排放通量以及环境因素进行观测.结果表明,早稻生长期间BF、DNP1、DNP2和INP的CH4平均排放通量为4.57、5.42、...     

湖北省畜禽粪便温室气体减排潜力分析

畜禽粪便是农业温室气体的重要排放源.合理的粪便管理方式可有效降低温室气体排放,同时减少环境污染.为明确不同养殖模式下适宜的粪便管理方式对温室气体减排的有效性,以湖北省为案例地,针对不同畜禽的粪便特征、区域自然条件和畜禽养殖模式等,筛选适宜的粪便管理方式;运用政府间气候变化专门委员会提出的畜禽粪便温室气体排放因子测算模型,在优化管理方式的基础上进行排放因子预测,估算由粪便管理方式改进所带来的减排潜力.结果表明,粪便管理经优化后畜禽粪便温室气体排放减少1.98~357.82 kg·头-1·a-1(以CO2当量计).根据养殖规模发展趋势预测,至2020年全省畜禽粪便优化管理所带来的减排潜力可达322.78万t(以CO2当量计).不同地区间减排效果则与当地养殖规模、养殖结构、养殖模式及适宜的畜禽粪便管理方式密切相关;畜禽种类间粪便特性的不同是其CH4和N2O减排效率迥异的主要原因;规模化养殖粪便管理方式优化是实现区域温室气体减排的重点.结合区域自然条件和畜禽养殖特征等,筛选适宜的粪便管理方式是实现区域温室气体减排的有效措施.     

天津地区大气污染状况和气溶胶硫酸盐的研究

我们于1980—1981年对天津市大气污染物浓度做了同步监测,对天津市大气污染状况,二氧化硫转化为硫酸盐的过程及其对大气能见度的影响做了研究。以超C_i几率和的方法处理数据,研究结果表明,大气污染以早晨最严重,傍晚次之,中午较轻:冬季比夏季污染严重。各种污染物中以硫酸盐对大气能见度的影响最大,总颗粒物次之。当大气相对湿度大于70%时,对大气能见度的影响比较突出。颗粒物中的苯溶物对大气能见度有一定的影响。城市中相对湿度高时硫酸盐浓度大,可能是产生冬季烟雾事件的原因。下风方向的硫酸根浓度与二氧化硫浓度的比值和硫酸根含硫浓度与大气总硫浓度的比值均比上风方向相应的数值高,说明城市燃煤烟气是硫酸盐的来源。城市中硫酸根浓度与二氧化硫浓度的相关系数为0.77,硫酸根与颗粒物浓度的相关系数为0.95。在形成硫酸根的过程中二氧化硫浓度和颗粒物可能有贡献。以一维有源简化模式估算二氧化硫转化为硫酸根的速率常数,约为2.3±1.1%/hr,冬季约1.5%/hr。二氧化硫的迁移距离约为17—340km。     

Effect of ammonium sulfate and urea on PCDD/F formation from active carbon and possible mechanism of inhibition

The effect of ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4） and urea （CO（NH2）2） on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran （PCDD/F） formation from active carbon was investigated in this study. Both additives could significantly inhibit PCDD/F formation, and PCDD/F （TEQ） generation was reduced to 98.5% （98%） or 64.5% （77.2%） after 5% （NH4）2S04 or CO（NH2）2 was added into model ash, respectively. The inhibition efficiency of PCDDs was higher than the value of PCDFs, however, the reduction of PCDD/F yield was mainly from PCDFs decreasing. In addition, the solid-phase products were reduced more than the gas-phase compounds by inhibitors. By the measurement of chlorine emission in the phase of ion （Cl[Cl^-]） and molecule gas （Cl[Cl2]）, it was observed that both Cl[Cl^-] and Cl[Cl2] were reduced after inhibitors were added into ash. Cl[Cl2] was reduced to 51.0% by urea addition, which was supposed as one possible mechanism of PCDD/F inhibition.     

