长沙对外贸易发展的现状及其对经济发展的影响

利用1998年到2006年长沙对外贸易的数据分析了长沙对外贸易发展的现状,结果表明长沙近几年对外贸易总体上呈不断增长趋势、贸易结构不断优化;同时对外贸易推动了长沙经济增长、技术进步、结构调整和竞争力的提升,但长沙对外贸易的规模偏小、增长速度偏低、对长沙经济增长的拉动作用小.长沙作为中部省会城市,其外贸发展情况必然带有整个中西部地区外贸的一些共性,对其他中部地区外贸研究具有一定参考价值.表2,参5.     

反倾销:出口贸易的障碍及对策

改革开放以来，中国成了全球最大的反倾销受害国．频遭反倾销指控，对我国的出口贸易和国民经济造成了极大的损失．对此，我国一方面要尽力扭转国际上对我国的一系列歧视性做法，一方面深化国内外贸管理体制改革，提高出口企业的产品质量和应诉能力等，以更快适应WTO的贸易规则，在国际反倾销战中赢得主动．     

临床药师对临床药学教育的建议的调查研究

目的:了解临床药师对临床药学教育的建议与意见.方法:采用信函邮寄的方式,问卷调查医院临床药学的开展情况、临床药师对临床药学教育的看法和建议,并对结果进行统计分析.结果:42家三级医院及大型综合性医院对问卷作出了应答,他们均开展了临床药学工作,都认为应改变原来偏化学的药学教育模式,加重生物医学和临床药学课程的比例,延长药学实践时间.结论:临床药学教育需进一步改革,以培养能满足临床需求的临床药学人才.     

融合创新与外贸英语专业教学

融合创新是新时期高等教育的命脉.外贸英语专业教学的融合创新应成为学生能力培养的理论指导.随着我国社会政治经济的改革与发展,社会对人才的要求也越来越高.他们除了要具备扎实的专业知识、较高的信息素养外,还要能在日常生活与专业领域用外语进行交流沟通.作者在外贸英语专业课程教学中尝试着将外语教学从孤立的、单纯的语言教学转向将语言教学与专业教学相结合的模式,使学生真正能把语言作为一种交流工具应用于自己的外贸专业学习中,逐步符合社会对外贸专业人才的需求.     

科技英语长句翻译新法初探

受奈达的表层句和深层句互换的翻译方法的影响，本文提出一种适用于科技文体长句翻译的新方法．该方法立足于人类认知、思维的共同点，把长句中各概念间的内在逻辑联系作为理解和表达的核心，提出了增加逻辑标记语、将从句升级以及按时间顺序排列各概念的具体策略．     

基于PSR模型的松嫩平原西部湿地生态环境评价

以1986年和2000年遥感影像作为信息源，在GIS技术的支持下建立了松嫩平原西部湿地空间信息数据库。以压力一状态一响应(PSR)模型作为研究方法，建立了一套湿地生态环境评价指标体系。通过选取反映压力、状态及响应等的指标，对该区湿地生态环境的动态变化进行了分析。得出基本结论，(1)15年来该区人为干扰压力不断加强，造成人工湿地增加，天然湿地减少，湿地生态环境服务功能下降。(2)15年来该区湿地内部结构和状态发生显著变化，湿地景观异质性在不断增加，湿地破碎化及退化严重。(3)15年来湿地对人类活动干扰的响应是湿地面积在不断减少，人类对湿地变化的响应是建立湿地保护区，保护区的面积在不断增加。     

过氧化氢酶活性及活性抑制的测定

广泛存在微生物及动植物体内的过氧化氢酶已应用于生态毒理及生态化学的研究领域，本文主要介绍了通过肝过氧化氢酶活性抑制的测定，来估价受试化学品对水生生物急性及亚急性效应的方法。     

改善城市空气质量的研究

本文分析了风、干湿沉降在城市内大气污染物清除过程中的作用，指出平均风速对大气质量起主导作用，但在清除污染物方面干湿沉降为主要过程。要改善城市大气环境，除限制排放及高烟囱集中排放外，还可在低源群四周设置防护林带及人工雨装置来清除低源烟云，并给出了林带及人工雨带宽度的计算公式。由计算可知分割设防护带方法优于区域隔离带法。     

铝毒与有机酸和磷的关系

总结了铝对植物形态及生理方面的毒害，简要概述了铝对植物毒害的机制、植物的抗铝对策、耐铝植物与铝敏感植物对铝胁迫的不同反应，特别综述了有机酸及磷与植物抗铝毒的关系，以及受铝胁迫的各种土壤改良途径及植物抗铝措施．最后提出了铝胁迫导致植物矮化的问题，建议更多研究者来注意并进一步探索相关问题．表3参65     

内蒙古黄土丘陵地区生态农业试点建设途径初探

分析了内蒙古自治区和林格尔县羊群沟村生态环境特点及农业持续发展制约因素及潜力，总结了在黄土丘陵地区进行生态农业建设的措施和途径，对羊群沟村进行生态农业建设３年来所取得的综合效益进行了分析。     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

Nanosensors and nanobiosensors in food and agriculture

The food and agriculture sector controls the economic growth of a developing country. The food industries have practices of growing crops, raising livestock and sea foods, food processing and packaging, regulating production and distribution with quality and safety. The process control and monitoring quality are crucial steps. Here we review nanosensors and nanobiosensors as alternative of classical quantification methods. Nanoscale dimensions of metal nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal and carbon quantum dots, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanocomposites expand the sensitivity by signal amplification and integrate several novel transduction principles such as enhanced electrochemical, optical, Raman, enhanced catalytic activity, and superparamagnetic properties into the nanosensors. The electrochemical nanosensors, optical nanosensors, electronic nose and electronic tongue, nanobarcode technology, and wireless nanosensors have revolutionized the sensing in food and agriculture sectors with multiplex and real-time sensing capabilities. Despite previous success stories of the remunerative health sector, the approaches are transferred subsequently to food and agriculture sector; with potential application in detection of food contaminants such as preservatives, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, toxins, microbial load, and pathogens along with the rapid monitoring of temperature, traceability, humidity, gas, and aroma of the food stuff.     

1株贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从水库底泥样品中,以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行驯化、分离筛选出1株能在贫营养及好氧条件下进行高效反硝化的菌株PY8,经过电镜形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,并基于16SrDNA序列结果,构建了该菌株的系统发育树,最终确定菌株PY8为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.。考察了初始pH值、温度、C/N、初始硝酸钠质量浓度、投菌量对菌株PY8硝酸盐还原活性的影响,以及该菌株的异养硝化性能。结果表明,在pH6.0～10.0,温度25～30℃,C/N1.0～9.0,初始硝酸钠质量浓度0.01～0.50g·L-1,投菌量1%～15%时,菌株PY8培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到95%以上。另外,该菌株具有同时硝化-反硝化作用,在培养过程中氨氮去除率可达到58%左右。实验结果表明,菌株PY8在微污染水体生物脱氮领域中具有很大的应用潜力。     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish

The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.