聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂的制备及应用

制备了不同 Fe/Si含量比的聚硅酸硫酸铁 (PSFS)。比较了不同 Fe/Si的 PSFS的絮凝效果及稳定性 ,实验了 p H值及絮凝剂用量对絮凝效果的影响。研究表明 ,当 p H=3左右 ,Fe/Si含量比为 1∶ 2时制备的PSFS具有较好的絮凝效果。在实验条件下 ,絮凝剂的最佳用量为 8mg/L。     

无机-有机复合絮凝剂的制备及絮凝性能研究

以硫酸铁、硅酸钠、硼砂和聚丙烯酰胺为主要原料,制备了无机-有机复合絮凝剂。采取正交实验设计方法,以COD去除率为指标,研究了Si/Fe摩尔比、Si/B摩尔比、聚丙烯酰胺浓度三种因子对复合絮凝剂处理印染废水效果的影响。结果表明:复合絮凝剂最优制备条件为:Si/Fe为1.5/1、PAM浓度为250mg/L、Si/B为3.5/1;采用最优条件下制备的复合絮凝剂处理印染废水时,最佳投加量(以SiO_2计)为90mg/L,最佳pH值为8.5～9.0,絮凝效果明显好于聚合硅酸硫酸铁。     

改性高岭土对水源水的混凝消毒作用的研究

采用天然高岭土为原料 ,加入一定量的 Al2 O3、Si O2 和 Fe2 O3,经与 Na2 CO3、KCl O3混合 ,高温 (75 0～ 85 0℃ )固相反应约 3h后制得改性高岭土。本文研究了改性高岭土的不同 Al/ Si摩尔比、p H值和投加量对水源水的混凝絮凝除浊和杀菌效果的影响。结果表明 :改性高岭土在 p H值在 6 .5～ 8.5 ,对水源水的除浊消毒效果较好 ,Al/ Si摩尔比为 5 .0(Al∶ 10 .5 %、Si∶ 2 .1%、Fe∶ 3.8% ) ,剂量 2 0 0 ppm时 ,净化水的浊度 <2 .5 NTU,细菌菌落数 2 3个 / ml,总大肠菌群 <3个 / L ,均达到国家饮用水标准。 p H为 10 .5以上几乎无除浊效果     

处理采油废水最佳絮凝剂的筛选及应用条件研究

通过絮凝-沉淀法对采油废水进行深度处理,类比聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)、聚合硫酸铝(PAS)、聚合硫酸铝铁(PAFS)、复合高分子絮凝剂(KD-11C)和生物絮凝剂6种絮凝剂对采油废水中含油量和悬浮固体(SS)含量的去除效果,通过单因素试验探究絮凝剂投加量、助凝剂投加量、温度、pH值和沉淀时间对絮凝效果的影响,并通过正交试验确定各因素影响程度的次序及最佳絮凝处理条件。结果表明:复合高分子絮凝剂絮凝效果最好;影响絮凝效果各因素的次序为温度pH值絮凝剂投加量助凝剂投加量沉淀时间;最佳絮凝处理条件是絮凝剂KD-11C投加量为50mg/L、助凝剂PAM投加量为3mg/L、温度为60℃、pH值为7.5、沉淀时间为30min。     

PFS-PS硅铁絮凝剂的合成形态及应用研究

实验采用活化硅酸 ,自制聚合硫酸铁为原料 ,在不同碱化度和Si/Fe摩尔比条件下 ,制备出聚合硅酸硫酸铁 (PFS PS)无机高分子絮凝剂。考察影响产品稳定性的因素 ,分析了产品Fe(Ⅲ ) ,Si(Ⅳ )的形态分布特征。并以炼油厂浮渣为处理对象 ,对影响硅铁絮凝剂絮凝性能的合成因素进行了考察。     

复合絮凝剂对餐饮污水的处理

研究不同无机絮凝剂对餐饮污水的处理效果,发现Al/Si摩尔比为3∶1的聚硅硫酸铝(PASS)对餐饮废水处理效果较好,确定其最佳操作条件,包括pH值,加药量,搅拌速度及沉降时间。再将最佳絮凝剂与PAM复配,确定最佳复配条件,以期提高COD的去除率。同时通过微电泳仪,倒置显微镜等现代分析仪器对废水和絮凝剂电性特征、絮体的形状进行对比研究,从电中和和吸附桥联角度初步探讨絮凝机理。     

聚合氯化铝铁的混凝性能

通过聚合氯化铝铁 (PAFC)对不同 p H值原水的混凝实验结果的比较 ,得出原水 p H值不同时 ,发挥最佳混凝效果的 PAFC的 Al/ Fe摩尔比也不同。实验室制聚合氯化铝 (PA C)、聚合氯化铁 (PFC)、PAFC混凝实验结果表明 :p H 6 .5时 ,PAFC(Al/ Fe=5 / 5 ,B=1.5 )的混凝效果最好 ,p H>6 .5时 ,则 PA FC(Al/ Fe=9/ 1,B=2 .0 )的混凝效果最好。     

印染废水的神经网络法优化絮凝处理

为获得新型絮凝剂的最佳制备条件,采用人工神经网络(ANN)结合加速遗传算法(AGA)对絮凝剂性能影响因素进行全局寻优。在影响絮凝剂处理性能的主要因素Fe、Al与Si的摩尔比n(Fe+Al):n(Si),B、Mg和Si的摩尔比n(B+Mg):n(Si)以及熟化时间的有效作用范围内,用Box-Behnken Design(BBD)实验设计方法,产生15组影响因素组合作为输入样本,经对印染废水的絮凝处理实验得到相应的COD和色度去除率输出样本,由神经网络方法对15组输入、输出样本数据建模,得到反映絮凝剂制备条件和絮凝剂去除效果的响应关系,并采用加速遗传算法全局优化,得到最大COD去除率和色度去除率条件下的最优絮凝剂制备条件组合,即n(Fe+Al):n(Si)=5.08,n(B+Mg):n(Si)=0.55,熟化时间为2.1 d,对应的印染废水COD去除率为88.10%,色度去除率为95.37%。模型验证实验显示,实验值与模型预测值的最大相对误差不超过5%。相对于响应曲面法,用神经网络结合加速遗传算法优化得到的新型絮凝剂去除印染废水中COD和色度的能力更高,进一步验证了神经网络法在新型絮凝剂制备条件优化中的有效性。     

聚硅酸铝盐系列絮凝剂的制备

摘要：硅酸钠、硫酸铝为原料制备了聚硅酸硫酸铝絮凝剂,在此基础上制备了不同Zn／Si摩尔比的聚硅酸硫酸铝锌絮凝剂及不同Mg／Si摩尔比的聚硅酸硫酸铝镁絮凝剂。结果表明：Zn／Si摩尔比和Mg／Si摩尔比是影响絮凝效果的最主要的因素。     

化学絮凝法和微电解法预处理酯化废水研究

研究了化学絮凝法和微电解法预处理酯化废水的工艺条件。首先考察了原水p H值、絮凝剂投加量及絮凝剂与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺复配对化学絮凝效果的影响;然后考察了p H、停留时间、填料量、曝气时间对微电解效果的影响。试验结果表明:化学絮凝在原水p H值为7.5、PFS+CPAM(360 mg/L+60 mg/L)时对酯化废水处理效果最好,COD去除率为17.23%;微电解法在最佳工艺条件(p H为2,反应时间为2 h,填料量为30%,曝气时间为5 min)下对酯化废水COD去除率达到30%以上,且在不调酸不曝气的情况下也可获得良好处理效果,COD去除率达20%以上,故酯化废水的预处理中采用微电解法。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.