测土配方施肥对湖北省N2O减排的贡献

为弄清测土配方施肥项目实施后对氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放产生的影响及其带来的经济效益.本研究通过比较传统施肥和测土配方推荐施肥的农田氮(N)投入量,依据《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》方法,分别估算了农田N_2O的直接排放和间接排放.结果表明,测土配方施肥项目从2004年开始实施至2013年的10年时间里,共减少氮肥的施用量74.39×104t(折纯N),作物产量增加1898.05×104t;10年里共减少N_2O排放总量为2.24×104t,其中由氮肥施用量减少带来的N_2O减排量为1.57×104t,作物产量提高带来的N_2O减排量为0.67×104t;湖北省不同区域的N_2O减排量与该地区项目实施面积密切相关,项目实施10年来襄阳市N_2O减排总量最大,为0.31×104t,其次是荆州市,减排量为0.26×104t,神龙架林区N_2O减排总量最小,仅为0.0034×104t;不同作物对N_2O减排的贡献以玉米减排总量最大,为0.54×104t,占减排总量的24.17%,其次为水稻,减排量为0.49×104t,芝麻减排总量最小,仅0.018×104t.按照湖北省碳交易市场最新交易价格25元·t-1C来计算,湖北省实施测土配方施肥项目10年来仅N_2O减排所带来效益可达1.74亿元.测土配方施肥项目不仅在湖北省粮食增产上有重要贡献,对减少N_2O排放也有重要贡献,并带来一定的经济效益.     

洱海流域稻鸭共作对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响

稻季是水旱轮作生态系统温室气体排放的主要时期,探索有效措施实现稻季温室气体减排和水稻增产已成为当前研究的热点.稻鸭共作是减少稻季温室气体排放的有效措施之一,而确定合理的稻鸭共作密度对确保洱海流域水稻产量基础上实现温室气体减排具有重要意义.该研究通过设置不同稻鸭共作密度试验,采取密闭静态箱—气相色谱法研究了稻鸭共作对温室气体排放规律、排放量及全球增温潜势(GWP)的影响.结果表明:水稻生育期,CH_4和N_2O均在分蘖期和结实期出现排放峰;CH_4排放通量、累计排放量和总排放量大小均为常规处理(CT)低密度鸭处理(LDD)高密度鸭处理(HDD)空白处理(CK),而N_2O为HDDLDDCTCK.与CT相比,CK、LDD、HDD的CH_4排放总量分别降低45%、18%、25%,N_2O排放总量分别降低8%、增加11%和37%,温室气体综合增温潜势分别降低41%、14%、17%.田面水DO、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N及土壤温度是引起温室气体CH_4和N_2O排放差异的主要因素.不同处理的水稻产量为LDDCKCTHDD.合理的稻鸭共作密度降低CH_4排放,增加N_2O排放,减缓全球增温潜势,提高了水稻产量.兼顾水稻产量和温室气体减排效果,LDD处理综合效益最好.     

产酸脱硫反应器中碳硫比对群落生态特征的影响

通过产酸脱硫反应器处理高浓度含硫酸盐废水的连续流试验,从群落动态的角度研究碳硫比(COD/SO₄^2-)从4.2降低到2.0的过程中,pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、碱度(ALK)和末端产物(VFAs)组成、优势种群分布等群落生态特征的变化规律试验证明,在此过程中ORP和ALK提高,而pH值和VFAs中乙酸的分布比例降低,群落类型由高碳硫比稳定型转化为低碳硫比亚稳定型,但仍未改变乙酸型顶极群落的典型特征.     

Simultaneous removal of selected oxidized contaminants in groundwater using a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A laboratory trial was conducted for evaluating the capability of a continuously stirred hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor to simultaneously reduce nitrate (NO3--N), sulfate (SO42-), bromate (BrO3-), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and para- chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB). The reactor contained two bundles of hollow fiber membranes functioning as an autotrophic biofilm carrier and hydrogen pipe as well. On the condition that hydrogen was supplied as electron donor and diffused into water through membrane pores, autohydrogenotrophic bacteria were capable of reducing contaminants to forms with lower toxicity. Reduction occurred within 1 day and removal fluxes for NO3--N, SO4-2 , BrO3-, Cr(VI), and p-CNB reached 0.641, 2.396, 0.008, 0.016 and 0.031 g/(day·m-2 ), respectively after 112 days of continuous operation. Except for the fact that sulfate was 37% removed under high surface loading, the other four contaminants were reduced by over 95%. The removal flux comparison between phases varying in surface loading and H2 pressure showed that decreasing surface loading or increasing H2 pressure would promote removal flux. Competition for electrons occurred among the five contaminants. Electron-equivalent flux analysis showed that the amount of utilized hydrogen was mainly controlled by NO3 -N and SO4-2 reduction, which accounted for over 99% of the electron flux altogether. It also indicated the electron acceptor order, showing that nitrate was the most prior electron acceptor while sulfate was the second of the five contaminants.     

外源氮、硫添加对闽江河口湿地CH4、CO2排放的短期影响

于2015年4月在闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地原位开展氮、硫添加实验,研究外源氮、硫添加对河口湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量的短期影响,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,NH_4Cl(NH)和NH_4NO_3+K_2SO_4(NS)添加显著促进了河口湿地CH_4平均排放通量(P0.01),NS耦合添加显著促进了湿地CO_2平均排放通量(P0.05);KNO_3(NO)和K_2SO_4(S)处理在实验期间对CH_4、CO_2排放通量表现为促进与抑制作用的交互影响,并且影响均不显著(P0.05).与对照(CK)相比,NH和NS添加使CH_4平均排放通量分别提高了(286.36%、122.73%),使CO_2平均排放通量分别提高了(39.92%、34.24%).氮、硫添加对河口潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放的影响具有明显的时间变异性,改变了短叶茳芏湿地生长季CH_4排放时间变化规律,但未改变CO_2排放时间规律.相关分析显示,NH和NS添加处理下河口湿地土壤CH_4、CO_2排放通量主要受土温、EC、DOC以及NH+4-N的控制(P0.05或P0.01),NO和S处理主要受土温、EC、pH、DOC、NO_3~--N的控制(P0.05或P0.01),CK处理则主要受土温的影响(P0.01).温度、盐度、氮有效性是影响河口湿地CO_2、CH_4排放的主要因素.     

APEC前后北京SO2垂直分布特征及其对二次硫酸盐生成的影响

SO_2是北京大气中重要的污染气体.为探讨亚太经合组织(APEC)峰会前后北京大气SO_2的垂直分布及其对二次硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))生成的影响,我们于2014年10月21日至11月30日在地面和北京325 m气象塔260 m高度处同步开展了气体SO_2和亚微米颗粒物中硫酸盐(SO_4~(2-))实时连续在线观测.结果显示,采暖前,北京地面SO_2浓度较低,但高层由于显著受到区域输送的影响浓度较高,两层污染物变化趋势也存在明显差异.采暖后,即APEC后,受本地供暖排放影响,SO_2和SO_4~(2-)浓度显著增加,两层的总体差异也相应减小,变化趋势也更为一致.湿度对SO_2的液相转化起关键作用.我们发现近地面SO_2的转化率(SOR)显著高于260 m,这主要与地面较高的湿度相关.事实上,SOR随着湿度增加而迅速增大,进一步凸显了湿度对SO_2液相氧化的影响.另外,我们也发现SO_2特别是260 m在低湿范围(RH40%)内随湿度增加而逐渐升高,但在高湿范围(RH50%)内则呈下降趋势,说明不同湿度范围内的来源或者生成机制可能有所不同.SO_4~(2-)和PM_(2.5)浓度均随着湿度的增加而增加,但不同湿度范围,增加速率不同.通过相关性和和后向轨迹分析表明,区域输送(特别是途经北京西部和南部的气团)和本地燃煤排放分别是采暖前后污染物的主要来源.     

燃煤电厂颗粒物中硫酸根与硝酸根离子的转化规律

燃煤电厂排放的颗粒物可以分为可凝结颗粒物（condensable particle matter,CPM）和可过滤颗粒物（filterable particle matter,FPM）.通过分析7个超低排燃煤电厂的湿法脱硫（wet flue gas desulfurization,WFGD）进出口和湿电除尘（wet electrostatic precipitator,WESP）出口烟气中CPM和FPM的SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度,揭示了这2种典型水溶性离子在烟道内的变化规律与转化特征.结果表明在WFGD前后,CPM中的SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈降低趋势,其降低率范围分别为43.12%~86.84%和17.99%~91.58%,而FPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈增大趋势.在WESP前后,CPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈增大趋势,增长率范围分别为21.05%~424.65%和13.51%~298.37%,而FPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度呈减小趋势.在WFGD中,随着烟气温度降低和湿度增加,部分CPM会通过冷凝和团聚作用进一步转化为FPM;在WESP中,由于烟气一直处于低温、高湿的条件,烟气中存在的SO₂与NO₂会结合水蒸气发生氧化还原反应,进而经过协同作用促进CPM中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的生成.     

广州PM2.5化学组分特征及其与气象因子的关系

于2012年12月—2013年12月在广州城区(市站)和东部郊区(九龙)开展为期一年的PM2.5样品采集,并同步收集气象因子和气态污染物质量浓度等数据.结果表明,PM2.5中主要化学组分为有机质(OM)和硫酸盐(SO2-4),分别占市站和九龙PM2.5质量浓度的49.4%和15.2%及57.0%和17.3%.碳质气溶胶(OM和EC)贡献接近50%,二次无机气溶胶(SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4总和,SIA)贡献超过30%.由于以机动车尾气为代表的移动污染源在城市区域贡献较大,市站[NO-3]/[SO2-4]比值显著高于九龙.两个站点[NH+4]/[SO2-4]摩尔质量比均高于1.5,表明观测期间广州市干季大气处于富铵状态.市站和九龙站硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)的时空变化趋势与O3类似,表明大气光化学过程是影响广州市SOR和NOR的重要因素.相对湿度低于65%时,SOR和NOR均较高;温度对SOR和NOR的影响有显著的城郊差异.降雨对PM2.5及各化学组分浓度有显著去除作用.     

Two options to explain the ammonia gap in The Netherlands

This paper addresses two hypothesis that try to explain the difference observed between the estimated NH₃ emission levels in The Netherlands and those indicated by atmospheric measurements, the so called ‘ammonia gap’: the role of SO₂ emissions regulating ambient NH₃ concentrations through co-deposition, and long-term NH₃ emissions after slurry injection. It was found that throughfall measurements of NH₄⁺ could not be used as indicator for changes in NH₃ emissions. The throughfall deposition of NH₄⁺ is in close equilibrium to SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ and is thus regulated by the equilibrium of ambient NH₃ and NH₄⁺ in wet deposition and canopy water layers. When SO₂ emissions decrease, the amount of available SO₄²⁻ decreases, which imposes a limit on the deposition of (NH₄)₂SO₄. Long-term emissions of NH₃ after application of manure were monitored using a new technique, which continuously measures the concentration of NH₃ in a cross-section of the emission plume downwind of the source. The emissions could be registered for 3 weeks after application of manure. The results indicate that the long-term emissions only contribute 1–2% to the total emission level. Both the effect of SO₂ on the NH₃ deposition levels and the long-term emission fluxes are not enough to explain the observed ammonia gap. It seems that several counteracting effects, some of them emerging from the new emission reduction regulations, contribute to the ammonia gap. An integrated approach to abate ammonia emissions is, therefore, needed. The implementation and regulation of production ceilings for reactive nitrogen might be a good option.     

北京地区春季稻稻田甲烷排放的研究

观测不同农业管理条件下,北京地区春季稻稻田甲烷的排放通量。以当地农民所惯用的管理方式为代表,排放通量为８．７ｍｇ／（Ｍ＾２．ｈ）。甲烷排放有季节性变化,以分蘖期和扬花期为峰值,土壤氧化还原电位的变化与甲烷排放有很好的相关性,施用过量的有机肥会增加排放,采用科学的间歇灌溉方式可以增产并降低甲烷的排放旱直播技术虽可大大降低甲烷和但影响水稻产量,有待进一步的研究。